Legal Updates – January 2023

1. BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE

Context: Vice President Jagdeep Dhankar criticised the Supreme
Court for using the Basic Structure Doctrine to strike down
constitutional amendments by Parliament, such as the NJAC Act. •
Previously, the VP had called the striking down of the NJAC Act a
“severe compromise” of parliamentary sovereignty and disregard of
the “mandate of the people”

● What is the basic structure doctrine? The Doctrine of

Basic Structure is a form of judicial review that is used to test the
legality of any legislation by the courts.
• The doctrine was evolved by the Supreme Court in the 1973
landmark ruling in Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala. In a
7-6 verdict, a 13-judge Constitution Bench ruled that the ‘basic
structure’ of the Constitution is inviolable, and could not be
amended by Parliament.

● What are the basic features of the Indian Constitution?

The content of the doctrine is derived from the several
judgements of the court e.g. judicial review, rule of law,
federalism, and democratic republic structure are identified as
basic features.

● Significance of Basic Structure:

• It is a testimony to the theory of Constitutionalism to prevent
the damage to the essence of COI by the brute majority of the
ruling majority.
• It saved Indian democracy as it acts as a limitation of
constituent power or else unlimited power of parliament might
have turned India into a totalitarian regime.
• It helps us to retain the basic tenets of our constitution so
meticulously framed by the founding fathers of our Constitution.
• It strengthens our democracy by delineating a true separation
of power where the Judiciary is independent of the other two
organs. • Being dynamic in nature, it is more progressive and
open to changes in time, unlike the rigid nature of earlier
judgements.

● Why is the doctrine criticised?

 • It is not found in the text of the original Constitution
itself and therefore by inventing this test the judiciary is
encroaching on the Parliament’s powers.
• Senior advocate Raju Ramachandran: The power of
“unelected judges” to strike down amendments to the
Constitution on the basis of this doctrine is “anti-
democratic and counter-majoritarian.”
● However, the doctrine rests on a sound structural interpretation
of the Constitution. Many of the critics of the basic structure
such as Justice YV Chandrachud, former Chief Justice of India
found himself in the minority in the Kesavananda Bharati
ruling. However, in subsequent rulings where the Court applied
the test, Justice Chandrachud applied the doctrine to limit
Parliament’s powers

2. SC DISMISSES PIL CHALLENGING COMMITTEES SET UP

BY GUJARAT AND UTTARAKHAND FOR UNIFORM CIVIL
CODE
Context: The SC refused to entertain a PIL challenging the decisions of
the Uttarakhand and Gujarat governments to constitute committees
for implementing Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in their respective states.

● About the Uniform Civil Code (UCC):

● It provides for one law that applies to all religious
communities in personal matters such as marriage, divorce,
inheritance, adoption, etc.
● In India, Article 44 in the Part IV (DPSP) of the Indian
Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a
UCC for the citizens throughout the territory of India. UCC v.
Personal laws:
● Personal laws (mentioned in the Concurrent List) are laws that
apply to a specific group of people based on their religion, caste,
faith, belief, and are made after careful consideration of customs
and religious texts.
● The adoption of a UCC is likely to nullify all such codified laws
and usher in a law that applies to all citizens. Importance of
UCC: It will simplify complex laws, address discrimination
against vulnerable groups (such as women), harmonise diverse
cultural groups across the country and foster nationalistic
fervour through unity. Argument against UCC:
● Anti-minority and anti-tribal: In Meghalaya, for example,
property succession and marriage laws are governed by
traditional and customary procedures.
 ● Communal Politics: The demand for a UCC is considered to be
framed in the context of communal politics.
● Violates Article 25: It seeks to preserve the freedom to practice
and propagate any religion.
● Plurality in already codified civil and criminal laws: As a
result, the concept of “one nation, one law” cannot be applied to
diverse personal laws of different communities.
● Law Commission of India: A UCC is neither necessary nor
desirable at this stage in the country.
Conclusion: ● Article 44 was included in the Constitution as a
provision that would be fulfilled when the country was ready to
accept it and the UCC could be socially accepted. ● Therefore, a
piecemeal approach should be adopted, because a just code is far
more important than a uniform code.
3. CASE IN SUPREME COURT: CAN AN UNDERAGE MUSLIM
GIRL MARRY AFTER ATTAINING PUBERTY?
Context: The SC agreed to examine whether girls as young as 15 years
old can enter into marriage on the basis of custom or personal law
although such marriages are illegal under statutory law.

● Background:
• Last year, Punjab and Haryana HC declared in a Habeas
Corpus petition that a Muslim girl is free to marry whoever she
wants after reaching puberty if she is under the age of 18.
• The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
(NCPCR) had moved the SC against the HC ruling, arguing that
the HC’s ruling essentially allowed a child marriage violating the
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, which is secular
legislation.
• While agreeing to hear an appeal on the case, a bench headed
by the Chief Justice of India said that the HC’s decision should
not be relied on as a precedent in any other case.
• The SC’s intervention opens up the issue of regulating the
minimum age of marriage for women and the impact it has on
personal law.

● How is the age for marriage determined in India?

• Personal laws that govern marriage for communities prescribe
certain criteria for marriage, including age.
• For example, The Hindu Marriage Act, of 1955, sets a
minimum age of 18 for the bride and 21 for the groom (same for
Christians under the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 and
the Special Marriage Act).
 • For Muslims, the criterion is attaining puberty, which is
assumed when the bride or groom turns 15.
• This means that the legal age of marriage is not uniform across
communities.
Laws for the prohibition of child marriage:
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: Any marriage
below the prescribed age is illegal and the perpetrators of forced
child marriage can be punished. But the law does not have any
provision that says the law would override any other laws on the
issue. Also, child marriages are illegal but not void and they are
voidable at the option of the minor party.
• The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012:
The law does not recognise consent for sexual activity by minors
(less than 18).

4. INCLUSIVITY IN JUDICIARY
Context: • The SC Collegium headed by CJI reiterated its decision to
appoint five advocates as HC judges, including a senior advocate
(Saurabh Kirpal), who if appointed, could be India’s first openly gay
judge • Earlier the government had sought reconsideration of these
names.

● On what grounds Collegium reiterated its decision:

• The SC (in Navtej Singh Johar case 2018), has established the
constitutional position that every individual is entitled to
maintain their own dignity and individuality, based on sexual
orientation.
• It would be clearly contrary to the SC’s constitutional
principles to reject the candidacy on the basis of sexual
orientation.
• There is no reason to believe that the candidate’s Swiss
national partner would be hostile to India because his home
country is friendly.
• All citizens have the right to free speech and expression, and
the views critical to government do not disentitle a candidate
from holding a constitutional office so long as s/he is a person of
competence, merit and integrity. Significance of appointing a
judge of different sexual orientation: • His appointment will add
value to the Bench of the Delhi HC and provide inclusion and
diversity.
• Diverse judges challenge and enhance one another’s
perspectives.
 ● DOCTRINE OF MANIFEST ARBITRARINESS: If a law is
drastically unreasonable, capricious, irrational or without
adequate determining principle, excessive & disproportionate, it
would be manifestly arbitrary. Eg: Navtej Singh Johar’s
judgement held that Section 377 was “manifestly arbitrary”

5. CASE FOR REFORMING COLLEGIUM: SUGGESTIONS BY

LAW MINISTER
Context: The Union Minister for Law and Justice has written to the
CJI suggesting that a nominee of the government should be included
in the collegium that makes recommendations for the appointment of
judges.

● Background: The suggestion to the CJI comes in the backdrop

of - • An ongoing tussle between the government and the
judiciary on the issue of the appointment of judges. • A
Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) is pending finalisation.

● What is the MOP? • It is the official playbook agreed upon by

the government and the judiciary and governs the collegium
system of appointing judges.
• Since the collegium system evolved through a series of SC
rulings (First (1981), Second (1993) and Third (1998) Judges
Cases), the MoP is the bedrock of the process of appointments.
• The MoP was sought to be re-negotiated after the SC struck
down (4:1) 2015 the National Judicial Appointments
Commission (NJAC).
• Draft MoPs, which include eligibility criteria, a new secretariat
and a mechanism to deal with complaints against proposed
candidates, were exchanged during 2015-17.

● The bone of contention in the MoP and SC’s take on the

appointment process: • The insertion of a “national security”
clause that may prevent an appointment was a major point of
contention. • The SC in a 2017 judgment (a suo motu contempt
proceeding against Justice C S Karnan, then a judge of the
Calcutta HC) highlights, The need to revisit the process of
selection and appointment of judges to the constitutional
courts.The necessity to establish an effective legal regime to deal
with situations where the conduct of a constitutional court judge
necessitates remedial actions (other than impeachment).
• The SC has initiated a contempt case against the government
for not adhering to the timelines set out in the MoP and court
rulings.
 ● Government’s stand:
● The MoP is under finalization by the Government in
consultation with the SC Collegium.
● The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law and
Justice voiced concern, given that the MoP had been
pending for more than seven years.

6. GOVERNOR-CM RIFT IN TN
Context: There has been a dispute between the Tamil Nadu Governor
and the state government recently

● Background: • The Governor, while delivering his customary

address to the House, omitted certain paragraphs from the text
prepared by the State government. He left out the
references to national and regional stalwarts and the phrase
“Dravidian model of governance”. He skipped describing
Tamil Nadu as “a haven of peace” - in terms of the law-and-
order situation, its ability to attract foreign investments, etc. •
The CM moved a motion to take on record only the transcript
distributed to legislators, prompting the Governor to walk out of
the House. • The state government has sought the President’s
intervention to ensure that the Governor acts as per Article 163
(1) [Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor] of the
Constitution.

● Constitutional provisions-Article 176 (Special address by

the Governor): The Governor shall address the Legislative
Assembly or both Houses (in the case of a State having a
Legislative Council), assembled together at the •
Commencement of the first session after each general election to
the Legislative Assembly and • Commencement of the first
session of each year Article 87: Special address by the President
● Convention -The governor must read the entire speech without
alteration because it is fundamentally the message of the
government, for which the governor’s office bears no
responsibility.
● Implications of Governor deviating from the speech-
Widens the trust deficit May lead to a Constitutional crisis May
lead to a Constitutional crisis • Governor violating Article 163. •
The state government may choose not to defend the address,
thus losing the confidence of the house.

7. JUDICIAL TAKE ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE

 Context: The SC transferred to itself (for an authoritative ruling)
petitions pending in various HCs seeking legal recognition of same-
sex marriage under the Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954 and making
the law gender-neutral.

● The Special Marriage Act, 1954: • It provides for civil marriage

(or “registered marriage”) for the people of India and all Indian
nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of the religion or faith
followed by either party. •Marriages solemnized under the Act
are not governed by personal laws.

● Background:
● Batches of petitions, filed after the Navtej Johar case (which
decriminalized homosexuality by reading down section 377 of
the IPC), were pending before the Delhi, Kerala and Gujarat
HCs.
● These petitions argue that non-recognition of same-sex
marriage amounted to discrimination impacting the dignity and
self-fulfilment of LGBTQ+ couples.
● They also challenge the mandatory requirement to issue public
notice and objection to marriage contemplated under the SMA
and the Foreign Marriage Act, exposing same-sex couples to the
risks of ostracism, persecution and violence.

● What happens in other countries?

● US: In 2015, the US SC recognised gay marriage, as limiting
marriage solely to heterosexual couples violated the 14th
Amendment guaranteeing equal protection under the law. ○
The decision led to a nationwide legalisation of same-sex
marriage.
● Australia, Ireland, Switzerland: Following a referendum,
Australia’s Parliament passed a law recognising the same-sex-
marriage. ○ In Ireland and Switzerland too, a popular vote by
the majority led to formal recognition of LGBTQ marriages.

8. SC DIRECTION ON ROAD SAFETY

Context: A Bench led by the Chief Justice of India (D.Y. Chandrachud)
agreed that urgent steps need to be taken to enforce Section 136A of
the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

● Background: ● Section 136A was introduced into the Motor

Vehicles Act in 2019 to keep an electronic eye on errant drivers.
● In this respect, the SC directed its committee (led by Justice
A.M. Sapre) to meet with the Road Transport Secretary and
 frame State-specific guidelines. ● In its reply, the Centre stated
that it has already framed Rules under sub-section (2) of Section
136A, which provides for rules for the electronic monitoring of
road safety including speed cameras, CCTV cameras, speed
guns, etc.

● Data on Road accidents in India:-

● According to NCRB data, over 1.5 lakh people died from road
accidents in 2021 and nearly 90% of deaths on the road were
due to speeding, overtaking and dangerous driving.

● Steps taken by the Indian government:

● The 2021 National Road Safety Board Rules require the
formation of technical working groups to address issues such as
crash investigation and forensics.

9. SC VERDICT ON MPS, MLAS’ RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF

SPEECH
Context: The SC held there is no reason to impose “additional
restrictions” on the right to free speech {under Article 19(2) of the
Indian Constitution} of ministers, including MLAs and MPs.

● The case (Kaushal Kishor v the State of UP), relates to the

Bulandshahar rape incident of 2016, in which the then Minister
of the State termed the incident a ‘political conspiracy and
nothing else’.
● The survivors then filed a writ petition before the SC and the
court raised an important question - “Whether restrictions can
be imposed on a public functionary’s right to freedom of speech
and expression?”.

● The majority judgment:

● Even if the remarks are related to state affairs or intended to
protect the government, the government is not legally
responsible for them.
● While citizens had the right to petition the Court for violations
of Articles 19 and 21 (right to life), a statement made by the
Minister that was inconsistent with citizens’ rights may not by
itself be actionable.
● However, if it results in an omission (error) or commission
(command) of an offense by a public official, remedies can be
sought.

10. SUPREME COURT UPHOLDS DEMONETISATION

 Context: The Supreme Court upheld the government’s decision to
demonetise currency notes of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 by a 4:1 majority.

● Background: ● On November 8, 2016, the PM of India

announced that the two notes would no more be legal tender,
with immediate effect. ○ Introduced new notes of Rs 2,000 and
Rs 500 for public circulation. ○ Two primary reasons: to curb
fake currency notes and reduce black money stored as cash. ●
Though supported by many, 58 petitions have been filed in the
SC challenging various aspects.

● The SC’s (4:1) verdict on demonetisation:The Centre’s

notification was valid and satisfied the test of proportionality - a
reasonable nexus between the objectives and the means to
achieve the objectives.
● From the record, it appears that there was a consultative
process between the central government and RBI for over 6
months before the decision was taken.
● The Decision-making process cannot be faulted merely
because the proposal emanated from the centre (as the
government and RBI are not in ‘isolated boxes’) and the court
cannot replace the wisdom of the executive with its wisdom.
● The action taken by the Central Government has been
validated by the Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of liabilities)
Act, 2017, which prohibited and penalised the holding or
transferring or receiving of demonetised currency.

11. E-SCR Project

Context: Electronic Supreme Court Reports (e-SCR) project has been
launched to provide the digital version of the SC’s judgements in the
manner as they are reported in the official law report ‘Supreme Court
Reports’

The report aims to provide the entire judgment of SC (from inception

in 1950 to date) The eCourts Mission Mode Project is a national
eGovernance project for Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) enablement of district & subordinate courts of the country. The
objective of the project is to provide designated services to litigants,
lawyers and the judiciary through ICT enablement of courts.