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    17 views80 pages

    STM Unit-1 Complete Notes - 0001

    Uploaded by

    Duggi vamshi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    UNIT -I o peer Te 4 the prouys of \exetuting @ Pyoqrom (ov) System with the mkenk of Fivshing evyors- HTUHM is hesitelly | tosk of booking evvors- \Sofytwosre TStin® 2 Soft wore: verification + Soft wore voliclation - SoPtwene toting isan outivily thot 4 wed ‘te evoluct the copabilitiy ofa System ond olukinine Pits in Hsedaryalon co vested specificoHory the purpose of testing (is move thon just debugging ond olkecing bugs: ry ting is ws rally Performed for the Poll osing crepe | Purposes they ont os follows, Dd -fov i rwving ond o4suving) Software qpality 1») Foe Vou fitcetion and yolidetio. | DFer Otimeling yeliobi lity poke sage rescatton s+ Quelity 4 Uyed be debenrine jf the SoPtwone med oll the Yequiveneds thot were speupies! cheying dsign phose. oor quality assuYane y Used ts monitoy the. a Softwore engineering Pyotyiey ond methods for | erasplg 2 th. Aolt ly ‘2 Vesiicahion ond Validebon On the ‘ete iS developed te Softcore hes te Le tuted te emu the ib medi thu vequivenedls of te Uustomer ond also the intomel yequivemvi Volid ation is done te check whether the Soptwore louforny te oU tw Seu fi cation. Both Veuifi colin ond Validelion iy done te tut | qpality ch a SoPtwone. Bosed on the tyt veyuth, Lute: [rok duasiog whether the Produc sill ae Properly oy not- Sokwene quality hay the Pollesing thee ospedh Sudh 05 fundionolity, engineering, ond odoptobi lily: ‘p-Fombionality Tt 4 on entevioy quality fader rt & dibeeyed! by. Consideving lervednys , yliobi lity, wuobiity andl inakeg vib cf 0 Produk @ “Wy Engineering Tt bon intevioy quolity fortor: hy determined by Lanidering, qfiuenuy testability, | dotumentotion ond Stvucture of a Product’ [DAdeptabitity at ya Putra quebity Poder Tt 4 deteveinud by lonsidering Plsibeility yeujability ond mMointernobility of a Product: Wher a vabiclobon test is Performed ona Produck , Ur 4 veperved to dthuviosa clon ov positive tyts > the disodvertage of Volidotion igthot te Softens worry only Poy Some Pontituler tut Cory, the finite number of tut loses Connot ensure thet the | SePtwore works Properly vader oll Gyumstantey onthe other hand, only ore foiled tut shows thot the soPbisone doGnlk work, Negekive ‘tyts one Performed to shod Hot te cofbirone oily to net the enpubed yequivereds of te wer: [Tyting is on impoytont fadey te quantify softwone [eiebitity Softcore vdiobiliby 4 yoked te the dipped espe of SoPtwone Surhos gtyuddave, dlovumerbation eke ‘ct 4s dipfiulk te estimote SoPtrocr yuiobi lity oly by lowsidlering yeleted ospeds [nit Gros dor deting the “tov msjor qools of testing one oy folloos, —) Bug Prevention D Bug Di Stovery 1) oq Preveion' Whidt 5 Considered 04 the Pri mony Ns “Geol Jor turting: ther o buq is dakeked , appro prick. [Method should be ued te yomove ib: And ifthe bugs lone vot Prevented , thin Certain Soprpcts Symptons pone distevered thok one the mrojor Cousy Foy the lodearen ce of bugs, hin o pertiuslan bug is Prevented there's no need te Perfor dating ogels tte Confirm 4 acto of te Program: Alo a prevented bay wort ofpeck pha exeuution schedule of the Preqvor: 2) Bug Distevery= which 4 comidered os the Selondary gee! s tyting- Tt pevforied when the Primeny qoal Foil to Prevent the bugs. Sine bug, ane not Static, thay alwoys chonge theiy stoty Ever if ol the impormotion yegonding thu expedtatiny , Pyoceduny ond jor of det ou mointoined , Hwve ica Probebility of- eryors te olLuy: 14% phosey in a wrester's mentol Life k Sie woot: a A tutes donmiders Pive plosey of thinking the phosey ona cLossified 03 floss, ) phose. 0 thinking DPhose 1 -Hrinking (Dphose & thinking uy Phose 3. thinking | sy phose 4 thinking. | ati 8 Cepia [rating ond debugging one Similon. Toting iy use ful in debugging ive it supports debugging tahun tating | Come inde enistente, Phose o thinking wos the Crittnia Bow the Soptwone development ay thinking wey anette oan anta from which the follesing yesourres | tan be debermined which one a5 fy Umos, [High Cost ond inodequele Compuling veyourey |) Loo- test SoPtwane Yeouras 1) Single Proqyemmens. MD Smell preyed yysuny - | Ydvveleyank sofkwone Yyourty. 2) pheser Erbeaking a ey Proqrom works) — 4 er (the aim Ei tating 4 te display the working of a petro SY SoPhocre + Phosey thinking id unbifity the | digtinel yuokonship bekvean tating ond debuga ing. Ty hig toting phoye ty nunabor of tye Penpormed Is le @ Softwou doe not detenmine the enewation of the | Soft wone+ | TH Single tert omong the infinite rambo of 4 evoileble terts foil, thin Hu tester toncludly thet [the SoPtioone will nat Le. eneubent - even VP toe Subsequent tyty moke ik extiubion possible» D) fhose 2 (thinking the Profvem clersdt work’) Y———— yy The cit of this type of thinking 4 te donmutroht thot tee program count excite the thinking of tytey im Plrose 2, opposyy tha thinking of dyiqney, tf a test Foils ythin He gool of phoseo thinking ig ottonplithed In the Prouss of phose 2- Henking , bug ton be dakedkal by testy, progrommuy ond duiquoy. ty The tutern detec on evroy (bug) BD The praqvomnnh owen laual vet thee, Wi) The duignen dasigny fest NWetha duiqren cin te perorm different des th idurtify dofpevet eveys. 4) phone 3 [rhinking Test for Reducing tha Rise) 7°” x x | rhe ote of testing “te veduce Bee viata Plank ory | Preditoble the Phoje x thinking acuph the yuly oly | Stakisticol quolity ontvol “te improve the quality of Softer: Tn Le Prous of phose gz thinking the tuter debe the lugs ond ebiminety Hum OPES CATED nenladge die a nab ad tanking 1S te yuduse the vist of- Softwar with minimol testing effort GoPtircare that | Yequive minimun ty ting in orden ‘te attain goal of Lowen Phosey Leyting iS cbteined by integrating the copobility of tating with the Knowledge: of Knowing the Gonditiny undtn which SePpicone is mode festoble » Testing done Poy the tallsing Yessy, iT deenes, ey monPowen Yequiyeol fy dusting, |) T eyune thot a tetoble lode hoy Ly¢ number o F bugs wher lompaned te the leds thot ic difficull “te Lest. ® ryting 1s on effective method for debeting evvors: | Alternotively other mebhooly one tokur te dubeat errors | and yemove them The other methods include yewiewss, ingpertios, welk through eke. APeY Protssing thse method [the SoPtwone is tested, the muthooy one oy folloos: Ywolkthyoughs, Trsperio ond Reyieo Mebhody’ —— x——_ x ——— Tnspetioy, walkthroughs and veview mutbool ana performed te dubedk errors: The methods are’ Capable of debenrnining only Some tyyorss the dvawbork ef Hye mitted ty thot | they Connat detect oll the evors present inthe softwere 2) proqyem pyign method = rhe design modu of & Proform Duin wshuther the. quality of the Preven i god oy nat An improper design nol degvody the qpolity of the coftroore ProqYom. [a Synkos meg Muithed - Duving the analysis of [Sounce Code the Syntou evvors one checked boy the tompiloy the Stokic onolysic methools suuh 04 strong typing awk ype checking one Corvideredt- Thye “toe mebhook diet oll the evyore iy the | PYoqyem ond bovvect them: “Soft wore Pevelopment methods [aed = [A oP wore clavelopmort method iS on internal prouss which wey Veriony method fox dvelaping 2 SoPtione, Fey enomple ja Stabistical Contyol method, Confiquvction contYol method onc outemobic. distvibulon of informotion method one used te develep soptwore. Thase. method [debek ond Yemove rast of the evvers in-the SoPtwore | cond the pyoqvommey if unoware of the chongy labo tots place often yoxoving these evvors. br Dichoto mits : x V2) TYtHG VErSUs Debugging ir OT | Teting Dthe qool of tyting iy te | dete evvers im a Pyoqvom’ YY 1S initiated with Known bonditi ow: S) the output Con be ontitipoted WISE IS newssany ce hove Jplonaesl, dusiqed ond sduedulel liste: Dreyting indy cut the yeoson Foy proqgvom's forluve: 6) Tt not Neteysony “be hove design Knowledge while PexboYnsing tyting: AD the test design oncl eneration Debugging — the qobl of debug ging pte alebect evyors and Covvet then 2) Debugging, is ted initioted with unknown londitioy: 3)the output tonnot be onk Ui poked - 4) While in debugging iti not netysony te hove thye lorstvaink - 5) Debugging is the Proqvammcy's yustifi cob on. Tt suffidert te hove | | deboiled dusign Krovoleclge Foy debugging: 4) Duiqning ond eneLution cont be done autemoli colby lin debugging: 22 fundio¢ Versuy gt jug! Seal ae: eating Styuduyol Ty ting ) Stutayel tyting is obo nos oh pbite bon ,qlss- bon testing: Y Styutuned tuts ano Pt Performed boyecl on the Kroleolge of imber vol Struckaye of the Sourte lode « ay the test Cosy toke Pits time bub Comnet debe ol bugs. #) Studtuvol testing ic Liss effective. whun fomponed ‘te Fundional tating: y Dipperot mttheds foy Pevforming ight bon tuting ow oy Polls, | ay geota ment testing | Decision Luting | ii) Condition tating _ Fundionol Tigh 1) Functiono! toting ig ole Known o4 block bon oy closed tox testing: 2) Funtional testy one Pevpormed without the Krookdge of inkeonnol Stuclaye of the SoPtwor. 3) the test Cosey toke infinite timeond detet oll evyors- 4) functional testing 1 move efpedtive. thon gloss bon tubing: 5 Difpevenk methools Poy Pey fovein4 blak loon. tuting ore 03 folls2s, DEmpeedt inputs method i) Boundary Voluy refed: iit) egal Voluu method: 23 The Pyiqney Voy the rutey!- ae a i eee Designer ) Daiqner is hosed om the Strucheyo! Speuificotion of the System: pHelshe depend on the | iaplomentotion detail: DA SoPboome asi qney is Tuter DTHtY y boyed on Punciorel Speuification of the System: Dre] she ig indeperdent cf the implimentation detail, YA tyter is yesponsi ble for YSfosible for duiqning, onal aLsiquing ance eneraking (enetatine) the teats. the Leyte, | al | 2 Smoll versus Longe r Se See | Small Longe |) moll Proqromy hove only | lange Proqvorm haye move | [Peo Ln of lode | woof Lines of Code « [zy they Consist of feo [Prey Corsict of lenge Compord » | numb ey of Cowponnd: 3) Smo Programs does not Yequive amy tenique Foy tuting- 4) Small programy ore move efficent S'ghiall Pogirubgla. de aseetes, Dthey yequare ditbevedt Ley of tebwiqus for tyting ¥) Longe Progyamy one Lay Chica s) longe Preqromy one writhr boy by Single Prog yermer: dukfevert Pro qvommtby, 13 Mod for ty ting | % ck a Amodel Projector Tut Prouys:- piton Te ah Dimes beta. uoowetil the model world oo. —~——_ The Eavivonmedk iihensedo Environ fens7 an Natuve andl Buq Py cheler eet agp Areal Sats Above figure isa modal of the tuting Prous: the Proust Stank with a freqYom embedded in on enyivonmurt, sur 04 a lompuker jon operating Syste, oY & cabling Proqyom: We under Stand humen notuye and ik custeptbility te evvor thy understanding Look uy 4 creda three modus , a model of the envivon ment, Le mrodal of the proqyom, ond modi of the befertel | busy, From these ool we tredtia sek of tuts, which one then eneumted> the yeult of each tut 4 Rithey expecta! ov unenpeckod: if unenpeded pt mo lead uy te Yevise the test, cur modi oY Lonuipt of hoo he program’ behovy , our Lontipt of whet bugs one Possible oy the Pyozvom itself. ThE proqvom's envivonment isthe hand wane ond [SoPtwene Yequivec! te make it Yu. Foy online Syste le aivonmode moy indlude tommurilatiog Ling, leh Syste, trminels ond opevoters. The envivon ment obo inducly oll progeny that interoub with-ond one | usel te crests the Proqyom unde tut, Such o4 Opevaking system, looden, Lankoge eclitor, lompilut, wk bt youtiny, Proqvommuy Should Lrosun eortly in thine eahee thot U's not Smoant te blame Hy envivonmont (1-2 hond wore prch Pivmuone) for bugs, jena Wart bugyane yore Go rdnd bugs in asuPachuyor srptel Sef twone. | TP tyting Yevealy an unenperted yuyulb, we. mo hove te chonge our beliehs (mur moc! of the envivonment) to find ouk hel wet wvong- Bub Soretimgy 4lu enviyrmment loulol be wrong , the. (bu Could be in the hondwore ov fiymuere after oll. | So dicqvomolically yepyyerted in below Figure using the | “3-2 Softworr Tuting Stvobeqy- Se 5 ees The overall gtyoteqy for SoPtioone tyting ton be Spiral model, Hig: Taking Strategy wing spivol model + | the Spivel mocel depiding, the Softoore development Protas ig diogyomalitelly Yeopraeiteol in obove Figuyes the dibails of each entity inthy mod i¢ oy foUmos | Syston Engineering = The Syston enaimeeyi hose ts pie endl f ime yp Ayiuiby the yole of the software going te be developed. “Softens Requirements ta SoPtwane vequiveneds phose, ee ae Voriovy soPtwore yequivemend on anoly sed daply with | yuped te the SoPtwor whith i¢ qving te be developed: Hera, in this phose, Following ore feo topity tahich ane a be onolyzed., | SPboane behaviowe ~Softwena pey brymanue, | -boPb wane Pundtiony, “Venions Combyoink ostotiottd with Hy CEP al “Validation cyiteyia eke. Paiqni- Daiqning Phose cleal with the ayiqning os peck of He Syston. Tn ty Phose Vario Alig quing molt lon be Consideveol. Codi = AS uyuol the loding Pheup deol, with waving of bode forthe “SoPtroone. | the fowt phosey disiribed obove tome under the (© Softwore clevelopment phoses. Now louie the Sofboor toting phosy ihidh ane ostotiatedl with each phose ef “the SoPsore davelapmeent poses. fees easing prose AS the nome Sugg tits in | tes pose each unit or module of the lode is tested: iDateq oben Testing F Enbeqvotion tating. conuntyaty on testing the Softirone abyign iy Validation Tating™ cha vobelation, Testing The Coole is ested te Yoru by! thot the sohkone sotispiey ot) the Yequivemeds hich were Leid duving the veguvenendts Phose of SoPtwane development: insta Tying _ Ta systen testing, thu entive Syston 18 tested on a whole: Goch of tise Poon phos ane sequentiolly adopted in orden ts eyuve thok dy Softioow which is dalived ts the qrven user seotishiy oll the funtional, beroviourel , ferfrvmance, o4 well os the System Yeqpiveronty , [13-3 Tyting ond Levels '= Cnn ee Ye one four di kevet ‘typy of tytn] thot Lon be performed ona Sofbwore Systems Thay ame oy folio. [Dunit Teyting - (®) Component Tying |S dnbepration Tyting |) System Ty ting ) unit-ry ting ik y the Gmollyt fi gow bode [Duumitresting= A unit iy the Smalley Pieu of- “thet ton be tytecl: Tt i$ oo Known 24 a moclule which Cayistt of everel Liny of lode thot one | protysed by id Single Proqvommey The main Purpose of | Petpoyring writ tyting te Yeyeal thok a forti tlen | Funit doun't Pulfill the speuipied Punctionol eq uivemer Fond abo te Show thal the struchiyol im plat erkohiog (is nat similen te the expected studhayed dyignedt: Unit tuts ton be beth Golic testt andl dy nomic | tuts » At First, Gtokic tuts one perporrred followed | by the dynowaie tots te Uk the tot, patty , boundoniy ond byandny. Most of thr wit tyts one dy narnic ew | while bon struduyol tot) thye tots yequive, eth the enention of the Softwore oj a whole oy Posts of | ePisanthad W2iCorrponerksitohingic esnmpdadbdbcaresbies ke sale | ‘ 4 Po TUting nothing black bor functional 4ytr9: Thy -Eyting is used te [tata Single Component oY o qrous of Components A | cosape a iy Crtoded by inbegyabing ome ov more eae “te form a Single Lange tomponent” A module iy ao Comporenk ond the function if tally is ole o | Compon enki thy 0 tomporent ‘Con exthey be on individwel fase ebooks. inteqyoteal by ste Ssabgee A spegtiieg deg yabian iss ProdaacyaPoretna ny Gmolley tomporudh te Prodrce Langer tompon exch’ Tabeqvabio ating iS perpormred wher the judividuol tompontrs undevgo Component testing Suctass fully The main puypose of inkegyotion yting ie dubedk the intosib try Lekween the Componuct. | | for eromple A ond Bone lomponuds thot heave go thyough lomponent tyting Suceysfully, but foiled (whut inkeavobed «Gone of the Situations where: Im LonSistinty anisey 4 one o4 follnos, 1) Whin these ison improper coll oy yeliyn ctotiment- iiywhin theve i601 jnlowithert standand Poy olola Volidotim: Ti) wher on inlowsiSterk method & Uyeal Poy hordling the [dota obj eda 4) System Teathegis _ Syston tyting empases Lugs thet one pot Yyullel Pyortthe Conporerts ov Pyom the iniloss i etentley perween the tomporerdh + Sy Stes tyting y a black box | Punekionel texting te tut the enbive SoPtwone System. | Gt & performed te show the behavioy of the syston: syst tyting ig dene eithey om the whole cyst thek y inkegvakd ov only onthe importent forks of o Syston. vse ee © [ant bow fyting deals ith the inbemol logic ond Strdheye of the Proqrors Code + TE 5 abo prown o4 qlass-box Stiucbovel oy operbon terting- Tn’ qloss-box tating » dat tory one derived bosed on the pnowleclge of Softoone Struachave ond ih imp lonubation: Using white bon -tyting the tester ton detect which, module oy unit 1s wot ys Panctioning, properly: While boon 4y+ von orolyae dota plow, loutyol Flow, linformakion Plow exuption onder hond ling techniques: “hese tecbniquy orwvyed te dytthe behavior of Softwar. | Atutey should hove. expl ut Kroaldge obouk the | interno) working of the Syston being tuted: Byanch festing ond poth tuting one the techaquey used in islute bon pstng Th tho implementation dbeilh one changed [ate se should abe be modified: the difperot metho uyeol te fevporm shite-box 4yting one of folloos: 1 Stolemenk tuting 2) Detision t4ting (3) Londition tyting, wite - =| Fig: white Box Tying (D Stobimenk Tuting?” tat voluy ane provided te chuck “Whether tach Stotemert inthe module 4 enetuttol lok Least omte; Stet menh toting executy Stolrmeds whin, (0 optional engument one avei lable. | (i) Ose providedl Paremekey oy Prowduves one ovoilable Wi) Planned osey-ackiog one avoilable. | Ww) Odfined evyor Codes one available. J 2) Oecision Tetegin Tet owe Perprnedl to check ® -whethey cok yond ofa decision Y eneruted of lost onte Peusiony Yequivy tir voluy im Stondond Booleon | deusion tyting: Bub in cose of lompounol oy nested cledisioy , the number of Boolean deusion Voluy [Con be greater then tsv: eerie Totng? Tutt one performed to check whethey each londition ino deticion acupts ol the inuessarny cutpuh okleost ones Tt obyo ducky ushe-ther [the entyy Poids te the Protedmre oy Plow 1% tmvolwed [advil owee Tn lose of Compound ond rusteal Loops, tondition tyting is Provided with multiple tyt voluy. Advontog yy of White Bow Tuting > eee aecerieth ae Dothe oppliakion ig effective becouse of thy ibe rcill Knowledge of tle Pyoqvam lode Dthe tode is optinvsed: abe eee oe of lode which Y4ulG in hidden LYYOYS one Yemoved. Dis-eNontogy of White Ri Tatty |) white Bow Tyting & very Orpesive te Pevform Since Ha tutey Should beve the Knowledge about the lintevnol Strtuye» pat 4 not possible eroming every unit foy alete ching |hiold en evvovs which yuws ;, opplitation oli sostey- V3°5 Black Bor Tyting + Blask Bowing Black Gon toting iS done withouk Hye jnteynol Krowlealge of the Proqram lode. For exomple, im lose. of Soft were engineeving y tut yesulty with the Known inpus ond enputed cub bub not with the functioning | of 0 Proqiom: Betowye block box toting only deal with (the Speapitotiony bub not with te Knovoledge of the lies Diffevent mubhods wed te Pey boves dock lon Lyting one 03 follmos, D Enpecteol Taputy D)Gorndony Volury 3) egol values aj Dénpeckesl Sn pui -_ Expecteol inputs include voluy @) | thok one most ly exyectedl at the time of- eremnHine ot Pryotedlitye + 2) corey Volses > TP the expeuteal inpuk yolue Yong Ayvom ite 123, tats performed tend 12% voluy glould ersuve that yesult obtained aneabo within the! bendory volucy of sond 123- By TUegal voluyr — Ton inpuk volue yeuivy.a volte est | Lug -thonis trey greaker then 123, then tote Voluy ara Yeberred te 05 iUegol Volug + Bg: Blak Ben testing | Advemtogy of Black Bor Tyting | x — x — ae | Black bon testing is move eff edive than shite ‘box tyting, PD AS no Knowledge obouk thi inteynol styuchine is | vequived , the testers ond Pryammers woyk | independently of each other: Yess ore dusigned immediatly after the tompleHon of peclfi coho | Disadvontagey of Glock Rox Tuting 7 Oh Black bor teyting foley Leng Hime rte test each anal every inpuk- + Tat losy one difpieale tbe disiqn vithort deen ond |under stondoble Spetificotiony. [shares ial lomplitoted atl (Ciena bas Performecl clivedtly | | ite the Speui ied lode Segmudy : oe 16 The Consequences of Bugs - © | x Vat The Tuportonte of Bugs i | =) aes Bugs ane the evwrs that coe te Proqrom exenution anol Sometime geneva on indoryeck oukpuby rhe imspoytomce of- |bougs deperdy om He Pollowing factors, | Lah equen4y | iy Covvention Lost | ii) Cory equerntiol Cost | WW) Applicotion lost [DFreqmnig® Frequony oP 0 beg sober eH yak | lok which ib oltur$. the move. trequestly He ellen: the | | | move. will be ih Preguentiy: |") Covveation test Onte the bug les’ been dekected, | Lo ‘it nocd to le bevvected+ Covyetion test is nothing but 7 tot thef otis dasving the evvor lovveution Prous, they Gost depensl upon the fol owing tare factors: | the bug detection Cost | ~The bug bovvettion lost | The cost of these bugs incveosegl Suddenby ok the | Loken Stoges inthe clevyeleprrudt Cyule, wher the bug is discovered. Wlowrgpntial tat a ynd op the cous of buss. There ore mony loyequentey of bugs iahich mokey the Syste either te Shit down oy Kil iv) Applitotion Cost" Applicakion test depends upon the number of- ‘auiaitliehs ve. thy lost vdiy on the dippeved’ opplicatiog that one used in the Sy Glen: Ab the number of opplicatioy incr tose tu osotiobtd Cost abso mevectey- The pplication Cait Con Conkyel al the othey Losts, A mebvic Poy the imaportonte oP bag ig) [rma portonte. of bug = Frequenty (oot [Covvertion lost + Applicotion Cast -+ Conseg uintiol ba], a 2 : Pg Voriowy Comsequenty of Bugs Sone he Labi wot, bug losequunty one os folios, Deviled They Gorgequtne vesulth in an intorvet, mistyelled oy wrongly aligned output 2) modebate > -thiy Lomsequente effec the per frrmone of the System and hente it yyulh ina dlup Licata (apa ' Annoying = Revouse. of the Presene of busy inthe System the Pevformonce of the System deqvades. fay exoryle, Dthe nomey ot Ghesb shortened oy changed: ND BiUs for even mull omeunk ane yikes 4) DiStiar bing Betowse of thi, longeq went, even the loyveck treyartiog one not eneurted. foy enomplt, on [outtomobic. tdley moudine” Yepuse te Pyouys the | Usithalyowel’ tvonyaction: [© Sextoy? ohe impormotion obouk the transaction qh | Lest Such 04, YTreuking of tyomertons « Y = | ii) Adtountobilily ofa thenauion. |) Tramyaition ottuvyence- wher Such informotion iy lest the Youlling loug ig coed a ‘Seviow bug’. ‘bvewy Seviowr Thy loryequunle yuyubh in Yoerving : the ofevation ofa thansodion such 25, deposit thonsoction 1S Converted irite iithdysish withdyawol trayadion. Henw te System ig Povteal te Pevjerm inleyyect tronjacion: Peukvemer rhe Cons Sqytne, oluars Prequesitly ond ic not Lindted fe eemoll mumaley of- wey or thonmochiong. 8) Into kvoble Lalun a lenge dota is lovyupted it is vevy dip hi ut te \perpym the Yelovevy PyoUsss Ty Such Situotion shuctting dno the Syston iS Cowsideyea! joythe best option ; ha feriareaee'| Por Gugsir the bug one cloysifieel of folloos. | jonas [Reqyivernentty Stvuctunol [Pestuve d SU ne Colt ma ae] Fabenfoce le Dolumentalion Buoy Buys 4iq: Dippeverk Types of Buys 1S Reg uiverredy Feabay ond Fundiomality Qugy r (oe oe ee ee Tot dnkeprohion Guay uns Syston auys | 1) Requiverrent Bugs 1 Require ona expreased in tee Foes of Spuipication rey one the maojoy Couse of buss hot om eupeyive te be fined The begs tole Voriy depending onthe type of opplitoHon ond thu opettoting enviyonnrent’ iy Feobve Bugs the ipPiGliYs thet vice ‘im are ane due te the Specification Probluny. lh Peatuve ton either be an inlovret featuye oy a missing featuye: A missing Pechive tan be debe! land tevreteal esi ly. Nig Racing 1 Bugs The specification Peatturey thot one | acuvete, tharsponet, achievable ond fytoble on not Setbicienk for debectina functionality bucys, For enanple the sevvigy proyeled by tUephone om Coll [nag ond cl forwancingg. Cll Lolding provicly an |enisting Coll “te be on hold ond veeives tHe neo coll: col Fonwending vedivedy on indorsing Coll te the othuy Hele phone-Bosed on thy functionality tte above features hove the fUmsing question. Duthot heoppene te Hre -thivel intoming Coll when Hume ion ewS4ing oll on holal 9 Withot happy whan o cll it Povonleaf by on ol veacly Fovioandrd Cail ? ® © fi Whet happery ipa toll b on hold whin o For worded Coll is active? \) Lhot hopper, Pa to 'y Povrendlea! So Shaded ugge Sbuschiyel bugs Consist! of the Palosing dlitbevent bugs, they ane as Polls, |) Contvol aici Sequenle bugs iy Logie hay *) Protssineg bugy [peaeltenitl bugs i) Dota Hoo busy and onomaliey. Control ond S, = » . eee CA then Coll iG ont beldy epttvall Pies bugs ane important become of the Follsri ny Yeosors Perisstetinl spelen: mepalon AMES co, oP Softwone dion and toting, Lievotin® bevowse of th odloptatoility: thevefore, it con be tusteal oud dalected easily in vast tyting, [WReseandrers Pound thal -the inexperienced Reqvemmers working on a Software produce mere. Coukvol Plow bugs thon He enperientes! prog yomnter’, [2ustic AE BURT Logic. bugs shoo-Hu' behavior of tbe | stete an ent ond operations the Logie bugs tmlucle olyiqn | oP sere fests, inlorveet explanation and tontinohion of (osy ebc, Fev example, oftey oxeuttion of Peso Gott modj in a nuked DF-THEN-ELSE Stotimedt, te thurth Value of the Lqical empression ig cldkermuad. -rhy ctops the ereustion of Rytluy Stéterred » wy) disses fa Protessing bugs lorvists of algebyaic, arithmetic, olgovithe Seledion ond mathenohical Famddional bugs. thse busy our iP wsiong dala lowversion methods arn used Foy converting dot From sirlana te oncthey. the othey Probl osgovicheal usitty Prouycinay buds om, neglecting overflows of lata, neqleding the dibtevence beet buon Positive ond negolive Rave, wrong we of qrecter then, gyeatinthan oy equol, lugthen, lyg then ley equel expecbing Seve ia Plocting Point operotion seen aie Bugs tribiolisation bugs ow detected by both empevierted Programmers and tutors. Bugs one Loujed duete the wyeng ond winetososy initiclizatioy. rhye bugs one Prequent bub Uys hanmpul ond effec the Pey fevmronee shia Softwome, V) Paka Hoo bugs ond Anonaity | Dat® boo onamolity avise when a dota ig olteupteal be be vied Peron unnesstory Pwepsse such oy wing on uriniticlited Vamnioble, editing the data yolue buk not wing Ht obtempting ta se a non-enitting yeriable, initiobiivg aVariable bei without Using on inkty edict: Value + salt Dake busy otuuy berowe of the bugs inte SPeu bicabiny of dole objedy | the duigy the mumboin of data abjed, and the jnitiol veluy. (DStabicdalar Static lala aw fintel and dloyak chonge ib stuctaye ov lontinty Stolic deka is oncby aed toed on the Seuve tode thot i¢ wed te determine whether [the Piece of toe ik. Yeachable ov nat’ by Pynornic: Dobe’ Dyraric dota ant net fined ond changy | Content after a gpeuified period oftime: the life Span of dypromic dota is very shovt whivh “equivalent. ts ths Ro uysing time ofa Single thansoctions Dynomic data | Boreliaed bored on tre behaviour ode thal 16 used te clekeyrine whether the Piece of Code is Yeocbatle OY not: ® you bedingy Bue sl Povirvenctabion Bugs | Coding bugs Create mony othey differed typy of bougy. | the Synkan bugs are of no Siguifitonte whut Souver | lanquete -tronylater ihas enough “Capobility for Performa ng Syrton Chaukineg. Bub when atiorylotoy fails in dikeking Syrlan enor, bug is outured in te Soto | Dormtntation bugs ore Coused duete the Srroll mistokey , YN Gr tot th tnamesly tm te State marek, WSS Tater] Buayr ls Depa ae Take fou bugs oneoy folloos, Dbubeynel inker pours Wy TDabernol inber paces WY opercting System 1) External nkerfatey The externol imkerfody moky thy are possible with the oubkcide worlds An imspertonk principle for inkerpaee olyign iy thot it Should be Tobust- An externol intlybou fon either bea human oy madhine» The external inkeyjaus Wea pycterol trol 4 Complin diffodt te undev stand, |i Dabevnal Inberpous Trteincd inkeypouy hese eae iced os thak ef enteynol inter poruy bub tu jatioss Yulaled ts internol imbeyfous ore rove. loulyeUobls. | Sabena! iabey pour bugs inbusly? wpao ieee Protein ogaint larnpted data, imapyoper funckion Coll, Pratotol-dasiqn bugs, inpub ond wubpul dayi iqn ae ond Paromebor Coll bugs: W) operoling Sytem! _ operating Syston & osoticted | ai the program oy Soptwone bugs, TE includes both the hendwone oncbigectave bugs ond inlerface bugs. the Solution Poy opevoting System bug, ore oy hilipss, USE Spetiobists ty wyite He inley foe pyoqyony, Huse dedevetion of cals emplicitly Poy oll Syston tolls, | ve Antero Inteqrvotion bigs oltur wher fle jubeypads one inbeqretecl im bebe tly oituned tuted! er ithe solution for jutegvalion Lugs include methods like domain testing, Syntan testing ond data fle 44i"9) ) hele Avchitechurre Hardware anchiteduye boy both Wolated and unyesl nolure curving the Protes sing of Consestive Leyers of oferoting Syste, Compi lin ond other imkeryupting Software: The misundey Gonding iS becouge of the foUosing Ttosors , inloweel Poqing mechanism, inlorvet input/output cleyite opeyotion, inlorveet imputloutpuk devia. lotolion in ovyert ooldvess general, intovrek foymoly intovrert clevite - gt choy Coole , rugleding handwane Poi Luvey. [The Solution by handisane anckitectore bait cofallincs % laoed Knowledge of iesensnstied od tating iS needed. ©) Centvolited omdwene Program Should be wyitten by hard wone specialists. ii) SoPEwore Aychidedhere Ko | SoPbwone aychitediaye bugs are the typy of bugs, lade inteyouk with gooh othey. Ever if the Proweoluyey Socal Poss unit and inbegrelion esting , 4huy darth |erfoe the SoPt wore onchitechave hugs sthage bugs jou when the Syston 4 blooded — with mony Component the cousyy Poy coPtwone ays tebe ye bugs one 24 follros, | *) Suing ob thee one no imkevrupt Signals. (9 ASsoming Haak the Preqvom cde is enteveel again. [rst ee Bugs | Sakon bugs one yeveoledl usher Sy Stun tating is performed. [sts bugs olny whin tleyve ga Consplete. jnbtiaction | gaits different Compre Such o4 Rayo hondusone, | | doo’ ond tte operating Sy Sto | Toyo Plas esting (othe only tehwnigue tol § opplied divebly te the System tating for duteking ond elindiuoting System luge, |. loukyol aol eet Bua = @ | Control sual soya bugs ane Caused olue to tlre PU noi | Peosons, ees thab ted} ance DBHinniNng & Prous, [Oetegledking tine. d) Neplading “ inom expliat ovaley. Pre i veguivontend one sabisied: wher fhe Teyiveracd have ben Golisfitc. 2 Pe byiMg sntovyeud Provity level, proqyan level: r | Reyouvce_ Aiovengeiecehalt Bua |eseineny 1s roqueanted bP GREE Savoy usldcla canbe sacted bpansilly Sadho une Uy, balfe by Fesk loubyol blouky, The Lugs velobed with the [sesneve pronogertenk ane due te te Polooing Yeosms, 2) Required TOMY; ave frequent [Wdnvovred vyourte used lun differed ry sures Haws the same disign, D Ry sure oxignecl te the intorriel apieuey VSB Tot Bug —_— xX —, Totes ane net yyistant te ony Sort of, bugs» For Pevborming System tuts Camplin Condlitioy ond dokoloasey one yequiyed Dur te {hy Conaplenity ptheve one chante Pov a ouverts of bugs while a Coole is being oxetuled, Indepude funcbionol toting yesully in woromg und exstorling ob Speups abhor, | different solutions for tort bougs ana ay foUlnos, [Dtet debugging [att qpality ossuyance YTyt enewtion automa “ret Awsiqn outermolon + Det Debugging Debugging isthe Ryemost SHEP Po 15, vesting bugs. Tut debugging ond Preqvom bebugging lone differed! from coh othin betaine of tte following {rosy + Dat debugging 4 simple aid cosy HP dats ane. Properly dusiqred WTyt b dabugaing dou not dea yade thy fhicenuy. | el > Tut Quolity ASsuyente a They Yemedy (Solution) tests He quality of the Software whether if sokisfig the given Speti fitaH™s oY vot - | n Totytoy assure that oll the tu¢ ackioy one enenrteol ocewyattely Tut Extudion Audemotion- | x El the buq ymovel onal Prevention one ideticod 13 the othey outemotio techniques: To yeduc the mantel ervors in the system, ostembluy, Leader, lomrpultry hove Lewy developed Tet exeusion Can eithey be. clone othe nrokically oy montiolly. Tt OBI9N Audamotion+ a lit Con be outomoled inte oll the Plrosey of Sobtwone clvubepmrent tye one otttornrabedl« Betouse of 413, outh moon , bugs ore vote decreoses in both RPh sens es oll os intyt Tt y Li ffiult to Perform dota Plans A4ti49) ond domain toting mst Flaoqrophy ond path Tyting a 2:1 Bese. donsepty of path reting = x — Path Tuting” A Squente of Stofemends which Stank of on ladeg onal enc ob on ent by Pessing olf the eni sting | jundtoms, AeciSiOns the. b Knouon os Poth» Poth rroy end ot the Same junckion oy-the otter oF ob any deusion oy ent’ at Coukyol Flog vophy t —¥—— A loxtyol Plowgreph i$ a form of a Ploochant which doy ust deol with tHe internal Structuye of the Prous Yother it Shows Hw doka Pow ond the Conkyol Plow bebween the — pros tes, Every ConFyol Hosaraph hiss | Some mondobory elements they ou | ) Prous blocky i) Detisinw ond Cose Stotemred 3 Funthion: | D Protas Bley Pyouss block isa block vahich lonsi.sts of | Sequence of Stolemedck, whith once witiahtel youl im the > Z| @ pOnetestlonoP ol the. etetrduls~-in diab Clock, Every Protas’ bbnely one neither Every Prous, tos on on entyy ond tit ond lori ch ta | sgl NY SEYY of Stotemedy- Control Hoogreply ome nat ona with te death of opeyatiny in a pros | block, So-Hhe. es: tosey one duigresl otlordingly. prowses — Po Frouss > Fig’ Pross Block | Deisions andl Cow. statements {- |p ince tere iS | Deusions - Detision i$ point ina Proqyom ob which the conbyol Plow Con split rhe Plow qu diverted in ome. of the mory Optio ovilolole + mostly , decision Split in fee -s204 5 oc cosionolly 4 Split in tHiten-woy byonchey, the tet tore dasign is Componiatively 2044 for ttaso 1004 tran saith “thee -wey beyond, Dedsion 7 | | No YES | THEN 0 | ELSE Do o nes Fig: Tio wou Dwigoy, Cose Stelamrent > Any decision ban Split the toutrol iy —— Plov! tds diffevest woy byondhes Thy multivoay byonuhy, Con be termed 04 lop Stolmeds ome Sane: lose 1 Coser J & igi Cose Stolen ents | | | Dtonction — A jundion is gust tentyodid te deaisions AU [the Control Plows Con merge ok o poink in 0 proqvom as ton be termed 05 jerdion: Dn otha werels, o noole | | with move then ome impuk Une if Kron of junio + #9 ead ky a2 Corbvl Floaqrephy vous Flow chants ee BH OTT OIT OO Kort See Differtre bebsen cubvl Hooqrophs ond Plow chest | ore a Pollo , [oii chonk i$ a ayeph hich Yeprand the lontrol | Straceve of the Pre | | Stra deeve. ty lok Prom, 03 wd 05 Uy jnteynal ond VERY Prouss oY Pro 46 block. 2) toutyol Magqragh is also a qveph which yepy yuck the bubrol Struuceye. of | % Pyoyvom but is encluoley the dleboiled Stra dave of Preys blocky. HAV the steps insicle a prouys orm Shown sig Plas! Plas drant in oddlition te the lonbyel Pleo, bul Cont vol Hexaveph tonmsiduy oll He SPS 05 0 Single, PYotys, entity ond shous only He Control Hows trond from thet Prowse entity 4) Flostherk ob shows the | ane of ihumol gto each Proust $0, it y Affi walk te identify He autvel Control Ptos bekween di ppevent Prous sey, [9 flacdurts had lost it importante berouse of tH detailed imformotion it Provides, ushich is not in uye Posy Process design. | We ton alo we Hoochant Poy vyrgeding the Loutyol | oind: olabin cptassc''tn 440 blob wo4 and Cntyol | How qyephs 03 the modmy appyoour for Sepves ectabion of Plows. |=),6lmnchnbsbaqnptien one Yepryent each and every Frouss step which is wot the case with toutvel Heogrephy poly the outline of Protess Ibleck is Shown in Loukyol | Plow qro-ph- Bors Hee ASN of lenbel Feeeph the toubyel Howgyeph i a qaph which Yepyeseds the loukyol Stu ctuve of a Proqtom in Such o oy sale. | P| diboitedl Studie of 2 Proust black edd, © | Thexe one Some mojoy advonteges ) 04 well 04 | dicodvontegey of loutvol Hooqraphs- |Advontoges - DCoutvol Plooaraph elimincty the otunyerte of Some. Problury wsbich yeu yom Mpeacling the viuel | bomp lita, D Courol Flaogvoph -tyeoty ol He sys ingida a Pros os Single pyouse enkity ond shows oly deka ond loutyol Plow te and from that entity theye by ieducing tHe lomplenity of structure - 2 Control Plowqvaphy lon be yeperred te 05 a rrodenn “FPreath fot tepvyentolion of flows. Contyol Plowgrophs gives the preute ond upan view of Me Programs Studie, the diyestions of dota Plus ee | Divadvontog ts - |) Loutyol Floeqreph plows an important yole in | Vepvaenting the Proqrom Coutvol Strurtaye, luk one | Sponiely due te the Scarcity of loubyo | qrrreters. | -Ploodrephy the inpowmchion needed! to Produ te 4 tantyol Placayeph, (iS mot Provided by modt of the lompilou. |) Combyol Hoogreph Studuye i¢ similen te mony | Proyromrsino, stra dire ond | oli ppeventiotte - oe | DPabhs A Serigy oy Stote ments mitioting Prom on is vou dif bial to ony aud touminali ng ob on euit, Hueye by | tossing thyough the junclioyond DeLisi 16 Krouom 24 a poth: A foth racy initict ov tenance of the come oY Probololy different Cnkry , junction, olecision oy enit- Every foth Consists of 2 Sth of Prousgy Keroron e | | 24 Links. (Ear Consider tha Pollrsing enompla’ 04 Sharon in Piquyes aed aad | AY An @romple of oth selection.” cthaye ore ‘tase differett pots from on enkyy (A) “to on enik (8) Hey are “ALDER? anol ‘Acog’ “veypectively. Goth Poth ane Simple, tu. wast obvious among the thaw 1S “ACR! bere, it iSthe Shortest pobh bebweey on entry ond on cuit: iy Modes Hooliy osu graphical Yevyentoh om fy the Yeol world etiti4 vy) the obstyort ob} et in Co qroph whith yey enbly tHe objects mareal world ane Known O4 nooks Noda one moinly clenotecl by moll vd, : made tabich hes more than ome input Unk & pase Jos a paretion, ond a node whieh hoy move than ome output link iy veperred ts 04 a detision, Noodles Con | be Lobel) ed by an alphabets oy munkery. Ext Lowidey the following tromPle 04 ghovon in Pi Fg: A Hao gyaph with Nodts A) 8, ¢, 96, | In obove 4i9- oUt the nooks Bree, (A, 6c, 66), | | D isthe clecision moter cohich hoy 2 output Unky, | jond Fis a jundion which hos 2 impuk Linky. Wi) Links Every path tonsists of 0 Seb of Prowyiey Known Jos linkg. A UnK ithe mediotor Foy ony tise nods , Linky Con le. dlenateal by on tonyow! ond) ton be Tepye ented by the lower Cose Letters: Pete tate Follosing enomple a4 Slein in fig A5ho, c,d, e,f ome oll tHe ovoilable Links. 2 (nse) iy DOL) Mo) atk A Plow ayvoph with Links a,b ¢,d,e,P The Polls Rom Ate @ one (abcde) ond (abfe), | whidh om the toncabenstion of Some. Selected! Linky. ‘npotullt-Enbvy [lls “Enit Roubtnag mulki-enbyy means, multiple entry Point onal raulhiple - Curt refers te mulliple exit poirtye thine one Certain sibiohiog involden thik ef Proprist te chonge the youline onol choose on olternnste wo te revel Conbyol Styucturye. You mou, want te choose an alten olive Youtine, Whin on Weg mote Condition otLuy ond will damage TS dytents: dale FE Bek f0lh Condinstd 2 ctl | The other yeas make be ae Otay y ence + Sevenol Hucuohoy dhuavivg the Pro CASinen, of Some ‘path. Herta , be changing of youtine is ed van tag coy in Suh Situokny by Plaring oun enby Point ina outing hiuh Corky tye Plow tp oppropyicte Location. TH wulliple choie gubtomy che. Pe chute | Plow on tit Ponamelty in thot youline. | the main dyaobok of rill-exkyy autel | alibi Youtines i thet oll tle -Leyt Cosy ore di bp valk te bn becouse the. lontyol Plow bel we Iveves Proussey Colt be dateynuned eosily due te il raulliple entry | ent Potidy , Heys by test bev evoge Pyobliax oni sy. V) Fumdomentoh Poth cel ction Critevia!— ————- x Minot auth pally > Every youke mou hove Sevenol number of dibfevent foth's ovoileble yom ib entry be it enit- poth Selection manly diols with the celeition of on optimal 7) Path beboeun db enhry and ect | TH a youtine loutainy, deusiny oy loupe imside it, | Hon Huve will be move numaben of Polly. Foy euormple fae ects of Poly belowe double on eodh detision onal guby multiplied with the nusloen of itnokion | ten todh OLA YY ene of lovp. Complete tating usually involyy testing evny Poth, Stotenent ond byond) in ooh dlivertion ab Lot ole Th we hove 4esteal every foth then eveny Stobmot ond boyonch will outenolitatly be Covered Enomple Fi9: Contwl Flow 9yaph , 1 tae Th +he obove eromple, ib Ay bye thon 0, thus tye output will be At ond WA ig Freely thay 0, thy He oulpuk will be Ate, becawe dletision doubly the number of fothy. Vi) Poth TRting Cyiteriah xX , Thiye one thyee dibbeyent path testing Strotegics | ‘they one 24 follmos, Cyitova: D poth testing (Poo) ity Stodament Ty ting (Ps) iii) Byanch Testing (fo) Pokh testing with -the extustion of polly , if we hove tyted oll ty available ontyol Hooqvephs, we have ocbieveol too Path tovevege whith is mostly impossible » Statement tuting deals with the execution of jell the Stetimeds side © Propyom oklost once. TE we ale trough tests to oddieve thiy ) Wo0y, | stole met (evevoge is Soid to hove oubteyed. In [alternate sy toot Hoda Covereqe which ig denoted by Cy Brordh tyting dealy with the eneuubion ofs oll 1. ® | beyandty in a Preqyam: ip erough tut one done te arkteye this then fe branch Covevane iS Said ts have achieved. Tn obternle wot tvof Link leverage, which is denoted by G: vii) which Pol te be Selected db [asen rt (© During the prouss of Path Sclution , aloo Prefer | Siang andl eosily ausevable Potty, ie, lorapli cakeal | Poths, even iP they one feo in number must be given the least Privvity while Selection: 'S Pik calalitional potly o4 Small Voriotions From Previous Polly, that donat hove. loops. ©) Polly Should not be Urwsen blindly Following the Yul but implement thom te oclueve Crt Cr’ | The Follmsing is Hu example af path Sele dion a | The PoUlroing iS-tu enomrple of poth Selection « | 49° Poth Selection the most obvious poth the A te & interny of nooly (ie Steak te end) is (ALC, 0, EF, 8) + Tobey of Unky it will be (1,2, 3,4,6)- By Wing Links He cetonsl most epproprickt Poth i$ (1,2,8)11, 4.4,6) «AU. othey Potts’ leo “be Loops. Cowsidey the First Loop (1,2,8,12)9,2,3,418), Seton loop (4218,4,b)10/44.5) ond than tle Low les (213418) 13,9,213, 405) -Chowee the! optimal poth yom all -the availoble Polly. 2-15 Loops oe thee ose thyee Afferent Kinol Dnuted Loop Wlontokenated Laps WD Hovyible Lops iywested Loops the noted! bps one ayrite lompli Coed oo ie alsop with in onothey loop is Known as nuted Leop. of Loops. they ore 3 follros, Th iy Very OAPErSive te tut the path which Lontainy rusted Loop betouse of ith lomplenity . To over Lome this Complevity we hove te Pollo’ Some Cyural steps. 9) Begin your test from the most intennal Loop, move ‘towends re entornal [outer loop Hue by Keeping it [Volue to be mien: | by rest old tha interned Levp's voluty, enp love te test Pom yolue ig mussed- 2) Abt toting the innermost loop lone out of it anal tondude atat on te immediate ouka lsop: Fiq: Nested Loops ii) Contolenakeal lowps'- _Contaktrottd Loops ane the | ee | Uswps vahich veside dee one beside the other on the Some path: Tn otter g wordy, whin theye ens tov adjacent Leos onthe Some path Surhthot, on tnit of ome leep Served as on envy point for tu othey leap, -Hher the Lows ane roid te be lontotenateel: Tp the Leops osu not onthe Some polh thy ane Said te be individial lems but not Contatenottel Leopi - 9 t Obie: Aa ae ; w Morvible Loops! Howyilole. Usps ane the inve lye, loraplened of all the thyee Lespe ond moy waste Lops, inkeySecting Lope , cvoss Connected Loops oll in ore Structuye « They Complan Structure of Levvible Loop mokiy H very dipfiulk tebe tated» the aleign of est Cases Poy bervible Loops one indefinite and one toy mony cto crete Hence, hovvibble loops must be avoided 2b Move om Migr Mult -, Botey [ult lh Podiras? ee Sie ees the issuy yeloked te multi menkyy ond multi ent Vouk one oy foils, | Y) Weak ApPYoouk To test the Proqvom with mull ebvy —x — ond mull-ewit Youky , we need to Pollo frtoin | | froduyes, Fixit, loutlt the jmroginany Single Udbvy youkine ond imaginary exit youkine with Pseuolo lose Statements | © endl Pro uses Yopedively. Selon ly Contertyale on @ hy Pothetitel Comme juncHon, Thy ovenoll structure | of He Code will troble yourte Cvedta fut Coy lisign For multi entyy [mull —enit youtinus- mull enit yiqnéry are the People YeEpmsible Foy choosing an ent, bub Selecting on entry vill be quite Usmspy , beconye wrong oliff event Proqvommens (Gon wWttolize on otry Point | a) mul ~okyy youkine is tonverted ts Single entry jst lose Stotiments 04 Shown in bulso Pique: Entyy) | x (oset Enty Coed | y | H ads! Ls ' Insert ean iq: mul -entyy to Single Entry wsing Cose Stotenrent b) muthi —enit Young 56 lonver-teol' to Singli gui: with fyousby 4 SLO in Lelio fiquave: 44! mul - exit to Single Exit using Proust. 1) Path reyting Stvokegi ot la) Avoid alfa as filo youtinys 05 muh oy | Possible, betome it ty diffitalt to Covey oll ty tet | lose for Hye You: DSP Hb mondabory for you te we multi estry| mull - eat Youk ny , thy to out eve manimumn Contyol over thuye YouH ney, €) €od ond wor erty lewt Poiy is Comsidunecl o4 a Sypondte Youting , which is tuted individually vsing Pooenfyud test testing wmethor Sur dy mul entry Buccl WLEs e a Youkine one oxsubeat | 4) lee, bie? ncdven ius ihinedl soos doigevous, So te! imkeqration tuting is Pevfpovered with moe effort are Con tuctotin- ad Predicaty , i Rett tetietn ed Acbieveaiiab sy, p20 | Predicatiy ‘~ Prediccty is 2 function whig, iS Logically eneruted during the deusion Prowsss ing. A iS WS thon oy equal te 5" g2L Predicate Expressing + ; —— x Exompl * PRA NS @ PoncHaw vishichh is enetutes! duving le: ded Sion Protysing Predi cote iwttpyetotion refers te the Prot, ob OMPYesSing the predicate in tees of the giver inpub vecloy by Pe poy rH] Vonious Symbolic veplou nent of opevation. Grsidey on euoumple, whine He Preoli cote 46 Hee Sum of peo C Oy eat Han Beno, which (¢ Symibo Lively Yeu enteel 04 ATC yo. Wo, LE He value. ofc be qi Ven using oncthey Preditst o4 “r= B4c", the Substitidion off € volue inthe Pivot Predicate give, you onothur predicate uohich is “Da QrE DO's Thiy Pyolisg 1% Kron 04 Preoli sh. inlen pretoH on - | WR tis gh ha’ al x Prediccte Coverage ig the Proust of tuting olltte tructh Volurs yélateol to a Spetipic Poth in oll tHe pocitle wo Th ol the voluy one tuted in oll possible divetion | than wl fon Soy thet 1007. Pred esta Gveveqe 4 orbieveo! whidh needy Lot of effort: Blinds is 0 Situckion which veywWlh in the Corverb pobh Ivio wrong Youle uninturtionrally. thie ore tyre typo of predicate. blind ny they ane. (0% folloos, D ASSignesent BUndnss 3) Self Blind nye » Equelity Blind nee A # | 5 ASSi qn pent Blindnys¢'- ‘ @ Fy REY | Assignment blindness Comes inde’ (eiderotion whur | both the predicsty ivvespetive of Hein lovretness eas gokisfieol by o volue assiqned te He | Ossi gnerent Stole monk - |Asstamnaar: Leshss mony olso: Lun water falls 4 lecbign | ] Coyyect Taleyyed Acs Act Th B70 then Sk ArG>=s THEN Do Something Do SomeTHENG to the obove eramsple Poy oll the positive. Vokucy of b, both ty preditcby wor tovvectly bleh vei tn diffevenk voluy of A, which would bod te wimg Poth. Se Sabet Wherever o Poth is Chose by the predict: , Some Volue 1S queen abea! oy an guktowe: Tf thok volue schishiy Hu Cons erative Pred i coctey iyve sph ; ‘ Pie of it Cowecknuse, then ib iS Collesf | Conyeck Antoyyeut | Sip Bo4 THEN GF Qo4 THEN Oo SomETHING Ov SomETHING GF AtG729 THEN GRY A722 THEN Do SoME oTHER Ov Some oTHER THING THING Jn the chove enomple , it 4 clean thot Hu Setonal Pyedicste wil lod te He desived Poth wes peative ofy is levveubruss poy ony pane Volue off g. = wrong Predicate belems Similon be eouh ottuy diperding onthe yolue assigned -to the ossignment Stotiment - [Hence He Poth chosen by bath the Predicts soill be come: | Exomplu- | ovr In toryect. | Poy ay : DF K+3 p20 THEN TPKE 40 THEN | Do SoMETHINA Do SomeT HINA Tn Ha obove eromple, bath the Pred ashi, 6 He lovyet ancl inteyyet one indir dhepeirdent hosed | | on the assignment value ie lxex,). |2°3 path Sensitising Sa fGT. Serpibizieg tito | path pedicle epravioy one the tollubion of exprasion Manat oust be falbilledl (a orden te auiove, the duived f Poth: Tg ol the OPrusions ome met then the fabh is Cod ite be ocbievoble ele the pol 16 not oubieyalde » An | lobtempt te find the set ef Solution te the poth predicate “eprasion) iL Colled! Poth Stasitizobion » |o-3:1 Hennstic. proudury for Sowitising Pally‘ — KX ee Hewnist© Prouduncy one Hu mast opti SHE woups For | Sessiti Bing Poths» | | he Fist ‘ | Fist prfevous By Sdecking 9 PEED baweyh be Ly Seuitized “Frexedy delaying 4le Paths shoe solution te Path predicche Qiver te He Polly whith ton be Cos, CHPYYSion §¢ diffieslt to obtoin + DAU he Proly¢ alipendent, Pyours independ ent Lond lovrdotol input Vantably one Pyct debenminedl ond cLossifito! ottordlivag Ly Abr clessifying Hu Voriobly , olebeynine ob clos sifry the Prealitetey deperolimna on the input Variobls inte dtperdent,indtperelerk of ovvelottel Pyealivdiy ond abso Shoo Hu type of Yulotin thet exists omong them: 2) Corsidey the untovyelateel ond inclepordert Precli vac, for GlecHion of Poth, During your slechion , if You hove Found ony oltperdert Predict, Hun thueve moy bea dlossificotion @rvor of there might be a bug o tomaplbe Poth Leverage 6 not Yet achieved» 4) Nom Cowidltn the Covvelated ond inclep udenk ele Hib they one not loveneal thon Stont lomsidening Ha [deptrdink ond untory ceteal » Preditelis Tp the comple Covenate is wat yok attonpli shed Hiren move on He | Lest gelettion i.e Consider Covveloted , oepenclent Predicolay . 5 Disploy obtte input voniobly ith volun ytotion si formong, tHe Vartobley type of Links for all indtpodud, | dependent ond Covvelobes! Yani obly vupetively of every Seleckeal path: bevery Poth will Produce Some set of imeq wali tic, which must be met in order te select Hot poth: Pig) Prealicot: Notetion | Trolipead at , Unlovvetolol Pyedlicotes > Mee Lee |——- » Considtving the indeperded uncorvdaleal Pyedicety there Sore U predicaty ond 4 detiginy whichare aerated boy "PQS" ond

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