ELECTROCHEMLSTRY ©
RR Nee
Reabeduction b-
Electsochennithy i¢ 4 branch oy chem ichy which
oleale with Be Felationchip between electco|
energy arol Chemical en ecgy ove\ the intex-
Comversion aly ome beten +? other.
Bleckwicet
ont
Chemico|
eMENSY
Emety
Flechochermica} Reactions tiv application.
ion renemy inducties . Electsockeanithsy beer \y
Atecuseeg akoul clectiel ebbechy om Pacciong.
clectidrg Through a solution.
Blectworysic comes undev This Gregory
and bind applications ion
\) pretalluxgy
i) elects plating.
iW) chemical emeny ractuye M3 procectts inclvdieg
aneclici Mes. <> A oyster in which two elechroder a6 iM
contact with an electsdlyte ie eiled os cell.
oe
> «A alevice which cwnyede electsial enesgy
iont® Cheenical energy OL Chemical ENE PT
EMEXKAY io? Eleetsiay emergy ie catled 4
Cell. TRexe axe two types aly celle.
y Electrolyte cet|
U) Electochemiaal ell
yiebesteolate, cell 's-
=> Eb ts a cevice which prevotuces chemmia]
chang & by copphylng. eclectic cussent sory
outside, cource . Hee, electete emeay 1S
ComVecteal feito Chet energy
exl— decomposition aly water reto hydlsegen
ard OW gE +
“> thie adevicesvhich paeteeer Chewnieal nerdy
been a xedoyceaction ig abligal to geb electstat
j emesgy. ESE) chemical eneay 1S convesto| test
eleatotot emecay .
- eyln pamiel cell a Malveni¢ cell. 3 coleclo
> CY elechole
> CASCY Sof
a)
Ans0y 68 AWyeh + NWGNO, of _ |
om), Kel 1 KNOg
DAN elechocherniaay cell if comrnonl xebbecd
atc galvan(c cel|.
—? Tt comstel oly two hath celle, rake The halle
Cell on the sebtsicte com sicht a SmI ameral
Electrode ' abipped in sensog 60M bom . Ge hath
Cell om the “iahhcicle consitts 0 1 ey electrode
Aipped cucoy Lely soy - Were wr hail cells
ane dsined by Salt bridge, Ta which Son
and cy eleckodes axe comm ect sa to Voltmetey
ocnd elec trolyt Carmnsoy 3, CXty) Comnectef
by Salk breidge.
ovidation Pally cetl Neactyoyy
Yt NEO
boy © -
Zine metal’ acke at amede umelecgoe oxidation
eaction by Locieng. oly elechome to bai ator" Ar anasto
gy —> a4 9E Covidaton)
Reductiony ha Cell teackSeyy t-
oye a ee
on
u
Copper metal! acte as calhade unctecgoes
Xeduchin ‘~eacoy by acini Mg oly elec bson
- “og!
AY Ca [Bed @ so
cutie — Cy C Reduction),
Nek Reactivt 7
Ry
> Been 4 je
| eye ——> cut
deny tr — De acy
Role oly galt bridge
Oooreraoa_arr__-rs Ee
Calb betdge f¢ jerverctesl Om ehaped tube whith
have Kel, EN, acl gelarin OX): NBael NAG Mg
ort gelatay fe ten gel ctate (4 Crown at
MV
Organ ~ S9on qe"
> Th prevents aceymmulatton Change ob trl
Junction potent. ie
+ Th auload electors bern anede Te olhole.
> Tt doer mot allad cleckoolyte cubthance bron
ke anode + CalRanle . A galvanic cell fe Reprasenteal by
DM Amede hatly cet\ Te writtery 0D Re bebk |
cide and cathede halb cell ce wrikker ow ihe
rsight harra| sicle.
© Ameate ie Reprarentet by bic F ametal ane}
Bea electrayle » There two axe separated by
NVe EMSOU
4,
va Won
Ma a cu" electode take
CU electyedle giver ie 4 ec
cleshaon #8 Te auayety, Eagar ton)
Ley Coxnesbomcting electsolyte eee
electrolyte.
when a ometal seed dippe| tm We coup
Celution, the anetal atom tend effFu_ to
lose Cleatsore Coridation) oto accept election
Creduction). The procese dp ericlation o Keduction
Olependt omy (he matece Ob mretal, TD Wie proces,
Thece develops & potembia, between fhe rneta4
acorn. arrol itl coxcesporcling, Torn callso|
THe electdte potent. There 16 a cymasnic
'ea.ulltkyturn betwoewn The MebaY oval wetal
Tory anchs IBe potent ditrevence belwoeeus
fhe two by Calleal electwoste potentsal. Th ic
emeasusel ta Volte. (om
Th can be two tHpec.
oxidative eeten ol
> Re tendlenay of 2% electworle +o leote IKe
clectsome and get oxidiced ic Rnoon at oridative
poten tal.
oH = Stony ae
Reductive potential}
OOO
1p the thence oy oy an electkedie Fo gain (Be
clechront ara qete ceduceo| Tg | euoww at
“eductue potential
aad SS Ot.
Swiraé => Wr,
etandacds llelectrode potenti) G2) 3-
Tb Ihe Comcen bation o& tom Lo molar, (Ke
sheer powattue. te at 2 acnd! fou ced) cea ctong
where the gases are \mvauel) ise pressure fe af
Aaten | Then lhe elechode potential is a\rel oe
“gdartelangol electrade potential Eh le demnstel
% lt
by E+ > Th depernde om mature Op wel om U's ionc.
> Comcenteation oly IKé Tot to (Be colution-
> Teornperatuse ic alco ton bluence the Shel elechsrk
Potential:
Electso arotive pace oc Cell potential CEMIF)
NN ILL OE
The blowo ob electeicity bsown ome electarle to
amolber, electrede ren a galvanic Cel) indicates
TBab the two electrodes have dibpesent potenbralc .
between (he elechscler
+lovs abr
poteots|
the aibhesence ob- poterntsale
come) Coates ot a Cell which caute
Cursent brown an elechele at high,
+o cihey elechroole at lovwev potenval
at Clectrornotve barce ox Cell potentel.
(The EME ob The cell acpendcoy)
@ Teen pecatave
® matwce Jy Reactane,
© concenteativd Ie colutiong TATED
halb- cells .
ye ewocy
BMP OL, Fay > Soggage” Fanede
ox
Feat > rights ~ ‘ueb)
eS | whexe, © |
EcoeuS = ean of cell
E(pigh)) = Reduction potenti] ob Right
hav cide electede (catfede })
Fle) > Reduction pxlentsal ob tebl
henncl aide electoale Canede).
Ecey = Ford + Fred
(anede — (cathecle).
Ecel| > ERE C bolts ave sce cory potentiate)
Ecell > EL-ER (Chatty axe oxidation potertsals )
Ecetl = tve —? Reactn ix beasible-
Beet! =-0e > Reactor ie Mor poscible Co)
mot beasible-
Blectro Chemical sees Cgalvanic¢ cexjec)
Fee
al DN Ionceeg sing
—> A sesies ob metale aexang 8
oder of chacrdava rcedyclvor poten bel ov ;
asiong ocler aby Stamndara oxidation potenti] -
TS Kencton ad electrochemie| cers} ec" Petal jou
bite a
KT4+e7 —S K
cat 498 —Scq
Nat +e7 —d nq
mgt sae —> mig
Al 42° al
mat +8E° —> Zw
ee'3 age 3 xX
Fet 496 —> Fe
NItA 267 —> Ai
ent 4a€ Dom
Pb? 4067 > ply
Fe 426 —> Fe
ut 4e7 —>%H
co HSE LES cy
Agtte™ => aq
Aula & > ay
> fo Er) ee
pe*t+4e7— pe
Potesstial tas Volks.
—2.05 ANODE
~ 2-943
— ato
a)
Tl t
—\-66
sols
Oty
or 4y
—0-22
ONY
Ole
004
§ ©:00 Reference,
+ Os ‘
4 OBO | gator?
40°86
Al 64s)
+LRyy
ee. Application ¢ os elechochernia) sexteg
NR RN RRR OOO
® aleulation charlene} BIR of a cell
> standaral elechode polential ob- any Cell Con be
calculates| using This sexiec.!
@ Relative eace oh oxidation aml’ cadtiction,
> Higher Re Value aby Sternalawa|| seduction poten}
lh Gve Value) greater iS Be tendency +o get Metale whied tie hishey im We sexiet Cam
clitplace Thote elenmente thich He belovo (Ren tory
IRe sexiec.
©) Detesmienation oy eqilibsitem comebant bet
Te xeaction-
> The cquilibstern conctaml bet the Cell an be
Caleujated bron the ctandlaral . electsete patents.
6) thrydxogem Aisplaceanent behaviour:
J Metals having enoe Ve potential in Ihe
| Sele will dligplace hyclsogen prom acid
coly tions. © Predicting Spombanetty Shr xceclox “reactions
—> spontaneity ob cele ~ceaction on be preclicte
bsorn Ibe charndaxce| elechsele potential Values ob
Ihe Complete cell veactlon.
nest Sea
> Newdet found: That ibe ctongle electwole
yan ComCen Peation
potenbal
Varxieg with tee Charnge or
aenol tenmpecetyce ana
Paleo Noxtesl ile destve} a, mnalbernaticay vetationchiys
java} electoote potential -bempesalire
of tone. TRI xelationehip
pence Ibe EMP othe FOR 9.303 8314 103, \
IO KENT 09 9
nypabsed ut)
\
B > EO~ 2054) log, ——— a
—- Gio ta)
A ppltcatione aly Nexnct Rquyation 67
pee
oy ee”
D Th cam be vtef to uly ihe ebbech ob electrolye
concenbetion on electwole potential.
| ® Th an alto be, wks bot the Qltulation ob Ke
| Potente, Gy o ceth Uler mnorn~chewobra{ conelihone @ Beterenination ak Umiemdrion Concenteation aly
ome ol io Tomnic species in a cell ic potcibhe wit
Re help dp Nexmcl eauation, pwovicted E cet)
ond Comcern hatin ofr ofbex, Ionic Species axe
Known.
© The PH otf q colution Comm be caleylates| born
The ommeatyvesment of FMP awl Neensh Suetion «
© Nexengh eration can algo vteel br biewtig.
The Valence dh an om oA ibe number aly electone
‘welvel ton the seacton:
© solubility oy cparcionghy: coluble Sab ab omy texp
Gn be determined. ®
Types of electsocte
© ttydsogen electode Ctnos electsrde)
© eatoane| electrode ( metal imcaluble metal car
electxode))
© auinhydwome electrode
@ Glace electsede Cpt electwde)
Rebesence electrede
RRA TES
DA seberence electrede ie am electsude With Serole|
Potemtiay, Rebexence electrodes axe ‘> Types
Prignany webevence elechscal@
“> Stacndlora} hylsegen elechode ic useel ac Peimosy
se bewence. electsole.
D_Hiisiges vetéchote Compe aaetrls)
ityctwogenn elechsodle ie The primary ctamdare| elecksete,
Th comssich ob q cermal| Platiinuns stvip coped oily
Plationuam black as to adtoxb W.gas: Platine)
ig weldecl to The Platinum Stvip aml sealed inn 9
glece tube ag cto TAkE contact M5 The cuter eiseuih
The plationnn chip of glace tube is suo rte
Ly an outer glatt tube, Which has am ile bo Hy gas at top avel mnerrnber dtr holes at Be bate
be. The eccape G exced Sy Wr gat: the platinwn &
Stesi p Placesl in acicl lukion, whe bat HT one G 1m
Comcenbration. Purse hydrogen gat paced TRscuch Re
Inlet at 4. atorarpherec preeouse. Apart ob Ihe gag
ealtocbed amd The ‘sect escape beeen TBrougts hole,
Trig gives, Cquilibetian between ie adeosbed Hy oo
HT fome tos the cAlution.
7 The tecropecatuve of Te Cell ie waited at
2c. By Tentexen ational agreement The Hy, clectoot e
PL ascigened & potenti fh 0.0 volts.
Me electrorte Repracenbo| aL
PE, Hr ca) [Htog) . at 248K, Hyetsogen electrode
Cary act at anete! a calhede cool ie ORE ty
~espect {2 lke elechsode to wobich ig @arnectet °
Aodefoxidation 1 Hhcg) > atta (Fe200v)
cathete | Reduction ©, QH149E 8s) (Beles 0.0)
hon ~ ‘
ease gory
fos aoe eceepeh
i#——s hole «
Sim AT Soy ®
= Ea, — 0055) Tard
E Yay N hy, = 10% ae
\
— © 054)
oO 8 a
2,
= 054) ogra
is
ze O59 yh veat
oa : 0054\ Leal)
EHV,
pas —toati)
=) roaeil = ape
Perva hocks-
rr since 9 Standen] hydrsogeo electyorle i Avebieuh
TO Prepare od mmaimtat , Ib ig Usually vse place} bY
oTRee Rebexence electrode, which ove Puow ot
Secmvolany velyevernce elechoder. There axe comvinienl
To handle and ave prepared easily. Twe \seaposton
SP0ondaroy Clectsodeg cteece|bect beve-
®D ca tocme| electete
® Siwer~Cilver ehiowle electoele,
Q) calomel elechete Ccdtycs: calowre| electsole)
Th comafet oly mevcurny ab fhe bottenn ovew which
a paste oly prnexeyrey mH ecey eons chioxele ie placed,
A solution dy potaccium chloside Te Teh placed ove,
the pacte. A. platinum waive sealed ion a alece tube
helps tw. malig Re elect sca} cmntacl. fhe, clectsote
TS cormmected| voit ike Kelp ay the. sicke tube om \be
led rough a sal besidge with the ethex elechsote
do wale o complete cert. Ihe electsode ie ~epracented
pki Hol Hacla citar)’ RN latino’ Loita,
> @rlass qocke .
Ke\ solution.
KK —Nga ch. paste.
Caloome| elect se.
> ihe potential Ay The calome} electrode clepenAc
Upon Ihe Comcen beter ar The Potascius chive
solution -
> Th potacsiuem chlovide coluriory (¢ catyrsated ihe
Clecksode ig leuson as gerurcated) calomel clechole
(Cece) erat ib The potacciurns ChIOsIAe colubon ft IN,
The elechsode is janinows o& Roel colon
electsode (NCE),
—> the vedyetion potenbst dy Be calo wre] electsad
on hydvogor Scare at rae k ore o4 [roto
Cat Kel s O-QUISN |S O-AULV:
LONKcl> 0-90 V- e ov cahedte
> caloeme} electrode oct ac elTber ona
tet to ih th
valtiy cetpect to otha, elechsade couuec
ih acte ag amede, it involves oridatiow -
Sty —D Wye 297
a
Hatt toi > ascly.
of Anode) hg >> Hg ch 19e
> oridation hath seachion , Which rsecuhe I bath >
Comcenbsation Gy ci (ow ||
Th tf actt a Cathede 1k janyvolveg auction,
Raycl, 3 Heys Set”
nsf 27 —> Ag
at caihede'~ Mach 9 ——? Stat ocr
3 Reductsen’ hall “ceactin, which reculte Imeveate
Fen comncentertion O- cl TONG.
Advantaesiy 1 Lif
@ Fs cometxy ction ic Very coed «
(D Resuike dr cell potential raneasyreeeme nie ove
sce prod ble
pis odVan Voge. =
@ sine AQgch, bseake at 50%, if Com! f be exe
grove MRig tenpasture. ( _quyn bydeone sleckseds = ®
—> Th ie atupe ob ~secor electrode sobich Cm be ure
to emeacyse ihe HV IO concen Pxation er 4 Solution,
[he Quien hydsomne clectwedle coneiste ob- 4 Platinuas
clectswle C\ndicater elechsode ) Aippivg into Be
tect colytion combatrrivg pinch or equisela timone
and hydvorulnone
Bach ome oy the subttance Cac, be eacilyp oid eef
ov xeclyceel to offen. ihe electrode rseac hoy Coy)
be ~epeacented a
t ot
solasd <> 7]
=~
C 4
Qulnone thacivo auterigene
ts) (SHs_|
USing Nexnst Bayation _ the poten sal Ie
Qulen hydrone electrode Fg aoey be batten at
Eo: Fe-2 was | ealS wy)
Q- Fe Lee -
usl tte werk fel)
beet aw
= 6% — 0054] phiewt)
Fe. 8g —0d5at teat
“Fig ~ pose) E% = ctamdac} electwole potential Jy Quimhyalsore
Clectxale = O-696V> |
! |
"secmination Sly pi dp solution vsieng QO >
Pycteome _electeerle
> Quihydsone electrode te cpanrectal: Wali SCR
to bimsfout PH dy 4 colutiow « fhexy «)
Eeey = Facto” Famale:
FE eautenhychen € 7 Benlow4:
=i
Beet) = 0: 6296 —0-051PH — OUL
0054) Pl) = 0: 6496-0 2ULECey,
pli 2 (0: 8496 -0'243.~ Eeey)
054].
Advanntaged
ARRAS
(D Ie electrode te Very easy T° cet op.
(QD ihe pl Natue obtained Ie Nowy accurate.
sing Ty! aatutiow ix subbie
@ Ves small auansbitty Sly caution lt cubbiceey>
(he vreacuwe woh '
pig od Vaxtogee /
electsodle!| camueh | be cabeal ley PONE Hale Seay)
O ue cowwot be, vbeol voile colution that fetes) | ©
@. clase -electwale >
comet > 2
A plas electrode omelet ob Tlay —ealved ates
bulb ( te glace 1¢ a spect Tepe a aviv lo
co) commAucivity )
cmelthyg poimh ool high elects
combajmivg aq Pk wine Jon O!P1 gels tHE Sless
electrode i¢ rsepeacented Ot
pe om Heafertace :
1 oth Hel:
Thien walled glace bulb.
(riage elechode.
y a conten tT om concen FNM -
Het fen the bulb cMppl
(mlase electsote Ic oreot ac The hier |
especially
sebevernce electrorle * The pA dy Re solutions:
colourea} solutions coomthiniva ovictising. Ob cotudlyg.
agents Own be cetera » IBe they called dle
bulb calle} lace penornbyene bumehiows OF ton
@rchouge resin pod equilibsiuey seb uP betweaw The Nat fore Gr glace act HT fone tm colytion the
Potental Vaxted unit} Re HT io concen PHIM
‘ike Bei ie given by The erpeeseion -
Nate Ht > Ate + Not
Busey - ©1059] log. | ;
tnt)
> Een = 0058) wat
“ Fy —0'0§4| Cig )
Foy > Py 700581 ph Cen seq )
D> From (Be euuation if ie clay (Rex Be PH rq
colution ig) cliveck mmeasyvernent Sy EPP ob en
clectwode.
beteranination ob pH ob colution Using @lace
peteremis ration OUy Pe) OR ee
electsode
—_TeTOeTOCoe ‘
> iRe glace electsede fe
cxrel Te couphel witty catyvated calowe} electsode
aa choon tp, eure:
> the FPP oy the cell, i¢ aneasyceal by
ihe PH & the olution ig Caley lerte
placea| is The tech solutes
potentiometer
Peo ihe FMP)
ox briladt. J. eee
colutjon dhe Uy buoy PH:
Ecet| = Baile -BAuade
Feet| = Featouw| Fe, . 1D
Fate we} sorry
Bos Fo-osal Pt
Substitute toy ev)
Ecey, = O24 2, — CP, 0'054 Pll)
Ecey > o2wrL EH OSA I Sp
0:054| PH is Foeyy 7 O24 thon.
pi = Ecetsba OO, qvetes -
ery be easily quent hey Cheol corel “cael lly dees
© (Be ~weeulte ace accurate:
© Vb te mnot eacily pcrgorre|
® Vb cam be vted tos turbid, coloured oA gotlniche| a ,
“f
ecole ieged)
wait PH SONEE
© Tt com be vse} omy bAr- colton
O-\0-
BATTER LES
CARR A
Bathery Rettery Te a alevice consieting obrome
A move electcochewio) celle correct colts
cane cenpiber ios cerleg Tah cones chovee
Chemicy eneray ierstd electsial | eneQy
Prionasy baltes(ee 7
> which ove olesign, to be ote once arr chi scales)
cen battestes
Conteh ase Aesigny to be Vecharge owl con be
en anullple Homes - A: peloneony talent ®
—> Hee He cel) ceaction conmot ke wnecle to Psocead
len Ihe Severce dixection: Hese Te chew nica) Seaction
proceed Spombaneoetly oval WE bsee emeegy Me
converted Into elect sical energy. THIS calle} te
chacging. ob Cell. Toy iBie cell, Onee Re Chemical
hove been comeumeo| fecha seaction te oof
possible. TH Cavwrot be scegenerated by eevaevg,
Ihe curren tous [heoush fhe cel) velg OM erherwa
dixech curccet:
exl- pey cell, aealine cel, Htbiues cells
I potonany Ue SE
> Celle having HfBtumy af ade axe calleel ac
UTbigers celle: TRere ore awd Vedbet .
© Lithiueo cells 5 sol ARSE
Ae
> Rese celle have cold ov Na & electxolyte- \he
calkede mno,_Shoud be eae upto 2006 TO_
ssemrove wat bebore yonclude it (Be cathede.
The cet wemebens OE electrolyte (64 ony a
Propylene cocbomate ove Wd cliemelbory elaw: Re
cell rceachwong, AF
Anede | ce
ealhede : Uta MMO
nefeet} Ot MM
Ray
> Li mmo
> Li r\no_ SBE cylinelrs(co celle ave ced (6) freilly autornatic
Came vad.
—> Te asin cele axe wrielely ged fon ele ctsoote
cleviceg suc ag calculatront oa watches,
© Gh ea Ht iavuic} cathede
oes
Ei ~iKiowy)_chiestdg =
Bere cette cometh Shr high
cathedle. fhonyl chiowide er
colvent aol the active ca Thote -
Amede 1 4Ci —syftt ay
calRede f aft ages roel —> Gljelr sor &
met y Lip asec? 44 el 7p copa dh
Reactor)
Applicat’,
DM Ci-socly: cells ase vs
boards bo. cupply tog 1
protection vel other sto
ase cere ave seal bee
applications.
@ ee celle are uted im Aevg cle Vivey
cur bace a cocbowy
jae Te electrolyte
ed ony electxorc ciceulr
speal Voltog® Fou anemnosy
vA by foanckions
\\iharng aa space
cyclo. B. Secondary bale ©
LIS
on The celle Inn which [Be cell ~eacton ig Seversea|
by passteng Cuwwenp [9 oppoclte Alsection. The
Secomolorny beltesier dan be Uteo Trough 4 lowe
snurnber dp Gyclee Sr chavgivg wal Mechorcgivg,
Eylm Lesel aciol, aim eal & lifbiusy tom celle.
D Cead—aarol ctoroge Cell
> Leo acid storage cell consicts ob Ved amet o-4
lead alfovide (PbO) *8 calbede , vobich it mele Oe
i. qenesa lly
phgey paste. A (DN, Leael stowage batten
A 4 celle eoch providlyg
Used which comsich OF cry :
QN. there Clechsodes ove oveceengea| aurea
Separcaterl by tien vooodens precet aol Suspe 4}
joo ail! nygoy Ca8z), abi ach 26 SP etectaclshe-
Hence if ig allied Lead- anil battens -
Amete 3 pb:
cathode + PbO
electmlyte ¢ 38% Hisey
Err 4 2N.
cell” Repracen bation
Acnedeeypb| pbsey | Ho.904 Cae |
eas
phos} pbsoy catbele Gt), &
|
mscheegin,
> when batbery ie Uteol bol supplying ae ene
Th fe cajd te be Mechacgec, cron Iie process ouele get
Od Qe5f to, PTE omg which (Beary commbine vite
COP joue cto baw POY. IB elechsoms ~velarcd
broom amete axe wel ab He Rete to solice Pho
4 PA youn. Ie PAUL fone) aleo “iecobe vais 2a ~
ION to boar PbSOy.
Amoete! | Phcx)
fal.)
p toe 267
Pee * say >, pheou ex)
¥
Aritote Phat cats peo yt 2
Pen:
CalRode > Phot 64 i) — oh, Que ©
Pye cay” > Pbsey
ey)
cotkile Phos. co)1 Seu Tanta’ — > pheoyt Mao
Sire a ET
net cet} Den) , |
Avle Brn | Pb cyt sy —— Pbeoy wor
couseole PrN} Posey 7 Sy untae > Pooy Aho
Phexy 1 Pood 1 LAT AUt —P APLIY TAN, ehereg tg
NN
> chosg altechesq!g. pbecy Te Precip tat
