Read this carefully, understand what you do in experiments and answer the questions in lab sessions accordingly. Expt 7 - pH & Conductivity: Acid Strength of Citrus Fruit Juice by pH Meter and Conductometer Aim : Strength of acid present given citrus Fruit juice. + Some citrus fruits are colored and in such cases conventional volumetric titration with a color indicator is not possible. Part! Standardise NaOH with given 0.1 N HCL (pH meter) + Titrate 20 mL HCl (in beaker) with NaOH (in burette). Add 1 mL of NaOH each time and note the pH. Continue further till there is almost no change in pH. + IF a strong acid is titrated against a strong base (in the burette), the pH of the solution varies as a sigmoidal curve with a very sharp increase of pH at the end point. Amount of H’ decreases in solution as we add NaOH, ie, pH increases. + Plot pH (Y axis) vs volume of NaOH (X axis) to find end point. (pH 7) Part Il Determine the strength of citric acid with above NaOH (Conductometer) + Titrate 20 mL HCl (in beaker) with NaOH (in burette). Add 0.2 mL of NaOH each time and note the conductance. At the end point you will observe a faster increase in conductance with NaOH addition. + A solution containing ions conduct electricity due to movement of ions. More ions in solution results in more conductance. Citric acid is a weak acid (less ionisable), and conductance is low. + On adding NaOH conductance decreases initially as H* ions are consumed as well as suppression in dissociation of citric acid due to common ion citrate. + Further NaOH addi in increases conductance steadily as no. of Na’ ions are increasing and also all citric acid is converting to citrate ion.+ At the end point (all acid is converted to sodium citrate (Na* ion and citrate ion), addition of Further NaOH results in a much rapid increase in the conductance as free OH' ion conducts more. At the end point slope increases compared to previous additions. * Plot conductance (Y axis) vs volume of NaOH (X axis) to find this point of change in slope. He-€-COOH He-C-COONa HO-C-COOH+ NaOH = HO-C.COONa + 3H:0 | He-G-COOH He-C-COONe Gitte acid Sodium nydroxide Sodur citrate water Reaction between citric acid and sodium hydroxide solution rs Weak acid vs Strong base oe Vesume of 208 mi Volume of Naowim)—> Representative Figures Calculations 1. First calculate normality of NaOH, (pH curve). N;V;=N2V2 2. Then calculate the normality of citric acid with this NaOH. NV;=N2V2 3. Divide normality by 3 (equivalent number of citric acid), to get molarity of solution. ie, number of moles per liter, and from this find the amount of citric acid (number of moles) in given 100 mL citric juice. (Molarity x 1000/1000 = no. of moles in 100 mL solution) 3, Amount of citric acid in grams = no. of moles x 192.124 g/mol