Approacnes and Methods in Language Teaching JACK C. RICHARDS AND THEODORE S. RODGERS e Cambridge Language Teaching Library CAMBRIDGE Pag a Ue aS UaSSAUd ALISMAAING § aOaMAWVD s4aspoy ‘§ a40poag J, PUY spavqgory “Dd yovl sisfjeue pue uondiosap y Suryoray, asen3ueq UF spoyaw pue saysvoiddy meq Py £q pops woossey) seniiue'y ay} Hos] S210 Joq10N &q pope &BoBepag pue wonisinboy “von dus: vac sauo] £9 Burusery adensue'y puorrg W1 y>se>soy Sumpt aynq 2841025 pupumosg won) Xg aenBur'y wox0ds ayp Sue I, spapypry > 0/ pun supuuoosy ppowocy kg poripa Bunypea 1 aBerue-y wr FuNwIeT J9ype9 1 uouazyon oak] Kg paupo woossseyp aBenBue7 243 pus £12005 own peavey pup spunypry > ye[ XQ papa woneonpyy soype> | 3BenSue'1 PUEDE Dunn praog Kq Burusea}a8enBuey wi spomp>y sPsEIs>y oping "7 u2qoy pup suv vowpyy &g ssoype2y, aBenue 30) S30]O1]KSq osupmoy, wor kg papa Suypea a8enSuey wy wuotdo|9s2¢ s[eLIIEW. 2ay.0W PUN &g voNeAoUN] Fe;MoHLIND BurBETEW 4opny uo] Kg none onpa a8enBue' se ss90P981099-I9UE] “NPA Sturt pur “tucydey auijo4ery ‘uosiopry sopingey‘f Aq wonrenyexy pue vononnsuo 1991 en Suey spabgery wpe] Ag xuvew Suryse> | ensue] ALL, Suny jooypyy po suit jaoepryy XQ ponspo aansadsiog yeamyno.oyuy w Suey] sBensive | Poor uns uae en pues pe we304 RORnnS Rad TS Der ag ey, SuaIDN UOT pub NosugzIMH wo]. cq sesoding syDAds 10} YSU uvpaof “y “y Kqsesodang anwapeoy 30) ys1f3ua, IH whjonq Kg wonesnpy aBendue7 pur assM02sIC, Aguero pooqaty &q ssoypeoy Benue 1a) &q Bonpea 1, aBeniiue aaneonuneNER puny prava fg, 2] pur Buruses"} ensue aanes0qe||ory sung ouey 49 sioq>e J aBenBue'T YsfBUT 304 ypyeas9y VONDY aAndeIOgE}O spupgony 7 yo) &q Burures puosag opmjoH uoupy &q wawwn2 jemos pur ABojopomayy aretidosddy swaBpoy"s 240p0041 2Senduey m spoyrayy pur soyseosddy q panipa Sumusea"} a8ensive 1 S0Uas 5 pup spanypry “2 yoo) kg Bune: plouy 2 “pp atau wr aSpaymouny uid anny om snoypne Aq “Buruzeo| pue Sunyoean aflensiuy) ui sansst yenuad Skx1z9409 SOU95 y JOIVYSIT ONTHOW.L FDVAONVT TNaMWD691 $S1 — suonse8ns awos :spoyiau Funenyesa pur Sums ZHI wipadorsafiing q) 871 peorddy yemen ay SCE Sumuzeay afendiue Arununery 66 Key way ayy 28 rsuiodsay yeruskyg e101 $9 Skrepeay, aftenBuey aanesunuw0y ¢ $e PoUaW Jenduyjoipny ayL Te Sunpeay, afienSue7 jeuonenag puv ysrorddy pa ay $1 funpear aBerBuey cs spoyrour pue sayseosdde jo aamaeu ay, 7 1 Sacppear atenSue} Jo Atoms Jaq YT nA agra syuaqu0g oprqaodad ¢-¢6718°125-0 NASI SPMPIEY FEO LTTO NEST pnas-~ serio poe e082 jue] apis) us pu soxpecsddy pet) > 'Spseyent ig song si SuSOq00 STA spoqou “oopet SprepNE p10qq wowvaygn-ut-Suidojney ss93u05 JoKuqrT wogeg at 254, ouary jossing pau mp wt pane 661 Summa queen ‘9861 pads 364 sseang kuseatay Spa jo vossuarad wo ap anotaues ted es ew 3589 Aue yo uogonpesdzs ot ‘auouene stay a9] IDEAGas Jo suossvoxd ays 03 PUE teorstesesKaoanaeis 0 olga 3yS1AKd09 Ut 400 SH, 961 9924 kps2at0p 2BpIGUIED senmy ‘gore aumoap ye SPOPIFO PEM PIERS OF "YSA"TIE-UI001 AN 3304 MENT 9995 ‘BOE OF swopsry pan ‘ar za appa ‘SPER IGP A. 6004 LLISHAAINO 300TK8R¥9Preface The proliferation of approaches and methods is a prominent character- istic of contemporary second and foreign language teaching. To some, this reflects the strength of our profession, Invention of new classroom practices and approachés to designing language programs and materials reflects a commitment to finding more efficient and more effective ways of teaching languages. The classroom teacher and the program coor- dinator have a wider variety of methodological options to choose from than ever before. They can choose methods and materials according to the needs of learners, the preferences of teachers, and the constraints of the school or educational setting. To others, however, the wide variety of method options currently available confuses rather than comforts. Methods appear to be based on very different views of what language is and how a language is learned. Some methods recommend apparently strange and unfamiliar classroom techniques and practices; others are described in books that are hard to locate, obscurely written, and difficult to understand. Above all, the practitioner is often bewildered by the lack of any comprehensive theory of what an approach and method are. This book was written in response to this situation. It is an attempt to depict, organize, and analyze major and minor approaches and methods in language teaching, and to describe their underlying nature. Approaches and Methods in Language Teachings designed to provide a detailed account of major twentieth-century trends in language teach- ing. To highlight the similarities and differences between approaches and methods, the same descriptive framework is used throughout. This model is presented in Chapter 2 and is used in subsequent chapters. It describes approaches and methods according to their underlying theories of language and language learning; the learning objectives; the syllabus model used; the roles of teachers, learners, and materials within the method or approach; and the classroom procedures and techniques that the method uses. Where a method or approach has extensive and ac- knowledged links to a particular tradition in second or foreign language teaching, this historical background is treated in the first section of the chapter. Where an approach or method has no acknowledged ties to established second or foreign language teaching, practice, historical per- spective is not relevant, In these cases the method is considered in termspoutes qsrury pur “re 2X08 2 UY "PHO. 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