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    13 views34 pages

    Bio Past Papers

    Uploaded by

    Nicole Mandy

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Nucleus, Nuclear a ice | sence ates: ‘Nucleol. Smooth =. Nuclea doplasmic op Retleutam ats npartus eget Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic CELL BIOLOGY SIMPLIFIED ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CELL BIOLOGY | BY Edulex Academic Institute] Scanned with CamScanner CELLS. Introduction Biology as a discipline is the study of living organisms. The cell is the fundamental, biological, structural, and functional unity of all living organisms. All i organisms are made of one or more cells, All cells are made up of at least four basic compositions. Based on the number of cells, living organisms can be divided into two categories, unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms are made of a single cell, for example, the bacteria cell and multicellular organisms are made of more than one cell, for example, animals and plants. ‘Multiple choice questions ‘The term cell was coined by A. Robert Hooke B. Schwann C. De Barry D. none All cells are made of the following basic component accept. ‘A. Ribosomes B. Mitochondria C. Plasma membrane D. Cytoplasm Which of the following best describes viruses? A. They are acellular B, They have eukaryotic organelles C. They re strands of genetic material D. They are prokaryotic cells Which of the following cell organelles does not contain DNA? A. Nucleus B, Lysosomes C. Chloroplast D. Mitochondria In plant cells the function of lysosomes is carried out by? AL Nuclei B. Peroxisomes C. Vacuoles D. Ribosomes Scanned with CamScanner 6. Ina typical human cell, the plasma membrane contains / A. 50% proteins, 40% lipids, 10% carbohydrates B. 50% proteins, 10% lipids, 40% carbohydrates C. 40% proteins, 50% lipids, 10% carbohydrates D. 10% proteins, 40% lipids, 50% carbohydrates 7. All living organisms are classified into 3 domains namely? ‘A. Archaea, eukarya, and bacteria B. Animalia, plantae and prokarya CC. Prokarya, eukarya and fungi D. Bacteria, animatia and plantae 8 Which of the following is a modern cell theory statement? ‘A. Cells arise from pre-existing cells B. The cell is the basic structural and functional unity of life C. Hereditary information is passed on from cell to cell D. All cells are made up of the same basic composition 9. Which of the following cell organelles is absent in prokaryotic cells? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C. Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Allofthe above 10. Which of the following is a single membrane-bound organelle? A. Vacuole B, Golgi Apparatus C. Endoplasmic Reticulum D. All of the above 1, Which of the following statement is true ‘A. Avirion contains DNA and RNA B. Viruses are acellular CC. Viruses replicate outside of the cell D. Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope 12, Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have.n.ve:nneaind. ‘A. Chloroplast and ribosome B, Cell walls and chloroplast C. Ribosome and cell walls Scanned with CamScanner /| D. Mitochondria and chloroplasts 13. When the cell is deprived of oxygen for a long period, its lysosomes burst and release their content into the cell. Asa result, the cell would is expected to ‘A. Undergo self-digestion and die B. Recycle damaged organelles C. Produce additional ER D. Undergo cell division 14. What are centrioles involved in? ‘A. Lysosome formation B. Intracellular digestion CC. Ribosome formation D. Cell division 15, Where are ribosomes produced in the cell ‘A. Mitochondria B. Nucleolus C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi Apparatus ‘The diagram below shows a particular cell. Answer the question on the cell that follows. urge _ aaa Plasma membrane crosaem a & Mironbule eel ae “ta _ (ech: -Microfitament ite —e coma sei ™ =e mitt NERS SE Kore 2£y ot ec sisi Peroxisome Scanned with CamScanner 1. What type of a cell is shown above? .. Explain in detail the functions of at least 10 of the organelles in the cell above. L a. 2. Illustrate the role of lysosomes in both intracellular and extracellular digestion PAGE 4 Scanned with CamScanner PAGES, Scanned with CamScanner PROKAYOTICS & EUKARYOTICS. Introduction Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the two types of cells that exist on Earth. There are several differences between the two, but the biggest distinction between them is that eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material, while prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead. A eukaryotic cell, or a cell that contains membrane- bound structures, is the basis for every multicellular organism, including animals, plants, and humans as well as some unicellular organisms (organisms with a single cell), such as protozoa All living things can be divided into three basic domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The primarily single-celled organisms found in the Bacteria and Archaea domains are known as prokaryotes. Multiple choice questions 1. The bacteria cell wall is made of A. Cellulose B. Chitin C. Peptidoglycan D. Pseudo-peptidoglycan 2. In prokaryotic cells the genetic material is. ‘A. Located on a single circular chromosome B. Nucleus €. Located on multiple linear chromosomes D. Allofthe above 3. Prokaryotic cell reproduces by A. Sexually by binary fission B. Asexually by binary fission and mitosis C. Asexually by binary fission D. Asexually by mitosis 4. Glycocalyx is a sugar coating found on the surface of many prokaryotes. Ifit is organized and firmly attached to the cell itis called A. Aninclusion B. Aplasma membrane C. Acapsule D. Slime layer 5. Inthe gram-staining procedure, gram-positive bacteria will stain A. Pink B. Purple C. Pink or purple D. Orange 6. In gram staining alcohol is also known as. Scanned with CamScanner . Amordent Counter-stain ". Decolorizer Primary stain From which type of cells did multicellular organisms arise? ‘A. Prokaryotic cell B. Prokaryotic cells with a capsule . Eukaryotic cells D. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 3. What is the site energy production in form of ATP in prokaryotic cells? ‘A. Mitochondria B. Mesosome C. Plasmid D. Ribosomes A single-celled organism that can survive in hot thermal vents can be classified as, A. Bacteria B. Animalia C. Fungi D. Archea ‘The flagella of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell vary in ‘A. Mode of functioning and location in the cell B. Types of movement and placement in the cell C. Microtubular organization and function D. Microtubular organization and type of movement Eukaryotic ribosomes are ‘A. 80s made of 50s large subunit and 30s small subunit B. 805 made of 60s large subunit and 4os small subunit C._ 70s made of 50s large subunit and 30s small subunit D. 100s made of 60s large subunit and 4os small subunit In terms of shape the bacteria a classified into three major categories EXCEPT... A. Bacillus Scanned with CamScanner 4 13, The cell wall of yeast is made of A. Cellulose B. Peptidoglycan C. Chitin D.. Disaccharides 14. Which of the following is not a membrane-bound organelle Mitochondria Chloroplast Ribosome pn ep Lysosome 15. Which of the following is the single membrane-bound organelle Lysosome Ribosome Mitochondria pope Nucleus ‘Short answer questions 1. State two clinic importance of the bacteria cell wall 1 2. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the two main cell categories, in the table provided below give five differences between the prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Scanned with CamScanner 2. The bacteria cells can be classified in terms of the composition of their cell wall as either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria by a gram staining procedure. Clearly describe each stage of gram staining. PAGE 9 Scanned with CamScanner TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE... Introduction ‘The contents of a cell are completely surrounded by its cell membrane or plasma membrane. Thus, any communication between the cell and the extracellular medium is mediated by the cell membranes. These cell membranes serve two important functions: 1. It must retain the dissolved materials of the cell so that they do not simply leak out into the environment. 2. It should also allow the necessary exchange of materials into and out of the cell. ‘There are two major methods for moving molecules across a membrane, and itis related to whether or not cell energy is used. Passive mechanisms, such as diffusion, require no energy to function, whereas active transport does. In passive transport, an ion or molecule crosses the membrane and moves down its concentration or electrochemical gradient. The different types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes are as follows: Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmo: Active transport pwee Multiple choice questions 1. Why is transport across the plasma membrane necessary? ‘A. Transport of substances for metabolic activities B. Movement of waste product out of a cell C. Movement of substances produced by cell D. Allofthe above 2. Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of A. Active transport B. Endocytosis C. Passive transport D. Exocytosis 3. Asolution that contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell is called A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic D. Semi tonic PAGE Scanned with CamScanner Equilibrium in an aqueous solution is reached when ‘A. There is an equal amount of water molecules as dissolved molecules B. The net movement of the water molecules and dissolved molecules are equal C. The dissolved molecules or ions are equally distributed in the solution D. Random motion stops Two glucose solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane with the same properties as a cell membrane. Solution A is 15% glucose and solution B is 5% glucose. Under these circumstances ‘A. Water will move from solution A to solution B B. Water will move from solution B to solution A. C. Glucose will move from solution B to solution D._ Glucose will move from solution A to solution B ‘The release of intracellular materials by the vesicles at the cell surface is called A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Pinocytosis D._ Active transport ‘An example of facilitated diffusion by a cartier protein is? Glucose transport 1 |. ABC transporter Aquaporin . Sodium-potassium pump ‘The fluid mosaic model is? ‘A. Static bilayer of the phospholipid molecules in which the proteins are embedded B. A non-static bilayer of the phospholipid molecules in which the proteins are embedded C. Astatic bilayer of the phospholipid molecules sandwiched by proteins D. Anon-static bilayer of the phospholipid molecules sandwiched by proteins Movement of water out of a plant cell resulting in the collapse of the plasma membrane is called A. Plasmolysis B. Crenation C Lysis D. Turgidity Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane A. Itsheads B. Cholesterol C. Asaturated fatty acid tail D. Double bonds in the fatty acid tails Scanned with CamScanner .. The resting membrane potential is determined by A. K’ graduate B. Ca™ graduate C. Cl graduate D. Na’ graduate Membrane carrier proteins differ from membrane channel proteins .. Carrier proteins are glycoproteins and channel proteins are lipoproteins Channel proteins can mediate active transport, carriers can not Carrier proteins can mediate active transport, the channels can not Carrier proteins are synthesized by free ribosomes and channel proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes ‘The principal intracellular Cation is AL Nat BK ca D. ca What is the polar head of phosph A. Fattyacid B. Protein C. Glycerol D. Carbohydrate In what case, are the transporters known as antiporters? ‘A. when 2 substances move in the same direction B, when 2 move in the same direction and 1 in opposite C. when 3 move in the same direction D. when 2 substances move in opposite direction Short answer questions State and differentiate the 4 ways in which substances move across the plasma membrane 1 ia Scanned with CamScanner Lenn State the 3 factors that affect the fluidity of plasma membrane and explain how each factor affects the fluidity. 2, [No Factor How it affects the fluidity of the plasma membrane 1. Describe in detail how a NA’/K* pump transports material across the plasma membrane Scanned with CamScanner 2. Describe the role of cholesterol in regulating the fluidity of plasma membrane in relation to temperature 3. Describe the 7 types of proteins that are found in the plasma membrane Scanned with CamScanner THE CELL CYCLE... Introduction ‘The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells, Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produce two genetically identical cells. The cell cycle has two major phases: the interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides. A cell moves through a series of phases in an orderly manner. During interphase, Gr involves cell growth and protein synthesis, the S phase involves DNA replication and the replication of the centrosome, and G2 involves further growth and protein synthesis. The mitotic phase follows the interphase, Mitosis is a nuclear division during which duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. Usually, the cell will divide after mitosis in a process called cytokinesis in which the cytoplasm is divided and two daughter cells are formed Multiple choice questions Which of the following best describes the cell cycle? ‘A. Cells grow and develop during interphase. Cells reproduce during the mitotic phase B. Cells grow and develop during the mitotic phase. Cells reproduce during interphase C. The nucleus of the cell divides during interphase. The cytoplasm of the cell divides during the mitotic phase D. The nucleus of the cell divides during the mitotic phase. The cytoplasm of the cell divides during the interphase 2. During which stage of the interphase do cells perform their normal cell function such as growing and making enzymes A. Gistage BS-phase C. Gastage D. M-phase 3. Uncondensed genetic material is also known us A. Chromatin B, Chromosomes CC. Nucleosomes D. Genes 4. Acell has 32 duplicated chromosomes. How many chromatids does it have? 6 R 64 96 pop> PAGES Scanned with CamScanner Uncontrolled cell division of cancer form tumours. Which statement describes the difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell? A. Cancer cells have a shorter interphase B. Cancer cells do not undergo cytokinesis, C. Cancer cells do not have metaphase D. Only cancer cells have mutated DNA Crossing over occurs during A. Prophase of mitosis B. Prophase I of meiosis CC. Prophase Il of meiosis D. Metaphase I of meiosis If the cell has 22 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, then at anaphase II there would bea total of. each daughter cell ‘A. 23 chromosomes 22 chromosomes B. C. mchromosomes D. 44 chromosomes Genetic variation isas the result of? Crossover in both mitosis and meiosis, Crossover and independent assortment in mitosis Crossing of chromatid sisters . Crossover and independent assortment in meiosis ‘The following are examples of asexual reproduction EXCEPT ‘A. Budding B. Binary fission C. Meiosis D. Mitosis Why is reduction division necessary for organisms undergoing sexual reproduction? \ ‘A. To increase genetic variation in offspring B. To prevent the doubling of chromosome number C. To reduce chances of mutation D. To ensure fertilization of the sex cells n. During what stage of cel division does DNA replication occur A. Gi B. S-phase C. Telophase D. Gz PAGE 6 Scanned with CamScanner 12.8. Ifa normal diploid cell has 8 chromosomes, then a. A ‘There are 8 homologous pairs of chromosomes per diploid cell B. ‘There are 8 chromatids per diploid cell between the S phase and the first division, of meiosis C. There are 4 chromosomes per cell after meiosis I D. Sperm cells made from this diploid cell would have 8 chromosomes 33. - During meiosis I, ‘A. Homologous chromosomes separate. B. Each sister chromatid becomes a chromosome. C._ Sister chromatids separate. D. 4 daughter cells are formed from a single original cel. 14. 22. Which of the following happens during both meiosis and mitosis? A. Crossing over B. Random alignment of homologous chromosomes C. Sister chromatids separate D. Homologous chromosomes separate 15. Meiosis [is reductional division and meiosis I! is equational di ‘A. Separation of chromatids Crossing over . The disjunction of homologous chromosomes .. ‘The pairing of homologous chromosomes ‘Short answer questions 1. Give two differences between binary fission and mitosis, L Scanned with CamScanner 2. Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell divisions in animal cells. Referring to the diagram below Contrast and compare the stages of mitosis to meiosis in the table provided. meiosis Scanned with CamScanner Short essay questions 1. Explain in detail the functions of both mitosis and meiosis I. Mitosis 2. With the aid of a diagram Describe in detail the two events of meiosis that lead to genetic variations in living organisms. 3. Define and discuss these terms: A. synapsis, Scanned with CamScanner B. bivalents, D. crossing over, Scanned with CamScanner GAMETOGENESIS..... Introduction Gametogenesis, in embryology, is the process by which gametes, or germ cells, are produced in an ‘organism. The formation of egg cells, or ova, is technically called oogenesis, and the formation of sperm cells, or spermatozoa, is called spermatogenesis. spermatogenesis is the origin, and development of the sperm cells within the male reproductive organ the testes. The testes are composed of numerous thin tightly coiled tubules known as seminiferous tubules; the sperm cells are produced within the walls ofthe tubules. Within the walls of the tubules, also, are many randomly scattered cells, called Sertoli cells, that function to support and nourish the immature sperm cells by giving them nutrients and blood products. oogenesis, in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum. gamete, sex, o reproductive, cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism (ie, haploid). Gametes are formed through meiosis (reduction division), in which a germ cell undergoes two fissions, resulting in the production of four gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes fuse, producing a diploid (ie., containing paired chromosomes) zygote. Multiple choice questions 1. Gametogenesis means ‘A. The formation of gametes B. The formation of the ovary CC. The formation of embryo D. The formation testis ‘oogenesis takes place in A. Thetest B, Theovaries C. The fallopian tube D. Theuterus ‘what provides nourishment for the spermatids as they develop into mature spermatozoa? Prostate glands Sertoli cells Semen vesicles . Testis Oogenesis begins in the foetus but does not complete. snes OF the first meiotic division until puberty. ‘A. Prophase | B, Metaphase I C. Anaphase I Scanned with CamScanner D. Telophase L Spermatogonia are A. Diploid B. Haploid C. Polyploid D. Triploid ‘What happens during spermatogenesis? A. Mitosis Meiosis C. Mitosis and meiosis D. None of the above ‘The function of the acrosome in sperm cells isto. A. Produce hormones B. Release digestive enzymes C. Assist in spermatogenesis D. Protect sperm cells the process of releasing ripe female gametes from the ovary is called? A. Parturition B. Ovulation CC. Fertilization D. Implantation Which of the following is known as mature sperm cells A. Spermatids B. Spermatozoa C. Spermatocytes D. primordial germ cells the secondary oocyte that is ovulated is in... A. Metaphase I B. Metaphase Il CC. Prophase I D. Prophase Il The spermatogenesis occurs in the snmon ofthe testis ‘A. Fallopian tubes Seminiferous B. Tubules C. Ovaries Uterus Scanned with CamScanner 2 Be 15. The haploid spermatid has 22 chromosomes and A B c D. Four ‘Three Two One Acrosome is formed from Mitochondria Nucleus Golgi bodies Centromere Which of the following is mismatched A B. G D. Sertoli - Nutritive Graafian follicles -corpus luteum. Corona ridiata - sperma Leydig cell - testosterone ‘The middle piece of the sperm cell in human reproduction help in A B. G D. ‘To harbour the haploid Nucleus . To envelop the whole body of sperm ‘To produce energy for sperm motility . To provide nutrition to sperm cell PAGE 33 Scanned with CamScanner ‘Short answer question Study the figure below of a mature sperm cell and answer the question that follows 1. Inthe table provided below identify each part of the sperm cell 2. How does each mature sperm structure contribute to the sperm’s function? PAGE 24 Scanned with CamScanner Short essay questions 1. The male gametes are called sperm cells and a produced by the process called spermatogenesis Based on your understanding of spermatogenesis answer the question low 1. What is the difference between spermatocyte I and spermatocyte Il cells? Il, What is the difference between spermatocyte II and spermatid cells? IIL. Whatis the difference between spermatids and sperm cells? What is the name given to the transformation of spermatids into sperm cells? IV. Whyis the cytoplasm of sperm cells very small? Why do the mitochondria of sperm cells concentrate at the base of the flagellum? \V. What is the acrosome of the sperm cell? How is it formed? 2. The female gametes are called oocytes and a produced by the process called oogenesis. Based ‘on your understanding of oogenesis answer the question below i. What is the first polar body? How different is it from an oocyte II? ‘What is the second polar body? iii, _ What is the relationship between the menstrual cycle and ovulation Scanned with CamScanner How does the male gamete penetrate the egg cell? How does the female gamete protect itself from the entrance of more gametes ater the entrance ofthe first sperm cell? How does the male gamete penetrate the egg cell? How does the female gamete protect itselffrom the entrance of more gametes after the entrance of the first sperm cell? 3. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis to oogenesis, Scanned with CamScanner How does the male gamete penetrate the egg cell? How does the female gamete protect itself from the entrance of more gametes ater the entrance ofthe first sperm cell? How does the male gamete penetrate the egg cell? How does the female gamete protect itself from the entrance of more gametes after the entrance of the first sperm, cell? 3. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis to oogenesis, PAGE 26 Scanned with CamScanner THE WATER MOLECULE. Introduction, Awater molecule is a solvent of life and it’s made up of two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds to one oxygen atom. Water molecules interact with each other through a type of interaction called hydrogen bonding. A tetrahedral arrangement of four water molecules around a central one is the key to understanding water. It helps to explain the structure of water in its various states, its properties, and how it interacts with other kinds of molecules, allowing exploration of the properties and behavior of the wide range of chemical, physical, and biological systems in which water is involved Multiple choice questions 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Water is polar B, Water stabilizes the temperature C. Water is essential for life D. Water is organic 2. Which statement best describes the effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? ‘A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake B, Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms C._ When the water ina lake freezes it floats providing insulation for aquatic organisms D. Water removes thermal energy from the land around the lake making it freeze 3. The image below specifically demonstrates one example of how beneficial to living organisms. ‘A. Adhesion B, High surface tension C. Capillarity D. Specific heat capacity Scanned with CamScanner Which property of water causes its temperature to change slowly? A. High specific hearty capacity B. High surface tension CC. High latent heat of evaporation D. Low viscosity Water is liquid at room temperature, the most important reason for this is the: A. High boiling point of water B. High melting point of water C. High heat of vaporization of water D. Cohesive forces due to hydrogen bonds in water . Polar molecules can readily dissolve in water. This is because: A. Polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water B. Polar molecules can replace water-water interaction with more energetically favorable water-solute interactions . Polar-charged water can interact with the charge of the polar molecule D. Allpolar molecules are amphipathic in nature ‘The H - 0-H bond angle in a water molecule is: A. 104.0” B. 104.5" C. 105.07 D. 105.5 . Which of the following statement is correct regarding the hydrogen bonds in water? A. Hydrogen bond is 10 % covalent and 90 % electrostatic B. Hydrogen bond is 25% covalent and 75 % electrostatic C._ Hydrogen bond is 50% covalent and 50% electrostatic D. Hydrogen bond is 100 % electrostatic Humans have physiologically adapted to sweat if the body temperature rises past ideal levels. The ability to do so helps cool the body down. The polarity of water allows water to have a high Which allows us to maintain homeostasis and survive as we are today. A. Polarity B. Specific heat C. Cohesive rate D, . Adhesive rate PAGE 38 Scanned with CamScanner .. Hydrogen bond is best represented as the electrostatic attraction between: A. Ahydrogen covalently bounded to an electronegative atom and another hydrogen atom B.A hydrogen covalently bounded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom C. Two electronegative atoms and a hydrogen atom D. Two hydrogen atoms . The oxygen atom in the water molecule due to its high electronegativity bears —_ A. 15" charge B. 25° charges C. 18 charge D. 28 charges, Properties of water that render it so suited to its role as a medium of life include all EXCEPT: Unrivaled ability to form hydrogen bonds. : Unusually high dielectric constant of water explains water's ability to surround ions and increase the ions’ attraction for one another Unparalleled ability to orient around nonpolar solutes to promote hydrophobic interactions. ‘The small, but significant, tendency to form H+ and OH-ion . A single water molecule can form how many hydrogen bonds at a time? (Theoretically possible value) Aa Bo G3 D. 4 . in relation to the ice cap, which property of water is this polar bear relying on |. Cohesion . Adhesion . Density |. High specific heat capacity . Under ordinary conditions water dissociates into... ‘A. H,Oand OH Scanned with CamScanner B. H.OandH, C. OHandH* D. OH’andH," Next to the water molecule in the box above draw another well-labeled molecule and indicate clearly the formation of the hydrogen bond between the two water molecules Short essay questions 1. Briefly describe how the hydrogen bonds are formed in the water molecule. 2. State 5 properties ofthe water molecule and describe how each of the properties is caused by the polar nature of water and the ability to form hydrogen bonds. Scanned with CamScanner jes stated in [1] are important to the biological life process PAGES: Scanned with CamScanner ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.. ‘Transport Across the Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes u

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