= Chidu dai cue dai: J... = 1, +Al, +A - Chidu dai ewe tiéus J, =f, +A, —A (MN : chiéu dai qui da0) 20m re =| »} A, LY THUYET: MBé ta: Con lic don g6m mét vit ning treo vio soi day khong gidn, vat ning kich thuée Ikhéng dang id so véi chibu di spi day, sqi day Kh6i lugng khong ding kd so voi khdi Irgng cia vat ming. 1. Chucks tn sh vi tin sb pbc: roan } A ‘hain xét: Chu ki cia con lie dow: + 111g thun edn bie 2 ciia J; ti 18 nghich can bac 2 cia g. + chi phu thude vio /va g; khéng phy thude bien d6 A vam. + timg dung do gia tc roi ty do (gia te trong true) 2 Phuong trinh dao ding: Diéu kign dao dng digu hoa; Bo qua ma sat, lye cin Vai do<< I rad hay Sp << = Syeas(ent =P) hove axcos(at + @) -oS,sin(ot +p) = -cla,sin(wt +9) =-0'S,cos(at + 9) =-w"lascos(wt + 9) =-0°s = -0'al Sp d6ng.vai tro nhur A e6n s dong vai tro nhurx So déng vai trd nh A cin s déng vai tré nurx 3. He thire dé lap: * [y= -0s = -oral *|s5-9° +? "lag =a? + a =a’ | 4 Luckéo mg sin =—mger =e + Diu kign dao déng diéu hoa: BO qua ma sit, Iue edn vi ol << 1 rad hay Sy << / + Voi con lie don hrc hi phi thudn voi koi emg. + Véi con lic 16 x0 lye hdi phuc khéng phu thude vio khéi luons | 5. Chu ki vd sw thay di chiéu dai: Tai cing m6t noi con lic don chiéu dai /, c6 chu ky Ty, con lic dom chigu dis 6 chu ky Ts, con lac don chigu dai / + 1 66 chu ky Ts, con lic don chigu dai ,- /2(F1) 06 chu ky Ta, Ta 66: 6, Tisd sd dao dng, chu ki tin sé va chiéu dai: Trong cing thdi pian con lie 66 chitu di I thyc hign duge a, dao «dong, con lic Is thye hign duge n; dao dOng. Tac: fT, = mT hay |» Van te, lwe cing day, nang lwgng: 1, a, <10° = |v|= Jgl(ag —a”) ;[=mea+ ag =1,5a") z w= tmas3 =timglaz 2. a >10° : v= 2at(c0s0.—cose,)];{f = me(Scosa ~2c0s4,)]; [W—mgh, —mai(i —cosa,) Chi $+ Vane Va Trax Khi @=0 + Vain Vi Trin Khi =a 0 + Dé cao cue dai ciia vat dat duvae so vei VICB:4. Khi CHU DE 4: DAO DONG TAT DAN - DAO DONG DUY TRI - DAO DONG CUONG BUC - HIEN TUQNG CONG HUONG A. LY THUVET: DAO DONG TAT DAN: Khdi nim: Dao ding tat din li dao ding do od hee edn cit mot trang ma bién 46. (hay ec nang) giim din theo th gan 2. Dit diém: © Luc can méi trong cang kin thi dao dong tat dan xay ra cang nhanh. © Néu vat dao déng diéu hoa véi tin sé @ 0 ma chiu them Iuc can nh6, thi dao dong cia vat tit din chim. Dao «lng tit din chim cing c6 bign 46 gidm dan theo thoi gian cho dn 0 Win ese os, Teohg khéng khi Trong huée | dau nhot 3. Ging dung cia su tét dan dao dong: céi sim rung, * Khi xe chay qua nhimg cho map mé thi Khung xe dao ding, ngudi ngdi tn xe cling dao dong theo vd gay kho chiu cho ngudi dé, Bé khac phuc hign tuong trén ngubi ta ché tao ra mbt tht bi god la edi gam rung. 4 Cai gidm rang ghm mét pit tSng cd nhiing ch tring chuyén dong thing dimg bin trong mit xy lanh dung dly liu nhét, pit tng gin véi khung xe va xy lanh gin vai true banh xe. Khi khung xe dao dng trén cic ld xo gia xée, thi pit tng cling dao dong theo, diu nhon ehay qua cic 1S thing ela pit tng tao ra lye edn lm 1am eho dao <é6ng pit tang nay chang tat va dao dang cia k hung xe cing chéng tit theo, + Lo xo cing véi edi giam rung goi chung Ié B6 phan gid x6e, DAO DONG DUY TRI + Néu cung cép thm nang lung cho vat dao dong tit din ( bing céch tic dung mét ngoai luc cing chigu véi chiéu chuyén déng cia vat dao dng trong tim phan cia chu ki) dé_ bi lai phan ning kuong tigu hao do ma sit ma khéng lim thay déi chu ki dao dng riéng eta n6, Khi d6 vat dao dng mai mai véi chu ki bing chu ki dao dng riéng cia no, dao déng nay epi dso dng duy ts, Ngoai Ive tie dung en vét dao dng thuimg duge digu Khign bai chinh dao dong do. * Khai nigm: la dang dao déng durge duy tri bing cach cung cp nang Iugng trong mBi chu ki dé bd sung vio ‘phan ning hung bi tu hao do ma sit nhung khéng lim thay déi chu ky ri © Die diém: 6 tin s6 dao déng bing v6i tan sé rigng cita vat dao dong [f,, = Ill. DAQ BONG CUGNG BUC VA CONG HUONG. 1. Dao ding cudng bite: a. Khdi niém: Dao déng eudng bie la dao dong ma hé chiu thém tac dung cia m6t ngoai lye bién thién twain hoan 7-008 («1+ @)|. Trang dé: (go 1a luc exrdng bite) c6 bigu thite [7 L 1a bin d6 ciia ngoai tue (N), vir, = 27f, véi_f, 1 tin sé cia ngoai hye. b. Bite didi: © Dao dong cudng bite ld dao dng diéu hoa (c6 dang him sin), © Tin sda ding cating bi chink li th sd cin lye ening bie [Fy © Bién dé dao d6ng cudng bite (A,,) phu thude vio cdc yéu 16 sau: + Bien do ngoai luc ¥, (A, 111 thudn voi F) ‘+ Méi quan hé gitia tin s6 ngoai lye va tin s6 dao dgng riéng (4, Te>[f,— fol). Khi [f,-f|0 0 (Ag) + Site cin moi trudme(F,, 4> 4, 1). 2. Hién teong cong lucing‘Kid niém: la bign tong bién 46 dao dng cudng bite dat gid tri cue dai (Ay)... khi tin sé ngoai Iue (f,) bing v6i tin sé riéng ( f,)ciia vat dao dong . Hay: [(A,),,,. J, = fo] 1b. Ung dung: * High angmg edng hiring c6 nbidu img dung trong thue té, vi du: ché tgo tin s6 Ké, In dy din. # Tae dng c6 hai cia céng hudng: = MBi mgt b6 phan trong may (hofe trong cay clu) dé 6 thé xem ld mgt hé dao dng ca tin sb ge riéng. «0. = Khi thigt ké cde bG phn ciia may (hoge cy cu) thi en phai chi ¥ dén sy tring nhau gitta tin sé gée ngoai lye @ va tin sé. gée riéng @0 cia cée b6 phén nay, néu sur tning nhau nay xay ra (céng hung) thi cde bd phan trén dao déng cng hung véi bién dé rat lon va c6 thé lam gay cdc chi tigt trong cdc b6 phan may. 3. Phan bitt Dao dong cuong bite va dao dong duy ti Dao ding cutmg, bite vii dao ding day tr: * Gidng nhaw: = Déuxiy ra dudi tic dung eta ngoai hve. = Dao déng cung bite khi cng huomg cing c6 tin s6 bing tin s6 rigng cia vat + Khic nhau: = Ngoai luc la bat ky, dde lap véi vat ~ Lue duoe dieu khién bai chinh dao déng dy qua mét co cau nao dé. = Dao dong cudng bite 6 tin s6 bang tin sé f, ca | - Dao dong voi tin s6 diing_ bing tin s6 dao dong riéng ngoai luc. fy cia vat ~ Bign d6 ctia hé phy thude vio Fy va |f,~ fl. ~ Bign 46 khong thay di, 5. Cling ineing voi dao ding duy wi + Gidng nha . . ‘Ca hai déu duoc diéu chinh dé tan s6 ngoai luc bang véi tan s6 dao déng tw do cita hé, + Khiie nhau: = Ngoai lye de lap bén ngoii. = Ngoai lie duge digu khign b6i chinh dao dong Ay qua mdi co cfiu nao dé. ~ Ning lugng h@ nhiin duge trong méi chu ki dao dng | - Nang lugng h@ nbn duge trong méi chu ki dao ding do céng ngoai Ive truyén cho 1én hon nang lugng ma | do cong ngoai le truyén cho ding bing nang hong hi tig hao do ma sat trong chu ki dé. ‘ma hé tiéu hao do ma st trong chu ki dé, CHU DE 5: TONG HOP HAI DAO DONG DIEU HOA CUNG PHUONG CUNG TAN SO A, cos(cat +9) A, costar +9;) 1. KEN THC CAN NUE: 1. Dc git dan dn i icine cin nh ci phwong trinh dao ding lin lugt whw sau: x, A, costar +@,)vi x, = A, cos(at +9, la Ae, -@, = Khibai dao dng thinh phin x, va x, eting pha: Ao = 9,0, =2kx + Khia doo dng think phin x, v8 x,aguge phar Ag= 9,9, =(2k-+1)m z 9a (241 = (2h+1)7 ~9, > 0+ 9, > 9, Ta ndi dao déng (2) nhanh pha hon dao dng (1) hoe nguge lai - Khi hai dao dng thinh phin x, va x, vudng pha: Ag = 2. Téng hop hai dao déng diéu hoa cig phuong cieng tin sb. = Dao déng téng hop cia hai (hog nhiéu) dao dong dicu hoa cing phuromg cig tin s6 ta mt dao déng digu hoa cling phuong eing tin s6 voi hai dao dng d6. ~ _ Néu mot vat tham gia ding thoi hai dao déng diéu hod cing phuong, eiing tin s6 véi ede phuong tri: x, =A, cos(et +9,) va x, =A, cos(eot + p,) Thi dao dng tong hop sé li: x = x, +x, = Acos(wt +@)\ 4 Bin 49 dao dng ting hop.* + AS +2A,A, cos((Ps —Q) Pha ban diu dao déng ting hop. Asin, + 4,sin, A, cos, + A, cosp, Bign dé va pha ban dau ciia dao ding téng hop phy thuge vao bign dO va pha ban dau ciia cée dao déng thanh phan, ‘Truong hop dic big. Khi hai dao déng thanh phin cing pha (A@ = 9» - >A, =4+4, (ADO AD Khi hai dao déng thanh phin nguge pha (AQ = 92-1 >4,,=[4-4,| 00 AD) Khi hai dao dng thinh phin wuéng pha Ag = ¢, ~9, =(2k+1) sA=JA +A (A LA) tan kr) thi dao d6ng tng hop 6 bién d6 cue dai: (2k + 1)x) thi dao déng téng hop cé bién dé cre tiéu: thi dao déng tng hop c6 bién dG: ‘Trudng hop ting quit: A. -AlSA cera Hay: Hat didm ren phucomg truyén sing ich nhawe mot khong s6 ban nguyen lan buede song thi dao ding ngtege pha. + Hai dao déng vudng pha khi 66 : A Hay: Hai diém trén phuoomg truyén song CkF > bck nbiew mot Rhoding sd ban nguyen lan mika bude song di dao dng vedng pha 2 Lip phuomg trinh: = Néudaodéng tai Ola |u, = Acos(@.+,)}, dao ding duge tuyén déa M cach O mt khoang OM = x v6i tbe 46 v thi dao dng tai M sé tré pha |Ag = 22] so véi dao déng tai O , tite 1a e6 thé vid 2 x) Ag = pha(w,,)— phatu,) =-tnt «do dé biéu thize song tai M sé 1a: |uy, = Acor{ onan | 4) > Cho * hi viel phocong trink cos: Xét A,B , C Lin lwot li ba diém tn cing mét phuong truyén séng, van te truyén song lav. sé li Néu phurong trinh dao dng tai B c6 dang OF A B cox tg = Acos(ax + @) thi phuong trinh dao dong tai A va C TO TO 4) ( d, u, = Aco: atietont) wid) = AB ty = Aeos| ar — 2a voi ds = BC. U = Néu hai dién A va B dao dong cing pha thi: uy =ty ~ Néu hat dién A va B dao dong cing nguoe tht: 1, =—ty. = Neu hat dién A vd B dao dng vudng pha thi RAE tga, th M, uy =0 vd ngiege tai 3. Tinh chat cita sng : Sng co tinh chat tuan hoan theo théi ‘gian v6i chu ki T va tun hodn theo khong gian véi “chu kis O| bang bude séng 2. AL. 4. Désthising : af Theo thdi gian ka dung sin lip lai sau KT by ‘Theo khéng gian la duong sin lap lai sau k?. + Tai m6t diém M xée dinh trong moi trudng: uss ki mot him an bin thign diéu ha theo thai gian t véi chu ky T: w= Acos(— tx). rE © Tai mét thdi diém t xde dink: uy, 1 mét ham Bin thign dia hin tong Kg an theo bign x vi chu ky w= cos“ +9)CHU DE 2; GIAO THOA SONG - SONG DUNG. GIAO THOA SONG: Hien twng giao thoa cta hal song én mat nude: Dinh nghia ; hign twong.2 song ( két hgp ) gp nhau (go nén ec gon song én dink ( god la van giao hoa ) Gisithich; = Nhang diém dimg yen - 2 sng gap nhau nguge pha, trit tiéu nhau, = Nhiing dtém dao déng rdt manh : 2 song gp nhaw cig pha, ting euémg in nhau, Phucong trink sing tng hop: Gia sit u-u-Acos(t) la hai ngudn sing dao dong cing pha wenn Acos (ot- 202) 4, Suy ra: uy=Acos (@t- 20+) va > h a Phiong trinh song tng hop (d,-d)| ~He dd) cen ot t. Ciee dai va eve tiéu giao thou : © Bién dé dao ding tong hop tai M: A, (2, = At +A} +2A,A,cosAg = 2A? (1+ cosdg) (2 Hay |4, =24] ‘© BO léch pha ctia hai dao tong: Ag *(a, a) Két hop (1) va (2) ta suy raz + Vjtri ce eye dgi gino thoa: d, ~d,=kavoi keZ => Nhiing diém cue dai giao thoa la nhimg diém dao dong voi bién dé cue dai Ay, = 2A. D6 la nhimg diém c6 higu dung di ciia 2 song t6i d6 bing, m6t sd meugén Kin bude séng 2 (srong dé od dhedag trang tre ctia SS, la cue dai bic 0 > k = 0; cure dai bac 1: k =+1 } 4, "Vj tri cée eye tigu giao thoa: ka voi kez 2 => Nhiing diém eye tiéu giao thoa la nhimng diém dao dng véi bign d6 eve tiéu dy, = 0. BS li nhing diém img v6i ning diém e6 higu dueng di eva 2 (Cécggm oye tiéu) séng t6i d6 bing mot sé mia nguyen Lin bube song 2 (trong dé ewe théu bike I: R= 0:1; cue tiéu bde hai k =1;—2). > Chis + Khoang cdch gia hai gon Ibi (bién dé ewe dai) lién tigp hode hai gon lm (bign dé ewe tiéu) lién tiép trén doan 8) Sabine 4/7 mt exe da va mbt eve tig ign tgp la 9/6 + Hign wogng giao thoa fa hign negng dac trmg cita sing i Hai séng wip nhau phat la 2 song k&t hop dave phit ra ti 2 nguén kt hop, te li 2 nguén ig cling phyong, cing chu ky (hay cing tin sO), = _ Co higu sé pha khéng ddi theo thei gian 1. Suephin xa cia sing : = Néu vat ean e6 dinh thi tai diém phan xa, song phan xa ludn Iudn, ngwoc pha v6i séng t6i va trigt tiéu lin naw Néu vit cin wr do thi tgi diém phan x9, s6ng phan xq Iudn 1u6n cling pha véi séng t6i va ting eudng Kin nhow 2. Séng dire : Song tdi vi séng phin xa ndu truydn theo cing mét phusong, thi cd thé giao thoa véi nhaw, va \90 think mot hé séng dima. = Trong sng dig, mt s6 diém ludn dimg yen goi 1a mit, mot s6 diém Iudn dao déng véi bin dé cue dai goi la byng. Khosng cich git 2 nit lign tiép hoac 2 bung lién tiép bing nia bude so = Song ding la ey. giao thoa cia sing t6i vd song phan xa, 6 thé cb tren mgt dy, tnéa mat chit ldng, wong khéng Ehi ((rén mat chat long nhur song bién dip vio vich da thang dimmg)= Viti nit: Khodng cach giita hai mit liém tiép bing e bine nt 5B a cop on ae ui pin, 2 4 L, maidincd ai ~ Viti bung: Khong ech ett hai bung Tien tgp hing SD diab ony = Khaing ich gta mt nit v1 bung hen uép i Oe ne) 3. Diéu kin dé cd sing dig trén soi days . PO ee annnaleh bee) «) Digu kign dé cb song dig trén sui day c6 hai déu 6 dink —_—— " r= vdi (ne N*) 1 chigu dai sqi diy; sé bung song= n; véi (ne Nyhaym Tr chigu dai soi day, s6 bung=s6 nit = n+l 4 cui y: ~ Che diém dao ding nim trén cig mb song tht lun dao dng cig pha hay ed dim dt xing qua bung sing thi luon dao dng cting pha. — Cic digi dao dng thufe hai bd lgn tép nha thi dao dng ngirse pha hay ede digm adi sting qua mit sing thi Iudn dao dong ngueoe pha CHU DE 3: SONG AM J. Am, nguén am. a) Séng dm: i séng co truytn trong edie mdi trang ki, long, rin (Am khéng truyén duge trong chin khéng) ‘Trong chat ki va chat long, séng am la s6ng doe. Trong chat rin, song m g6m ca séng ngang va séng doe. 4) Am nghe duoc: c6 tin s6 tit 16Hz dén 20000#z ma tai con nguedi cam nhéin duge. Am nay goi ta dm thank. ‘Siu fim : 1d song am co tin sé > 20 000Hz. Hg fim : la song am c6 tan sé < 16Hz. ©) Téedé truyén é ~ Trong mbi méi trang nhét dinh, tc d6 truyén dim khng dit — Téed6 truyén Am phu chug vao tinh ddim hoi, mat 46 cua moi trading va mhigt A ea moi treme va khdi home rigng eta mdi trading 46. Khi nhigt d6 tang thi te d6 truyén dm cting ting. Tée d6 truyén Am gidm trong cde moi trugmg theo thir tu: ran, long, khi hay Vig > Ving > Vas — Béng, nhung, x6p... d6 dan hoi kém nén nguéi ta ding kim vat ligu céch am. 2. Cede trung vat betta dm, (tin s6 f, ering dé dm I (hodte mie ewong dd drm L), ning long va dé thy dao ing cua im) @) Tan sé cia am, La dae tng vat ly quan trong, Khi Am truyén tir mdi truémg nay sang méi tnréng khdc thi tae sé Khang dai, toc dd truyén am thay di, burde song cia song Am thay di 1) Caedng db dm : Curing a6 dim F tai mde dim ta dai leans, do bing nang lcng ma song dm tai qua mot dom vi dign tich dat tai diém a6, vudng goc voi phuong truyén song trong mat dom vi thor gian; don vi Wine. 1 =| voi WC), POW) li nang long, dng suét phat Am cia ngudn $ (on! li digm ich mat vudng ge vei phuomg truyén im (wi mg cau thi lad tch mat cd SAR) 2 | Ark’ Khi dé: 'v6i R la khoang cach tix ngudn O dén diém dang xét + Mite curdng do dm: Dai luong Lab) ~ Woe hoae 110) tog ‘Voi ly la cuong 46 am chuan (ihurimg lay chun cudmg d6 im I, = 10° Wim? véi Am cd tin s6 1000H2) goi la mike cutg dé Am ciia Am 6 curimg 46 1 + Don vi ciia mire eumg d6 am la ben (B). Trong thye 18 ngudi ta thuéng ding ude s6 cia ben la déxiben (AB): IB = 10¢B, & CHUY: log(i0") =x; a=logx =>x=10";T Neuxét2 dim A va lan lugl cach nguon am O lan lugt ahiing doan K,7R,. Col ahur cong suat aguon Khong i trong qua trink truyén song. Ta ludn 06: ©) Dé.thi dao dong dm: la 6 thi cita tat c& cdc hoa 4m trong mét nhac 4m goi la do thi dao dong am. 4 cH = Nhac dm 1a nhitng dm ob tin 36 xe dink va dé tht dao dong la deem comg gin ging hinh sin. = Tap dim ta nhieng dm €6 tan 96 khong xd dink va a thi dav dong ta nbitng dicong cong phite tap. 3. Cie dc trung sinh ti cita dm. ( ¢6 3 die trung sinh lila dé cao, dé to va dm sic ) @) Dé cao cia hm phy thude hay pin lite vbi tdn sd cia te. = Dé cao eta ém tang theo tin s am. Am c6 td sé dn: am nghe cao (thath, bong), Am 6 tan 86 nhd: am nghe ship (rd), = Hai dm c6 cing t = Dbi voi day daw: + Bé dim phat ra nghe cao (thanh): phai ting tan so. —> lam cng day dan. + Bé dm phat ra nghe thap (tram): phai giam tan sé —> lam tring day dan = Thnuémg: nit phat ra Am cao, nam phat ra Am trim(chon nit Kam phat thanh vien) — Trong dm nhge: cde ndt nhae xép theo thi ie tan s6 f ting din (Am cao din): dé, r8, mi, pha, son, la, si 3) B60 cia im li dic trang gin lidn voi mie curing & dm. =D} to ting theo mite cuimg d@ am. Curmg dé Am céng Idm, cho ta cdm gide nghe thy am cing to, Tuy nhién d6 to cia dim khong t11¢ thudn vei euemg a6 dm. ~ Cam gife nghe fra “to” hay “nh” khéng hing phy thufe vio cudng 4 im ma cbn phy thuge vio thn sb cia mire cuong dé am), Véi cing mot euéng dé Am, tai nghe durge m c6 tan s6 cao “to” hon dim cd tan s6 thap, ©) Amsée hay con hoi Ia sic thai cia im than n6 gan lién vei dé thy dao dong dm/ tin 86 va bien dé dao dong ), 6 sip ta phan bigt durge ce Am phat ra tir ede nguén Am, nhac cu khéc nhau, Am sic phu thude vio tn sé vi bien 6 cua cic hoa im, — VD: Dua vao fim sic dé ta phan bigt duroe cing mét doan nhac do hai ca si Son Tang va Issac thy hién . 80 thi 06 cing d6 cao va nguoe Iai. Die imme sinh li_| Bac tug vit Hi BG cao fr Am sie AS DOt0 LL 4 Hin sé do din phét ra: (hai dau day c6 dinh = hai dau la nat song) ¥ * faks (KEN) © Ung voi k= 1 => m phat ra am co ban c6 tin 86 f, of © k=2,3,4... 6 cae hoa Am bac 2 (Ln s6 2h), bie 3 (tin s6 3f), S. Din 6 do dng séo phét ra (i$ dau bit kin, mot du dé hé = mot dau la nut song, mét diu 1a bung sng) 7 Yo i m=2k+ I= Yo =@k +g, mma, (ke N)jvei m=2k+1=1:355. => fim phat ra am co ban cé tin sb h=Vay = Ung voik=0 m “ik 1,23... 66 cdc hog fim bac 3 (tin s6 34), bic 5 (tin s6 54).cHt DE L swung quanh ruc vudng gée vw cde ducing sitet tia mét ie rrudng déu 6 cam ting tir B. I. AI CUONG VE DONG BIEN XOAY CHIEU + CAC LOAI DOAN MACH XOAY CHIEU DAI CUONG VE DONG BIEN XOAY CHIEU: Cho khung day dn phang c6 N ving dién tich S quay déu via vin tbc 0, Tic thang géi qua khung day = NBScos(at +a) =, coax +a) (Wh) © Tirthéng cue dai g6i qua khung day [«P, Sudt dign déng xoay chiéu: suds dign ding cdim song xudt ign trong Kung dy: Pat 1a suat dign dong cue 0. I i) Bibudibauyad dng gina ad vdstrrqiny: = Chon ire pha Ox ki trve dng din =Bidn dign: FZ, (1:08) =0 verte: (Ud) =(Tel)=0 ©) DG Kgch pha gita higu dign thé va cuimg dé dong dign + Néu g > 0—> usém pha hon i hoi nguge Ig + Néu @ <0 wid pha hom i odie nguoe lai“#Néu p= 0 weiing pha voi i 4. Gi tri higu dung: Cuisng 46 higu dung cia ding dign xoay chiéu li dai lung 6 gid tri eta eurimg d6 dong dign Kkhéng d6i sao cho khi di qua cing mét dign tré R, thi edng suit tigu thu trong R bai déng dig khong ddi dy bang c6ng suit trung binh tiéu thu trong R boi dng dign xoay chiéu néi tren, 1. 5, uv iE =| v2 va | v2 5. Nhidt beng tod ra tn dign tro R trong thoi gian (néu c6 dong dign xoay chiéu i(Q}=heos(wt + @) chay qua li Q I anit o-Ps 3 Re P © Cong suit tod nhigt tin R khi c6 dn dign xoay chigu ehay qua; |P Rr 4 cHo + MGi giy dong dign déi chigu2f lin, Nhung néu gy, =0 hoge y, = thi trong gidy di tién n6 chi ddi chigu 2f-1 lin. + Néu cum diy kin c6 digm tre R => 6 dong dign xoay chitu i= NAO cosot=y coset véi Eo= @NBS : 1. CAC LOAI DOAN MACH XQAY CHIEU: 1. Doan mach chi c6 dién tr6 thuan a) Quan hé gifta u vd i: Gia sit dit vao hai diu dogn mach mét dién ap xoay chiéu co biguthite: uw =u, =U, c0s(en+@) (V) thi trong mach xuat hign dong dign c6 cuong d6 li i, Xét wrong khoang thoi gian rit ngiin Ar kG tir thoi diém ¢ R > Ding dign xoay chigu qua mach M28 cos(ar+p)(A) Vay. dign dp ve dong dién x/chiéu ciing pha voi nhau, khi mach chi chica R hay \u, cting pha voi 4b) Did King: Dai buong die trung cho tinh can ord dong din trong mach la ©) Binh tudt Om cho doan mach: Te 7, , 8 6 Use =1,.R| hay | we eoU, = LR) vii Uy dign dp higu dung 6’ hai din dign tre R Cong tice mo: rong: Do u, ding pha vét i nen: ©) Gian dé vecto, i] I U ot te c HH —8 2. Doan mach chi cé tu digu: a) Quan hé gia u vd i: Gii sir dt vao hai dau dogn mach m@t dign dp xoay chiéu c6 Me bigu thie: =u, =U, cos(cr+o) (V) (cr+0)(C) > ign tich wen ty: q=Cu, = CU, cos > Dang dign xoay chigu qua mach: = 2 =a'(t) atc +04 4] (4) Vay: Dign dp gut hai du doun mach chi e6 tu dign ré pha hom dong din xichidu woe a2 (hay dmg dig x/ehidu sim pha hon dién dp gée x/2)kht mach chi chiéa tu dién|u, chm pha hom ‘goes 8) Trékhing & Bink ludt Om cho dogn mach chi ed tu diénUo. ta thdy agi brong — i ican a cian 7; oo I déng vai tré can tré dong qua ty dign, Dat — ol gi lit dung khéng. Dung kluing: Dai luong dic irung cho tinh edn wré-dong dién x/chiéu trong mach ctia wu dién 1 I Tr Zz, a @C 2x fC_2nC| (9) &} Fughia cia dung khing + Tam cho i sémpha hom u gic 7/2, + Khif tang (hot T gidm) —> Z, gi — I ting —sdong dign xoay chiéu qua mach 48 dang, + Khif giim (hoge T ting) > Z,, ting —> I gid —sdang dign xoay chigu qua mach khé hon, U, © Dink tage Om: |1 == © 2 U, =1.2|hode |7, Vee 1, = 1,7, Zi Zz, _ Vai Ue didn dp hidu dung & hai du ty C. Di f ©) Gian dé vecto: @) Céng.thice mé ring: Dou, vubng pha véii nen =Thay Me R u wee Coc 3. Doan mach chi cé cuén day thuiin eam: ‘Cuda day thuan efim li eudn day chi c6 46 tyr cam L va e6 din tre thud r khong dang ké (r= 0) 4) Quam he gita u vi i: ign dp hat du doan mach chi c6 cugn cdm thudn sém a z y da ohidu ard pha hom d Lo=0 Pha ham ding den wee ge x72 hay dng. dien eben td pha hom ign dp g ies ‘g6¢ m/2) khi mach chi chita cudn cam thudin |u, (le)sém pha hon gsc] — ol 1) Tré-khing & Dinh twit Om cho doan mach chied tudién * Cam Khang: Dai long die tring cho tink eam tre ding dign x/eltéu trong mach cia euén eam iz, =ob =29/ L="=4\(0) LT & Yaghia ciia citm khing + lam choi té pha hon u géc n/2. + ERE sing cde" sik)» 2, oy» Taian cli tenon mp Ud eo, 4 Khif gidm (hoje T ting) —> Z, sidm > Itang —> dong dign xoay chiéu qua mach a ding hom. * Dinh luge Om: | hoge Voi U, dign dp higu dumg hai dau cupn thuin cin Le ©) Gian dé veeto. 7 @) Cong thice mé-rdng: Do u, vudng pha véii nen ° x aoe ate 1440) Un i A eae Q Chi ¥: nts sate day khéng thudn cm Lig=ey 4 TONG QUAT: Néu ding xoay chiéu cé dang: [F=T,cos(@r +g) (A)] thi dign dp sxoay chiéu hat dé méi phan te dign ob dang: © tty dng pha viii: ug = Unpc08(1+@) VWI Voy = Ty R=u, fe (ahanh) pha bon i gée © gO cos{ on ver Jr) 964 Van Iu, © uy cham pha hom i goe = fy =U,c0s| 0140 a) vii Use = Ly A. LY THUYET . LQ =0) c 1. MACH DIEN XOAY CHIEU KHONG PHAN NHANH: R 1. Sod mach: At O0-4 EE 2. Dink tudt Om cho doan mach M N B a) Tong wi cia doan mach: 4) ints tudt Om oO Giandé veo, 4 Méi lién hg gitta ede dign dp ewe dgi hott higu dung: v= JU, -U 5 +0] hose 9 Polihpaciausorin: y =9=( Nou U_> Uc (hay Z, > Ze):q>0 <> usdm pha hdn i <> Z, > Ze-mgch 6 tink céim Khéng. Néu U, uchAm pha hon i ¢>Z, ucting pha v6ii <> Z, =Z,.mach c6 thudn tra. 3. Hién neomg cong hucing: Higa wong eirimg dé dang dign trong mach dat exe dai (I, ..) khi Z, = Ze. hay tn s6 etia mach dat wi ti: 4 He qua ciia hign tuong eng huong: y J} c oxi Log =R <2 Z,=Z, hayU, =U,* uvii déng pha * (cos), =1 ug déng phasovoiuhaiddudognmach.Hay Ug =U uy, vat ug ding thai lech pha me sovéiudhai ddudoanmach. “ 4. Hésé cing sudt vi cong sudt ciia ding dign xoay chiduz a) Cing suit cia mach dién xoay ehtéu © Céng suit thire thoi: p, =i (W) * Céng suittungbinb: [P= P=U.Lcosg] + ign nang tigudw: W=Pe }) Hésd cing sudt cose: (vi -W2Eo<+n/2 nbn taludn e6 0 cosps 1) + Big thie eta bg sé céng suit : Trudmg hop mgch RLC ndi tiép |cosp = a =i + ‘Trutmg hop nay, cdng suat tigu thy trung binh cia mach biing cdg swat toa nhigt én din wir R P=Uleose= RP =U, ee Tam quan trong ctia hé s6 céng suat cose trong qua trinh cung edp va st dung dién nding : (Cong sui iu thy rung binh : P= Ul eos = euimg d6 dong dignhigu dong. I= F> a 7.6089 = cdg suit hao phi trén day tai dign (c8 dign war): [P_=rP? =P _| ¥ UW cos p => néu cose nhé thi hao phi lén => quy dinh cic co sé sir dung dién phai 6 cosy > 0,85 4 a cHty. © Nhigt lugng t6a rat Dign ning su thy) trong thoi gian{s): |O=7?.Ra) (J) + Néu cudn khong thudn cam (06 dign iro thudin Ry, thi RtR, Z voi P=(R+R,).P? ‘ign nang tigu thy cia mach: W =P. cos = 'Néu cudn day khéng thuin cim (R, #0) thi 'Néu dogn mach thiéu phan tir ndo thi ebo tr khang cla phan tir dé bing 0 ‘Doan mach R c RB URRo Cc LR=O ST | Ra aaa fesz2im. 1. Hé sb cong suit cosg: (vi - 1/2 << +/2 nin {a ludn cd 0S cosps 1) 2 *e Néu cho: 1=T,.cos(@i+@,) (A) Diign dp tire thoi 6 hai du digm tro thud R: => ug =Upp.coslwt+,) (V) vai Upp =o. R ign Ap tire thai 6 hai déu cugn thudn cam: => — uy, =Up costeat +g, +9.) (V) voi Upp, =1o-Zy ign Ap tire thei & hai dau tu dién: Se ye 0+ G+ GC) V) Vi Uge =loZe Ging 6 thé tinh etc lp lech pha vi cite bin dp hay gic tri higu dung biing gin dé Fre-nen :MN 1a hai diém bit ky Diéu kign dé cb cong hacing. : i, =%, eal hay =o vai z =R& Z,=2Z, hay, =U,. * uvaidéng pha * (cos)... =1 ug dng phasov6iuhai ddudognmach.Hay Up =U 9=0>9,=9, =| 14, te dng thoi lech pha, so voiwdhai dau doan mach, % Dé thiItheo @ (hoae f ) 1, Pueing cong cdng hueing cia doan mach RLCR cing lin thi cing hueing khéng 6 nét % Litn hé giita Zvatin sb f; J, \a tin si lie cong huing. © Khi f=fo: Mach co tinh dung khéng , Z va fnghich bien + Khif> fy: Mach ob tinh cim khing , Z vi f dong bién. CONG SUAT TEU THU CUA DONG BIEN XOAY CHIEU Bigu thie cua hé s6 eng suit : Trudg hop mach RLC néi tiép sega Ue ok Fue Cong suit a. Céng sud tte thot: p, = wi =Ul cosy + UT cos(2a1-+ 9) b. Cong sud rén thu rung bink cia mach : |P =UI cos =P R= ur Trong cde biti t6p ta thiedng ding) P = RI? =——"_ Re (Z,-Z.) cut Nou mach gém dign tra R var hay cupn day c6 dign tro thudn ¢ thi :Ww. UZ _(Ueosey 4 M@tsé cick bién déi khics| P =U, 1 5 3. Enghia ciia hé sé cong swat: + Trrimg hop cos =1=> p=0: Mach chi cé R, hoe mach RLC ed eéng hung din vw (Z, =Z_)thi: P> P.,, =Ul =—— (2, =2e) a R + Throng hop cosp =O tie i Mach chi e6 L, hoae C, hoae ¢6 ca L va C ma khéng 66 R. 2 Thi: P=P,,=0 = cng sudt hao phi trén diy tii dign (¢6 didn tra r ) = néu cosy nbé thi hao phim => quy dinh cde eo 96 sir dung dign phai ¢6 cose > 0.85 > Chit: = Nhigt lugng t6a ra( Dign nai goths) wong hi giants): [O=TRe ~ Néu cugn khdng thudn cm (06 dign tre thudin Ry thi: cosp= kt OT vai Z=(R, + RY +0 y P=(RtR)L ‘XAC DINH PHAN TU’ CO TRONG MACH DU'A VAO TINH CHAT DAC TRUNG CUA BO LECH PHA 1. Dura vio 9 lech pha ena. uso itis © -(U:1) G0, )-0,~e,rdi v8 ian (1B vecte. Tie db => phan tk eka mpch. Cu thé 4 Néw g=0 thi mach thud to(chi 6 R hoe mach RLC dang xay ra eng hudng dign), 7, thi Kong tn tai ign tr chun R: yy mi 1 ed vic LC voi Z, Z, 4f, =>mach chic6 L ho’e LC v6i Z, > Ze. =>mach chi c6 C hoge LC véi Z, < Z, + Néu @ += thi phai thn t9idign te tina R: . 0< <7, ( mac 66 tink cm King) =>mach gdm RL hoie RLC véiZ, > Ze 4 <@<0( mach c6 tinh dung khéng) => mach gm RC hode RLC wiZ, < Z, 2. Dita vio mét sé diu higu khiée © Néu mach e6 R ndi tiép véi L howe R ndi tiép véi C thi: + Néumach ¢6 Lnéi tiép véi C this UU —Uel, * — Néu c6 cGng suat toa nhiét thi trong mach phai co dign tré thuan R hog cugn day phai c6 dign tré thuan r. ¢ Néu mach c6 @ = 0 (I= Inux; P= Pans) thi hoe li mach chi 6 dign tré thudin R hoiic mach 6 4 L va C wi Z, = Zo. U+UY hoge U?= U3 + UECHU DE 3: MAY BIEN THE - SU’ TRUYEN TAI DIE 1, TRUYEN TAI DIEN NANG 1. Cong sudt hao phi trong qué trink truyén tai dién nang COng suat noi phat : Pras = Ursal F WHA * Céng sudt hao phi : |P,, =7/° =r] MAY saad DIEN Vii Pyyus 06 inh, c6 thé gidm hao phi bing 2 edich = Gidim r: each nay khéng thue hign duoe vi rit ton kém. sai dién Nv” and] a L Nor iq Ae ar | [rigu THU 2 + Tang U : ngudi ta thung ting dign ap trase khi truyén tai bang may ting dp va gdm dign 4p 6 noi tigu thy t6i 14 edn thigt bing may giam dp , eich ny &6 higu qua nh diing may bign dp (Uys ing n Kin thi Ph giam n” Ldn ) 2. Hi suit trayén ti diaz duoc do bang ti 9 gia eéng suit dign nhin doe 6 noi tiga thu va eéng sudt dign ‘ruyén di tir tram phat dign: Pra Poy —AP, AR, Pua == 100(%) = 2 100%) =| 1- = |100(%) =} 1-2 k }.100(74) Fat ue Fras Cu 4 cHtyY: ® Goi H,;H, la higu suat truyén tai img v6i cae dign ali B ap U,sU,. Néu cng suit tai ngudn phat Khong déi. om Us - Ha be Tacs Taal “ip [Uae Cia) Ge (Uze 1-H, 1-H, Noi sdin xuat Noi tiéu thu ® So dé truyén wi dign nang ti A dén B °Tai A str dung méy ting dp dé ting dign dp cdntruyén di. Bén B sir dung ‘may ha 4p dé kim gim dign p xubng phi hyp v6i noi cin sur dung (hudng li 220V). kh a6 d6 gid alien dip AU =1.R=U;,—U,,] véi U;,, li dign 6p higu dung @ cun thiredp cia may ting dp tai A, edn U,, la dign ap 6 di vio eudn ser edp cua may bign dp tai B. © Quang dug truyén tai dign nang di xa so v6i ngubn m6t khoang lad thi chiéu di dy la (= 2 ‘© Ung dung : May bign ap duge ing dung trong vige truyén tai dign ning, niu ebay kim logi, han din... 1, MAY BIEN Al 7. Dinh nghta : May bién ap 1a nhiing thiét bj bién d6i dign 4p xoay chiéu ( nhimg khéng thay déi tin s6 ), 2: : Cu 100 161 bidn dp (1 Kung sht non c6 pha silic gim nhidu 14 thép mdng phép cfch dign voi nhan. 2 cu day dn ( dign tre nhé ) quan trén 2.canh ea Kung : = Cugn day ndi v6i ngudn dign xoay chiéu goi ld cudn so chp. = Cun dy c&n Iai got la eudn thie cp (ndi vei tai ti thy ). 3. Nguvén tic hoat déng : Dya trén hign tung, cam img dign ti, 4 Giecing thie a) Khimdy bign dp hoat 6 tat howe Whig sit U.N, _& UN, Trong dé: + N,,U,, F: lis6 vong day quan; difn ép va suit dign déng higu dung 6 eugn so edp. + N,,U,, Ey: 1a s6 ving day quan; dign 4p va suat dién déng higu dung 6 cugn thir cp. Néu: + S21: Miy ting ap. + <2 <1: May giam 4p. by May bién thd chay tiv vt iw sudr hour ding 10H: H(% RUA Véi cosy :cose, la cic hé s6 eéng suit eta mach so edp va mach thiredpNew H=1, cosh cosy =1 thi Sob my ph} pha c63 c¥p cw. to lhnama chim dita I. MAY PHAT DIEN: 1. May phit dién xouy chiéu mot, ‘ao: gdm 29 phan ehinh Phan cdm: ta nam chim vinh ctu hoe nam chim dign—> phn tao ra tt trun. * Phan sing: 1a nhiing cuén day trong dé xuat hign suit dién dong cam ting — phi tao a dong dién ‘MGt tong hai phin dit c6 dnh goi la stato, phin cén lai quay quanh mot true goi la roto, b)_Ngwvén tic hoat dng: Dua tn hign wwomg eam ting dig tr Khi roto quay, tr théng qua cugn dy bién thign, trong cudn day xuat ign sudt din dng cam ime, sudt din dng nay duge dia ra ngoai dé sit du — Miy phat dign xoay chigu mt pha eéng suat én thurmg ding nam cham vinh citu quay trong long stato €6 ee cudn day, . — Miy phat dign xoay chiéu mt pha céng suat nhé 6 thé Ia khung day quay trong tir truéng, lay dign ra nho dG gop. % Tin s6 eita dong dign do widy tgo ta: Nba ty 06 p clip eye vi 16 to quay n-vong trong 1 gify thi sano] p: 86-cap eve ea nam chim, nn: Téc d6 quay cia roto (vong/eiay). CHU ¥: Dé lam gidm ven te quay cia rato trong khi van gite nguyén tan sé f cia dong dién do may phit ra gtd ta ché tao my véd p cap cue nam cham (dat xen ké nhuw tren van wrin ciia roto) va p cap eudn day (tat xem ké nhau trén viinh tri ciia stato) 2. May phdt dign xoay chiéu ba pha 1H ba pha gdm miy phi ba pha, diving diy wi dita 3 pha, dng eo ba pha a) Khim n: La may tao ra 3 suat dien déng xoay chigu hinh sin cling tan s6, cing bién d6 va Kéch pha nhau 120" (V), 6. =¢Ve0sar 4) (v) e,N2eosan(V).¢, =¢,2eos(or = Stato gdm 3 cugn day giéng nhau gin c6 dinh trén ving trin Igch nhau 120”. = Réto li nam chim NS quay quanh tim O citadurimg trin véi te db oe o khéng doi, ©) Nguvén ic: Khi nam cham quay, tir théng qua 3 cudn day bién thién Igch pha 27/3 lam xuat hign 3 suat dign déng xoay chieu ciing tin s6, cing bién €6, Iéch pha 2/3. 4) Céch mde mach ba pha : Mic hinh tam gide va hinh sao. ©) Uudiém - Truyén tai dign bing ding 3 pha tiét kigm duge diy din so véi truyén tai dign bing dong mst pha. Cung cip dign cho ee dong co 3 pha phé bién trong nha may, xi nghigp, BONG CO KHONG DONG BO BA PHA 1. Neuvén the hoat ding : Dit khung day dan vao tr trusmg quay, khung day s® quay theo tr trudg 46 v6i te 6 goe nho hom ( Okun ay ~ sing) 2. Dong ca khing ding bp ba pha: 140 Stato ld bj phan tao ra te mucdng quay gdm 3 cua dy giéng nhau dt Kech 120° tn 1-vong tron. = Réto li khung dy dn quay dud téc dung cia tir truimg quay. 2) Hoat dng : Tao ra ir tradng quay bing cach cho dng dién xoay chi8u 3 pha chay vio 3 cud diy cia stato ; Duci tic dung cia tr tring quay, réto lang séc s quay véi toc 4 nh hom te d6 cua tir tring, = Ponsten |Pnie < Crier > Co thé dB dang bidn ting co khong déng bp ba pha thamh may phit dign 3 pha vd mguge laI. DAO DONG DIENT’ 1. Mach dav dong dién tie LC Gém mét ty dign mie ndi tigp voi mdt cudn cam thinh mach kin, = Néu rrat no (= 0): mach dao déng Ii twang. ‘Muén mach hoat déng —> tich dign cho tu dign ri cho n6 phéng dign tao ra mot dong dign xoay chiéu trong mach, ‘Nguoi ta sir dung higu dign thé xoay chieu durge tao ra git hai ban cia tu dign bing céch néi hai bin nay véi mach ngodi 2. Swhién thién dién dp, dién tich va ding dién trong mach LC @) Dign tich tite thot cia tw lg =O, 20s ot +9, 1) Voi: Q, (C):dign tich eu 4 CHOY: Khit = 0 néu q dang tang (tu dién dang tich dign) thi @,<0; néuq dang gidm (tu dign dang phing e dai eda ign) di 9,>0 b) Hieu dién thé tite thn gitta hai ban tu ctia mach dao déng LC: = a =U, .cos( ot + 9, (VY )) Bait u,=% hay Q,= CU, Voi: U, ():higu dign thé evte dai gitta hai bain ty 4 CHUY: Ta thay 9, =@, . Khit=0 néu u dang ting thi 9, <0; néu u dang gidm thi 9, > 0 ©) Cueding dé dong dign qua cuin day: 20,,sin(w.t+9,)(A) Véi: [1,=0.Q, =a hay Teast 9, +5) (A) Voi: 1, (A): euldng do dong dign eve dai & CHOY: Khit=0 néu i dang tang thi 9,< 0; néui dang giém thi 9,> 0. Vi KETLUAN: + Viy trong mgch g;1;i ludn bin thign digu hod cing tin sé nhung Ich pha nhau: + gj cing pha nhau. +i sdm pha hon u,q mot gée 22. Nén ta cb: 3. Tin sé géc riéng, chu ki riéng, tan sb riéng cita mach dao dong: @) Tin sé oc riéng cia mach dao ding LC: ar b) Chu ki riéng va tén sé riéng cia mach dao dong LC: . [p22 aeste vito a f @ Trong dé: L(A): D6 ty cam cia cudn cam; CU’): Dign dung cia ty & CHUY: Cac cing thie mé rng: 220, 0, Twit + |L=0.0,Q _ to ¥ pelle, UMC = 1,VE] Ce OY MY UeNC =bovl 'Khi tu phong din thi q véeu gid va ngucoe tai . 1 Quy wire: q > 0 teng vii bin te ta xéttich dign deomg thi t > 0 sing véi déng dién chay dén ban tu mii ta xét + |= + Céng thire de lip vi thi gia: 4 cHis: > Dao ding dién tc tit din Trong cic mach dao ding thee ludn c6 tiéu hao nang luomg, vi du do din tro thudn R tia day din, vi vay dao dong sé dieng lai sau Khi nding hagmg bi tieu hao hét. Quan sit dao dong ki din tie & thay bién do dao dong gidm din dén 0. Hién tuegmg nay got td dao ding din tic tdt dan. R caing lim thi sy adit dan cang nhanh, R rdt ton thi khsing ob dao dong. > Dao dong dién tie duy tr Hé te dao dng: Mudn diay ti dao déng, ta phéi bic di vd ding phan nang lcong bi teu hao trong mdi chu ki. Ta 6 thé ditmg tranzito dé diéu Khién vide bic nang hong tr pin cho kung dao dong LC an nhip v6i time chu ki dao ong cita mach. Dao dong trong kung LC dace duy tri On dink v6i tin $6 riéng ey cata mach, nau ta oi db td amt hé te dao dng. > Dao ding dign tit cicong bite Sirc@ng Iueamg Dong dign trong mack LC bube phat bin thién theo vin sé w cia nguén dign ngodi hie khong thé dao dong theo tan s6 riéng org duase niea. Qua trinh ndy dege got a dao dong dién tie cdg bite. Khi thay di tan s6 e» cia ngudn dign ngodt thi bién d6 cia dao d6ng dign trong kung thay doi theo, dén kh e = oxy thi bién 46 dao dong dién trong khung da gid tr ciee dat. Hign toms nay got la sie eéing huedmg, Dailugng co | Dailwgng dign Dao dng eo Dao dng dign x a x +o x=0 " i 7 f& on- ‘ on Vic m L Acos(at + 9) = quos(aat +p) k ‘ -oAsin(ot + = -oqsin(ot +0) F u G=G CF 1 te? R u=teL # £=Lotg Th ING DIEN TU" 1. Lién he gita din trong bidn thidn vd ts raring bién thin ‘Néu tai mt noi c6 mét tir truong bién thign theo théi gian thi tai noi dé Ti trating (6) xudt hign mot dién tudng xody. Dién Dign truimg xody a digntrudng ¢6 cae dudng site 1a duong cong kin Néu tai m6t nai e6 dign truémg bién thign theo thai gian thi igi noi d6 xuét hign mt ti cudng. ‘Dudmg sic cia tr tring lun Khe kin, ae 2. Digm tic trating: Moi bin thién theo thoi gian cia tietndmg sinh Oy ong truvén ra ong khéng gian xung guanh m6t dign truomg xody bién thién theo thoi wian, nguge lai mdi bién thign theo thoi gian eta digm tring cing sinh ra mat tr trrémg bign thién theo thoi gian trong Khong gian sung quanh. im trvimg bidn thign vi rung bién thign ciing tn tai wong khdng gian, Ching e6 thé chuyén ha Kin nhaw trong mot trudng thong nha duge goi la dign te uring. 3. Séng dign tie - Thing tin lién lac bing v6 tuyén Song dign tira dign ci rutmg Tan truyn tong Khong gian ‘w) Disc diém cia sing dign tic “Song dign tran truyeén duge tong chin khéng v6i vin tbe bing vin tbe inh sing (c= 3.10%m/s). Sing dign tir lan truyén duge trong cae dign méi, Téc dé lan truyén cua song dign tir trong cde dign méi nho hon trong chan khéng va phy thuge vio hing $6 dign mai trubng(E)+ Song din tir li sng ngang. Trong qua trinh lan truyén £ vi B lun ludn vudng ade véi nhau va vudng gée véi phuong truyén séng, Tai mi diém dao dng cia dign trudng va tr tong ludn eting pha voi nhaw. + Khi séng din tir ofp mgt phan céch gia hai méi traome thi n6 eting bi phan xq va khiie x9 nher Anh sing. Ngoai ra ding e6 hign tugng giao thoa, nhigu x9... song dign ti. “+ Song dign tir mang nang luong. Khi song dign tr trayén dén mat anten, lam cho céc electron tyr do trong anten dao dong -+Ngudn phat song dign tir rt da dang, nh ta lia dign, edu dao dong, ngit mach dign, trai sim sét 1) hong tin ten ac bang sme v0 tuvén Song vd tuvén ld cic séng digm tr ding trong v6 tuyén,e6 bude sing tir vai m dén vai km, Theo burke song, nguti ta chia sing v6 tuyén thinh cée loa: song eve ng, song ngin, sOng trung va song Tang dig fi la lop khi quyén bi ion héa manh boi anh sng Mat Tra va nam trong khoang d6 cao tr 80 km dém 800 kin, o6 anh hung rat lon dén su truvén song v6 tuyén dign. + Cée phin tir khong khi trong khi quyén hép thu rit man cée séng dai, song trung va sng exe ngin nhumg it hip thy eéc ving song ngin, Cac song ngn phin xa t6ttrén tang dign fi va mat + Sng dar: c6 nang lugng no nén khéng truyén di xa dug. bi nude hap thy nén duuge diing trong thong tin lign Ihe trén mat dat va trong nue. + Song rung: Ban ngay song trung bj tin dign Ii hap thy manh nén khéng truyén di xa dirge. Ban dém bj tin dign li phin xa manh nén truyén di xa duge. Duge ding trong théng tin lién lac vio ban dém. + Séng nga: Cé nang long lén, bi tang dign li va mat dat phn xa manh. Vi vay tir mt dai phat trén mat dt thi s6ng ngdin c} thé truyén ti moi noi rén mat dat, Ding trong théng tn lién ge wén mgt dat C6 nding luong rit lon va khéng bi ting dign li phin xa hay hip thu, Buge ding trong thong “© Nguyén tie chung cita théng tin lign lac bing séng v6 tayén dign: + Bign digu sng mang: Bién am thanh (hoge hinh anh) mudn truyén di thanh ede dao dng dign tir e6 tin sé thip 220i la tin higu fim tan (hod tin bigu thi tan), «Tron song: Dang song dign ti: tin s6 cao (cao tin) dé mang (séng mang) cdc tin higu am tin hoae thi tin di xa. ‘Muén vay phai trdn s6ng difn tir 4m tin hod thi tin véi song din tir cao tin (bin digu). Qua anten phit, s6ng ign tir eao tin da bign digu dure trayén di trong khang gin Thu sng : Ding miy thu véi anten thu d8 chon va thu léy séng din tireao tin mudn thu, Tach song: Tach tin higu ra khei song cao tin (tich song) ri ding loa dé nghe dm thank truyén ti hote ding ‘mn hinh dé xem hinh anh, + Khuéch dgi: Bé ting ung d6 cia sng truyén di va tang cudng 49 cia tin higu thu durge neu ta diing cde mach khuech dai ©) Ser dé khéi cia mét may phat thanh v6 tuyén vé thu thanh v6 1uxén don gin ‘mach vin [3 Ta FY Ee mach anien 2 méch pat mach phét ei song dig tir = cao tin % Ang ten phat: la khung dao déng ho (cée vong day cha cudn L hodc 2 ban tu C xa nhau), ¢6 cubn day mic xen sin cuén day eiia may phat, Nh eim img, bite xa sng dign tit eiing tin s6 may phat sé phat ra ngoai Khong sian. & dng ten thu: 1 khung dao dng h6, né thu duge nhigu sng, c6 tu C thay déi. Nhé su eOng hung véi tan s6 séng cn thu ta thu duge séng diga tir co @) Bude séng din tie thu vd phat. Sm2neVEC] Voir e=3. 10°" vin tde eva dh sing trong chin khong. Luu f: Mach dao déng cé L bién déi tit Lyin — Loewe ¥a C ign dbi tit Crs > Cater thi use séng 4 ciia song dién tir phat (hog thu), + haan tomg img, vai Lage Vi Cyn + hau tong. img V6i Laie Vt Cot ~ Lucu ¥ quan wrong: Sing mang cé bién do bing bién do citu sing am tan, cé tin sé bing tin sé cia sing cao tin.4 TANSAC 1. Thuyét sing dnh sin; Anh sing c6 ban chat C ANH SANG + GIAO THOA ANH SANG, — M61 énh sang li mot song 66 tdn.s6 f xae dinh, wong ing voi mot méeexdc dink, An sing in hong mot nh sdng dbu tuyén voi Troms. Trong chan khéng, dn sing nhin thay e6 bude séng: 2,,, in tc 1a 3.108 = 0,38 pm (tim) + 2,, = 0,764 (dd). c6 tin s6 nim trong khoang 3,947.10'* Hz (mau dé) dén 7,5.10" Hz (mau tim). Trong cécméitrudng khée chan khéng, vantée nhohonnénbuseséng 1 = ahd hon n lin, Véi trong dé n duge goi li chiét suit caa moi tntong, 2. Tin sic éinh sin @) Tan sie dnh san; phite tap thanh cdc chim sang don sic dom gian (Hay 1 ‘ hin tug nh séng tring bj téch thanh nbiéu mau tir ddén tim khi khic xa 6 mat phan cach gitta hai m6: truémg trong sudt) goi la hign twong tén sic dah sing. * Di agentes ring , nb gdm 7 miu chinh : do, 1. Neuyén nhan ciia hién acong tin sic nh sins — Chid la su phan tach m6t chim inh sing ing nhieu mau tir dé dén tim gor fa quang pho =F at sing Y gr cam, viing., lve, lam , cham , tim it eta mOt chat trong suét déi véi ede énh sing don sée khée nhau la khde nhau va ting lén tird6 dé x F e,\ comaon fe | cin ner tm cisesiva) Sin fi) use mes (Gidi. thich) Neuyéa nin cia ign twgng tan sic doth sing 1 Hay chiét sudt cia mOi trudng trong sudt bién thign theo mau sic nh sing vi tang dn tr mau do dén mete tn 4s

tan sie anh sing. Ung dung: Giai thich mt s6 hign twong ty nhién ( ciu vong phan tich chim sing phite tap thanh chim don sic don gin, 2. Anh sing don sic ~ Anh sing tring: ) Ung dung trong may quang phé ling kinh dé @ Anh sdng don ste : Anh sang don sac la anh sing 6 bude song (tin 56) va mau sfc xée dinh, n6 khOng bj tan sie ‘mi chi bj keh khi qua ling kinh, — MBit chim anh sing dom sic khi truydn tir mdi trang nay sang mdi trudng khée, thi tdn sd vdi mau site khéng bi thay dé, — Bude sing cia dnh sding don sée: + Trong chan khdng: (hoae gin diing 1a trong khéng Kk + ‘Trong méi tnrémg c6 chit sudtn: » < ¢= 3.10" 3.1080 => AF ° PS. ® Mét inh sing don sée qua nhiéu mai ing doi: Mau sic, tdn 86, khong tdn sic, © buée sing n= 42 n a 4 Nhidu dnh sing dom sic qua mt mdi trom: — Thay adi: Van de rving trong su— Anh sing bude song lim lech it thi chiét suat nho ; di nhanh (Cham dar—> chay nhanh) —> kha nang PXTP . B ang it (48 thoat ra ngoai). Voi n = A+ Bude song cing nhé > Léch nhigu thi chigt sudt em di cham (Chan ngén—> chay cham), kha ning PXTP cing no. b) dink sing ering: Anh sing tring la hén hgp cia nhigu anh sing don sie Khe nhau c6 mau bién thin lién tue tit 6 dén tim, Bude song cia Anh sing tring: 0,38 pm Néu tai M ta wan ti hi : Hai sng tir 8, va Sy truyn dé M la hai song nguoe pha <> d ~d, aba VOT K' = 0, 15:4 2ynsen + Trong dé + 50-1: vin ti bie 1 + k’=ls-2: vin t6i be 2 + k'=2;-3: vin ti bie 3 tim ASBS 2- Khong van i: \a khoang cich gia hai vin sing (hay hai van 16i) lién tiép nim canh “— hau, Kihigu: i GT vii BS 4 AD =(k+1 a * Chis: + Bé ring cia khoving van i phu thue vio bute sing dnk sing #4 vin sing vd vin tdi 6 phd mica trén ver ita cc vn sing trumg tims hodin tin ging ht nha ai img mba vi sem ké whan mot cick dé dn, CHU DE 2: QUANG PHO VA CAC LOAI TIA 1. MAY QUANG PHO- CAC LOAI QUANG PHO: 1. May quang phd lang kinh: a. Khdt niém: La dung cu ding dé phan tich chim dnh sing pute tap tao than nhiing thank phn dom sie ie ee rene Cait tao: May quang phd gm cé 3 bé han chinh: beasts’ Cling KB) = Ong chudn inves gm thiu kinh hoi ty L, va khe hep S ngay pele tai tigu dign cia thu kinh —+ dé tao ra chim tia song song. — Hé tin sac (gdm mot hodc hé cdc lang kinh): c nhigm vu lim tan sic nh sing. Budng 0 gm gm thi kinh hai tw 2, vi kinh anh hoe phim énh ndm ngay tai tiéu dim cia thw kin —» d@ thu anh quang pho. Cie loai quang phi ‘Quang pi phat va: (Quang phd phit xo cia mt chat la quang phd eda dnh sing do chit d6 phat ra khi duroe nung ndng dén nhigt 46 cao. Quang pho phét xa diece chia Im hai loai li quang phd lién twe va quang phé vac # Dinh nghta: Quang phé lién tyc Li md dai mau biém thién lién tye tr d6 dn tim, 4 Nguén ge phat sinh (Neudn phit) Quang phé lién tue do ede chit rin, chit long hode chit khi ¢6 ap sudt 1én, phat ra khi bj nung néng Disc didm: = Quang phé lign tye gém mot daly c6 mau thay déi mét céch lién tue. ‘Quang phé lign tye khéng phy thude thanh phan cu tao nguén sing chi phu thude nhiét a6. eh fe © Ung dung: ding dé do nhigt d6 cia cc val 66 nhigtd6 cao va cae thién thé & rat xa ching ta, 4 Quang phd vach: # Dinh nghta: Quang phd vach phit xa li mt hg théng nhimg vach miu rigng Ié, ngtin eich nhaw bai nhimg khoang ti. 4 Ngudn phat: Quang phd vach phit xa do ede chit 6 Ap suit thap pht ra, khi bi kich thich bing nhigt hay bing, dign. * Dac diém = Quang phé vach cia cae nguyén t6 Khe nhau thi rit khdc nhau vé s6 long vach, vé vi tri (hay bude song) va dé sing ti di gitta ede vach. = Quang phé vach cia méi neuyén t6 héa hoc thi dic trmg cho nguyén t5 4. * Ung dung: ding dé xée dinh thanh phan edu tao cua nguén sing. 4 Quang phé hip thu: # Dinh nghia: Quang phé vach hip thy li céc vach hay dm vach t6i nim trén nén eiia mot quang phé lign tye“‘Neudn phat. Quang pho vach hap thy do cfc chat nung néng 6 ap suat thap dat ten dirtmg di cia nguon phat quang ph lign tue phat ra Date diem: ‘Quang phé hap thu cua cae chat khi chita céc vach hip thu va dic trung cho chat khi do, ‘idu kign dé thu duve quang pho vach hap thu li nhigt do cua cae chat phai nho hon nhiét dd ci nguén phat quang phé liga tue. ng dung: dimg, 48 xée dinh thinh phn chu tao cha ngubn si | | ‘Chat Chat rin, chat long, chat khi du cho doe quang phé hap thu. Quang phé hap thu cua chat khi ehi chira céc vach hlp thy, cOn quang phé cia chit long, chit-rin chima céc dim vech (lim vach gdm nbiéu vach hip thy 18 tgp voi nha mat cc lg te) TIA HONG NGOAI VA TIA TU NGOAL . Pht ign tia hing ngoui vd ti ngoai: ngoai quang phé nhin thay duge, 6 ca 2 dau dé va tim, edn 6 nhing bire xa ma mét khéng nhin thay, nhung, phat hién ho’ mdi han cia cp nbiét dign va bot hush quang. Bite xa khdng trong thiy 6 ngoai ving miu do got la bac x9 (hay tn) hong ngodi Bate xa khéng nhin thay & ngoaiviing tim goi la bite xa (hay tia) tt ngoai Bain chit va tinh chat: Ban chit: Tia hong ngoai va tia tir ngoai cé6 cing ban chat voi anh sang (sng dién ti). Tinh chat. ‘Tuan theo cae dinh Iuft truyén thing, phan xa, khite xa, gly ra duge hign giao thoa, nhigu xa. ‘Mien hong ngoai trai tir bude séng 760nm den khoing vai milimét, e6n mien tir ngoai trai tir bude s6ng 380m dén vai nanémét TIA HONG NGOAI. Moi vit c6 nhiét d6 cao hom OK du c6 thé phat ra tia hing ngoai Dé phiin bigt diege ta hing ngoai do var phét ra thi vde phéi c@ mbigt dé cao hum nhige dé mot wreamg. "Ngudn phat: Ngudn hong ngoai thong dung la bong dén day toc, bep ga, bép than, didt hong ngoai, Mat te Tinh chit» Ung dung: Tiée dung nai bét |i tae dng nhigt —- sudi Am; say khd, ding & bénh vin. Tia hGng ngoai c6 khi ning gy ra mt s6 phan tg héa hoe, lam den kinh anh —+ tng dung vio vige ehé ta0 phim Anh héng ngoai dé chyp anh ban dém, thign the Tia hdnig ngosi cing c6 thé bién digu nh song din tr eno tha —>didu khidn ti xa(Remote) Ngoai ra tia hong ngoai con duge img dung trong trong quin sy: éng nhém héng ngoai, camera héng ngogi dé quan sit, hode quay phim ban dém, tén lia tu déng tim mue tiéu phat tia hbng ngoai IA TU'NGOAL Ngudn phés: V§t c6 nhigt 46 cao hon 2000" C’ thi phat ra tia wr ngoai nhu Mat trai, hd quang dign... Tinh chat —> Ung dung: Tac dung [én phim Anh, Kich thich su phat quang cia nhigu cht— tim vét mit bé mat sin phim kim loogi, dén hugh quang Kich thich nhigu phan img hoa hoc nhur bién d6i O- thank Os ; tong hop vitamin D Lam ion héa khang khi va nhigu chat khi kh. Gay ra hign tee quang din, Téc dung sinh hoe nb digi bao, vi khudin— tit tring thye phim, dung cu y 1é; chia bénh cdi xuong. Bj nude, thiy tinh hép thu manh nhung cé thé truyén qua thach anh. Sv hip thy tia tir ngogi ‘Thy tinh hap tha manh tia tiengo ‘Tan éz6n hap thy hau hét cée tia 06 bude séng dud 300nm. TIA X(TIA RON-GHEN ‘Ngudn phat; Moi khi mot chtim electron c6 ning lugng lon, dp vio ‘mat vit ran (kim loai e6 nguyén tir hung én) thi vat dé phat ra tia X Gich tgo va tia X: ‘Gag Cotsio: Ong thiy tinh chan tng, dy mun, ands, eat Diy nang FF’: ngudn phat electron, Catot K : Kim loai cé hinh chom cau, Anét A: Kim loai cé nguyén tir rong Id, chiu ni Unx 68 vai chuc hil6vén Ban chét va tinh cht cita tha Ban chit, Tia X cd bin chit li song dign tt, c6 bude sing 2=10%m=10"'m. cao. Higu dign théSS ‘Tinh chat — Une dung: ~The dung noi bgt nde cia Tia X la tink dam xayén : Xuyén qua tm nhém vai em, nhumg khdng qua tim chi ‘vai mm, — tim khuyét tt trong cdc vat dic; kiém tra hanh li, nghién ettu cau trite vat ran. ~ Tia X lim den kinh anh—> Chui dodn chita 1 s6 bénh trong y hoe bing hinh anh(chup X quan) ~ Tia X lim phat quang 1 sé chit — cfc eit niy durge diing lam min quan sit khi chigu dim, ~ Tia X lam ion ha khong khi(rit yéu); gay ra hign twong quang din, ~ Tia X tae dung sinh li, hiiy digt 1 bao > Chita ung ther ngoai da. Iv. THANG SONG DIENT! Song vé tuyén, tia hong ngogi, Anh sing nhin thay, tia tir ngoai, tia X va tia gamma déu cd ering bain chdt a s6ng dign tr, chi Khéie nhau vé tin 36 (hay bude s6ng) nén chung ¢6 m6t s6 sy khée nhau vé tinh chat va tic dung. ‘Mién SDT |Song v6 tuyén) Tiahong ngogi Anh sing nhin thay | Tia tir ngogi TiaX Tia Gamma A (m) | 3.10% 10 | 107 * 76.107 76.107 * 3.8.1 3.8.07* 10° | 10** 10" | Dudi 10" votuyda | _ Hang ngasi Khikiin __,_Teengogi Tin ronghem__, Tia gamma REWie Win LEORIO —GHIOEIEOMIG Gimatz im Wmaz2MmacIOM 0 SANH 3 LOAI TIA: HONG NGOAI, TU NGOAL TIA RON GHEN Hong ngoai Tit ngogi Tia Ronghen (Tia X) ‘Dinb nghia ~ Khong nhin thay ~ Khong nhin thay ~ Khang nhin thay Ning long = Nang hom bé = Nang liegng lim (Ién om | - Nang lirong rit Ion. Bude song "Bude séng 0,76 yum vai | dh sing nhin thy) “Buse céng vai picdmét (10 mm (10°) = Bude s6ng 0,38 am > | 4m) vai nan mét (10° m) vai nand mét (10% m) Ngudn phat ~ Tit ei moi vit = O°K @u | - Vat phi e6 t" =2.000°C | - Dang electron van tc lin dip = Ly thuyét phat tia hng ngoai, ‘manh vao kim loai ¢6 ti khéi lon — wee _ oe (Kim loa ing) = Thye t€& = Dé nbn biét duge tia héng | - Hé quang dign , den = Ong Culitgior ngoai do vat phi ra thi mhigt d6 | huyh quang logi dén hoi vat phit phai > nhigtd6 mdi | thiy nhain tru. Dic diémndi bat | -Tac dung nhigt ~ Bj nude va thiy tinh hp | - Kha ning xuyén séu (uyén = MOt phan bude song nim | thy manh nhung truyén | qua tim nhém vai em, bi chi Pb trong diy song v6 tuyén qua duge thach anh trong | vai mm cin lai.) subt. Die diém chungs | a i “1. Tae dung len x Gay durge quang dign trong voi _ _ ‘mot so chit ban din =4, Lim ion ha 0 chat khi -5.Lam pl = 6. Tae dung sinh li Ting dung nai ~ Digu khign tirxa Remote) | ~ Chia cbi xuong ~ Chia ung the nng + Tim vet niet rn b& mat | - Chup X quang kim loai = Tim vét nt trong long kim loai.CHU DE 1: HIEN TUQNG QI HIEN TUNG QUANG D. I, HIEN TUONG QUANG DIEN(NGOAD, : Khdi nigm: Hign twgng chiéu anh sing lim bat cdc electron ra khoi bé mgt kim Jogi goi la hign twong quang dién (ngoai). 2. Dinh Iudt ve gidi han quang dign: i kim loai, ‘inh sang kich thich phai c6 bude séng A ngin hon hoae hs tim gidi han quang dign A, cua kim logi d6 méi gay ra hign tugng quang dign.(A < A.) Shien iy / ve 3. Thuyét beng tie . . a a) Gid tapes Plane: ‘Luong ning lwong ma mii Lin nguyén tir (oan ti) hp tha hay phat xa ¢6 gid tr hod tof xc dinh va bing hf, trong 46 fli tan s6 ita nh sing bj hap thy hay duge pt ra, én bla I hang sb b) Licyng tit nang wong. ‘V6i h = 6,625.10 ™ (J.s): goi la hing sé Pling. ©) Thaoyét twong tie én sang — Chim dinh sing la mt chim hat, mdi hat goi La phétén (hrgng tir ning rong). Nang hinymg moe leomg tie inh ssdng (hat photon) > Trong dé h~ 6,625.10" Js la hing s6 Pling. c~3.10°m/s la van téc fnh sing trong chin khéng.; f, 21a tin 86, bude séng clin dnh sing (ciia bite xq).; m li khdi lugng cia photon, ¢ chi phy thude vio tin $6 eta fink sding, mi khng phy thuge Khong each tir né t6i nguén Voi mdi anh séng don sic, cée phént6n déu giéng nhau, mbi phdtn mang nding long ¢~ hy. Trong chin khéng, cac phdtén bay doe theo tia sing v6i toe. d6 ¢ = 3,10° (mis). — Curimg 45 cia chim sang ti I v6i s6 photon do nguén phat ra trong 1 dom vi thai gian Khi nguyén tr, phn tir hay electron phét xa hay hip thy dnh sing, eZing c6 nghia kd ching phat xa hay hip thy photon Chis: + Chim sing di rit yéu cling chita rit nbiéu phOt6n, nén ta nbin chim sing nbv lién ue + Cac phéton chi tn tai trong trang thai chuyén dng, khing 6 photon diing yén. 4. Gilai thich dink tudt vé gidi han quang dign: ‘Theo Einstein, méi photon bi hip thy s® truyén toan b9 nding long cho mdi éleetron. Nang Iwang & nay ding dé “— eung ep cho electron mdi cfng thodt A d2 n6 thing durge luc lién két v6i mang tinh thé A that ra khdi b8 mat kim loa, — truyén cho né mot dng nang ban di, Wyo... — Truyén mét phin nang lng cho mang tinh thé, Bbi véi cdc Electron niim trén bE mat kim loai 6 gid tri ove dai vi khong mit philn ning hong cho mang tink thd ‘Theo dinh Tug bio toa niing Iurgng, ta 6: lng ning nay eaIf = 44 W, hay We hay ne > Gia thich dink tude 1: ‘Bb 66 hign trong quang didn xay ra, tte la 66 éleetron bét ra khoi kim loai, thi é 24 oasM tay ash 62 A hay h a voi A) goi la gidi han quang dign cia kim loai ding lam Catot| 4, =~ he © Céng thodt eta ¢ ra khdi kim loi: A Ag, 5. Luong tink sing hat cita dnh sting: . — Anh sing via c6 tinh chat song, vita c@ tinh chat hat. Ta n6i anh sing e6 Iudng tinh séng - hata — Trong mbi hign trong quang hoe, anh sing thuong the hign 76 mot rong hai tinh chat ten, Khi tinh chat song the ‘ign 16 thi tinh chat hat lai mi nhat, va nga lai — Song dign tir 6 bude song cing ngin, photén co ning lugng cng lon thi tinh chat hat thé hign cing 10, nhu 6 hign tuong quang dign, 6 kha nang dim xuyén, khi nding phat quang....con tinh chat s6ng cing mo nat. ‘Trai lai sng dign ti 06 bude song cing dai, phdt6n tmg. vi nd e6 ning lung cing nd, thi tinh chit song lai thé hhign 16 hon nhu 6 higa trong giao thoa, nhiéu xa, tin sic, ..., cOm tinh cht hat thi més nat, 1 HEX TUONG QUANG DIEN TRONG 1. Chat quang daw: hat din dign kém khi khong bi chiu sing va tr thinh dn dign t6t khi bj chiéu aah sing thich hop. 2 Hin tong quang dign trong: Vigo (wong anh sing gidi phong cdc clectron lién kEt dé ching tr6 thanh ee clectron dan dng thoi tao ra cic 16 tréng cting tham gia vio qua trinh dn dign, goi ld ign tung quang dién trong. Chi ; Nang luong can thiét cung cap dé xiy ra quang dign trong nh6 hon quang dién agoai, 3. Quang ign tri: — La mot dign trd lam bing chit quang din ~ Cu a0: Gém mit soi diy bang chat quang din gan tin mot dé eéch digm ~ Bigm ts eta quang dign t6 66 thé thay d&i ti vo MO hi khong duge chia sing xuéng vai chye dm khi duge chigu sing, 4 Pin quang dign: Pin quang dign fi nguén dign trong 4 quang ning duge bién déi trxc tiép thanh dign nang. Hoat dng cia pin dua trén hign tung quang dign trong cia mét s6 chat ban dn ( ding éxit, sélen, silic,..). Suat dign déng cia pin thuémg c& i tri 10,5 V den 0,8 V Pin quang dién (pin mat trdi) da tré thanh ngudn cung edp dign cho cde ving s4u viing xa, én cde vé tinh nhin t20, ‘con tu vi try, trong cdc may do énh sing, may tinh bd ti, So sduk hign tegng quang dign ngouii va. quang dign tron, Quang dign ngoai ‘Quang dign trong > Quang din Miu nghién cu Kim loai it ban din inh nehia = Cac electron bat ra khoi bé mat kim loai ‘Nua hign cdc electron dan va 16 trong chuyén dng trong long khéi bain dn. (Quang din) Dije digm = Tit ed cae KL kiém vi 1 sO KT. kigm thd €5 | ~ Tit ca cdc bin din c6 A, nam trong ving Aa thude anh sing uhin thy, con Kginim —_| png ngosi trong tirngoai Ung dung ~ Té bao quang dign tng dung trong cde thigt | ~ Quang dign tré: La Linh kién ma Khi chiGu bj tr dong héa va ee may dém xung anh sing anh sang dign tra gidm dot ng6t tir vai nghin Om xudng eon vai = Pin quang dign: La ngubn dign chuyén hoa quang ndng thanh dign nang. (QD trong tao hat din, nhé khudch tan nén tao 2 1ép dign tich wo think ngun dign) rs 1. Swphde quang ~ C6 mot s6 chit khi nj mign anh sng hin ‘So sinh ‘Vat ligu phat quang HIEN TUONG QUANG - PHAT QUANG % Hign uryng quang—Phit quang. thy nang long dui mot dang nio dé, th c6 Kh ming phat ra ede bite xa dign tir trong thay hay 1a sie hdp thu dnk sing e3 bude sing nay dé phat ra dnh sang 06 bude séng Kh => Cie hign tuong 46 got la su phat quang Huh quang va lan quang- So sinh hign trong huinh quang va lan quang: Hign tugng bujnh quang ‘Chit khi hoae chit long ‘Tinh chdt quan trong cua su phat quang 14 n6 cén kéo dai mot thoi gian sau khi tit énh sng, __ Higa tryng lin quang Chit rin ‘Thai gian phat quang Rat ngan, tat rat nhanh saw Khi tat as kich thich Kéo dai mgt Khoang thoi gian sau Khi tit as kich thich (vai phan ngin gidy dén vai gid, tay chit) Dac diém - Ung dung ‘As hujnh quang luGn 6 bude song dai hon as kich thich (nang long nbd hon- sé ngiin hom) in Bign bio giao thong. din Sng | Dinh ludt Xie ve we pluit quan, ic diém cia inh sang hujnh quan; Anh sing phat quang c6 bude séng ig dai hon bude séng cia anh sing Kich thich Pa gy Sig Faying dung cia hien sit quan; Sir dung trong cdc dén dng dé thip sing, trong cde man hinh eda dao dng ki din ti, tivi, may tinh, Sir dung son phat quang quét trén eae bien bio giao thong. TU BO-TIA LAZE 1 MAUNGUYEN TU BO 1. Mé kink hank tinh nguyén tt: Rutherford dé xuémg mau hah tinh nguyén ti 4) Mai hanh tinh nguyén tic eta Rutherford: * Hat nhin 6 tim nguyen tit, mang dign dong, * cc electron chuyén déng quanh hat nhén theo quY dao tron hode elip (gidng nhu cae hank tin chuyén déng quanh Mat Troi). * Khoi ong nguyén tir nhu tp trung é hat nhan, © Quemie= LO, 1) Thidu sox * Khi bite xa s& phat ra quang phé lién tue * Tinh bén ving cita nguyéa tar, (Vi sa0 né khéng roi vao hat nhan) ©) Kidephue: Mu nguyén tr Bo gdm: m6 hinh hanh tinh nguyen tr va hai tién d@ eta Bo 2 Cie tidn. vé edu igo i @ Tien dé Lv6 trang thai ding: © Nguyen ti chi ton tai trong mot sé trang thai 6 nang hong xde dinh, gol la cdc trang that dimg. Khi ede trang dt ding thi nguyen we Khong bike wa © Trang cake wang thai cing cia nguyen tik -electrom chi chuydn ding quiinh bgt nhin trén nhitng qu dio €6 ban _ inh hodn toain xée dinh got la qus dao ding. i vei nguyén tr hydr8, ban kinh oc qu dao dime ting £7 1¢ thudn voi bink plarmg ode s8 nguyén liéntidp . Cong ‘hire tinh quy do dimg cia electron trong nguyén tir hyd Ir, Vi 7, = 0,53A° = 5.3.10 " m goi la bin kinh Bo. (Iie e 6 quy dao K) va TEx quy dao dim x 5 M N 0 P Lirong tir s6-n 1 2 iB 4 5 6 Ban kin: rq=9'¥y : Te an or Tor 25% 36% Ning lugng cia rang thai dimgeta | 136 | 136) 136 | 136 | 136 | 136 2 a # © 4 Chiy: — Ning lugng cia trang thai dimg cia Hiro: — Binh thugmg nguyén tit & trong trang thai dimg ¢6 nang lrong thap nhit (gan hat nhan nhdt) — trang thai co ban ting véi n=1. Sarang that nay thi nguyen me khong bite xa ma chi hp thu. Khi hip thy nang hagng + quy dao dimg c6 ning hgmg cao hom: trang thdt Kich thich (n>1), Ce trang thai kich thich e6 nang hrgng eng cao thi ting véi ban kinh quy dao cia electron cng lon va trang thai 46 cang kim bin ving, => Gidi thich sy ben ving exka nguyén tt. C trang thdi kich thich thi nguyén ti bte-xa 1) Lien dé vi sw bite va vet hip chu nang omg eta neuen te * Khinguyén phét ra mét phéton thi né chuyén tir trang thai dimg ¢6 mie ning lugng cao (E,,) v8 trang thai dimmy 6 mire nang long thip (2, hi n6 phat ra mt photén c6 ning hong ding bing higu F,~,, + Nouge Iai, néu nguyén tir dang & trong trang thai dimg c6 nang long ma hap thy duge m6t phétén c6 ning Jugng dang bing higu,-E,, thi n6 chuyén lén trang thai dimg c6 ning lugng cao E,, => Surchuyén tir trang thai dimg E sang trang thai dig E, tng véi sy nhdy eda electron tir quy dao dmg e6 ban inh tm sang qui’ dao dime c6 ban kinh t, va nguge lai. [Nang lugng phéton bj nguyén tr phit ra (hay hap thy ) 6 gi tri: bie xa how 3. Quang phé phit xa va hip thu ctia Hidro: ~ Khi electron chuyén tir mite nang long cao xudng mite ning leone, ‘hap thi n6 phat ra m6t phétdn ¢6 nang Inong: [hF= Eu. ~ EniMGi photdn c6 tn s6 f img véi 1 song anh sang ¢6 bude s6ng A=] img vai | vach quang pho phat xa (co mau hay vj tri nhat dinh). Diéu d6 li giai quang phd phat xg cia hidré la quang phd vach. + Nguve lai, khi nguyen tr hidrd dang 6 mite ning luwgng thip ma nam trong ving dn sing tring thi né hp thu phdtdn dé chuyén Kén mite nang lugng cao lim trén nén quang pho lign tue xuat hiGn vach tai. (Quang. pho hip thy cia neuyén ti hidré cing 18 quan phé vach). Kétudnz Quang pho cua Hido la quang pho vach (hap thy hoge phat xa). Trong quang pho cia Hiro €6 4 vach nam trong ving anh sing nhin thay: do, lam, cham, tim = Néumet chit 6 thé hép thy due dnh sing c6 burde s6ng nao (hay c6 tin sé mao) thi né cing c6 thé ht ra bude séng fy (hay tin sb Ay). HW SOLUOCVELAZE Le Lace: a) Khdé miém: LA mot ngudn sing phit ra mot chim sng e6 emg dp {dm dura teén vige tng dung hién tung phit xa cim img, b) Dae diém: Tinh don sic cao, tinh dinh huéng, tinh két hop rit cao va cudmg A Ken, 2. Su phitxa cdm ing. ‘Néu mét nguyén tir dang ér trang thai kich thich, sin sing phat ra m6t ph6t6n c6 nding lromge = hf 1p mot phon 6 ning lng’ dling bing hf, bay Int qua n6, thi Igp te nguyén tir nay cling phat ra phdténé . PhOtdn ¢€6 cling nding Jugng va bay cling phuong véi phdténe'. Ngodi ra, séng dign tir mg véi phOtn & hoan to’n ciing pha vi dao dong trong mot mit phing song song véi m§t phing dao dng eiia song dign tir img voi phdtén ¢'. * Cie photons vac” — 6 cling ning lugng, tie la cig tin s6 = tinh dom se cao — bay ciing phuong => tinh dink hucimg cao Nnsosr — ing Gi ee song dient cing pha => inh dopa & late | |e — Ngoai ra, s6 phot6n ting theo cap s6 nbn va bay theo cling m6t hueng anne annox | [ake rit lan caring a6 sting ra om. e An 3. Ci tao laze: 3 loai laze: Laze khi, laze rn, laze bin din + Laze rubi: Gém mot thanh rubi hinh tru, hai mat mai nbn yung géc voi true ca thanh, mOt mat ma bac mat kia ‘mg lop méng (ban ma) cho 50% cudng d6 sing truyén qua. Anh sing dé cia rubi phat ra la mau eta laze. 4. Cing dung laze: — Trong y hoe: Lam dao mé, chifa 1 s6 bénh ngoai da — Trong thdng tin lién lgc: Lida lac v6 tuyén (v6 tuyén diah vi, ign gc vé tink,...) tuyen tin bling cAp quang — Trong céng nghigp: Khoan, cat kim loai, compézit — Trong tric dia: Bo khoang céch, ngim dudng, PHAN DOC THEM. 1. Chimg minh sw thiéu sot ciia miu nguyén tit Rutherford: Khi electron chuyén dng trdn trén quy dao thi lve Coulomb déng vai tro Id lye hudng tim, D6i voi nguyén te Hydro thi 4 . Voi: a) Dong nang cia electron : |W, b)_Thé nang etia electron khi chuyén dng trén quy dao: lw, shé nang dim vi lee neomeg ae la hee hit com née lee dy thi thé nang mang gid tri dueomg. e => Nang hegng cita electron khi chuyén dgng trén quy dao: Curimg d6 dign truéme doelectron gay ra t > Muege diém 1: Do electron chuyén ding xung quank hat his nén a thay déi > Cudng,d8 dign trudmg tai M thay di > phe sinh song dign tte > sng mang theo niing tugng > nang hagmg nguyen we gidim > thé nang gid > bien kink gid > electron roi vao hat nin > ‘Muege diém 2: bin kinh qu} do etta electron gidm lién tue > nang long nguyen tte gid lién tue > sing ign iit phat ra ed tan sé thay di lién tue -> Hydro chi cd quang phi lién tue (duce ted cd quang phd vach). 2. Ging dung vio miu nguvén tir Bohr: thém vao cng thife bin kinh 1, =n"r, véi 7, =5,3.10""'m a) Tink vén thc cia electron trén qui dao dig w Ta 06: [Foster = Fratnguan| E mea) 210 (my v6ik=9.10 XM; 61,610 Cva eV =1,6.10F > Tird6 tad * Méi lign hé gitia van tée va long tr s6 n cia electron = MOi lign hé gitia Ive va lugng tir s6 n_cita electron 2) Ding nangaind nang va nang uegng cha ea electron Eat chuybn tng ten qug dgo ding: Na ec voi k= 9.10" & Dong nin:g =1,6.10 °C % Thé nang: CAU TAO HAT HAN UNG HAT NHAN CAUTAO CUA HAT NHAN NGUYEN TU. 1. Cau tao cita hat nhdn nguyén tie © Hat nhan nguyén tr duce cu tao tir cdc hat nuclén. Cé 2 Jogi nuclin + Prot6m, ki higu p, mang dign tich duong +1,6.10C ; m= 1,672.10 kg * nottron, ki higun , khéng mang dign tich : m, = 1,674.10 "kg © Néu I nguyén t X ¢6 sé thie te Z trong bing tuan hon Meadéléép thi hat nhan n6 chita Z proton va N notron. Kihigu: 4X Voi :Z goi la nguyen tir 56 A=Z=N gai la s6 kh6i hay s6 muclon ; 2. Kich thuade hat nha: hat shin nguyén tr xem nhu inh ca 66 hin kink ph thude vio sd khdt 4 theo cBng thie: R=R,.A*| trong dé: Ry =1,2.10%m 3. Ding vi: Wi nhimg nguyén wr ma hat nhén ciia ching c6 cing sd prawn Z, nhumg sd khdt A kde nhaw. Vi dur Hidré 6 ba dng vi {H : GHGD) : jHGD + dng vj bén ; trong thign nhién ¢ khoding 300 déng vi loai nay + ding vi phéng xa ( khOng bén) : ¢6 khoding vai nghin dng vj phong xa tw nhién va nhan tao. 4. Dom vi khii hong nguyén tie ki bigu liu; |= 1,66055.10"kg. Khoi luomg 1 nuclén xap xi bing Iu660! 10(kg) Nguoi ta con ding fe ) lam dom vi do khdi hugng.Ta 66 1) = 931 5M 1,66055.107%kg) Mét sd hat thcing wip Ten | Kihigu | Cong thie Chicha Protén P ‘p(i#) Hiy-dré nhe Doied D oH Hydro ning Tati T oH Hy-drd siéu ning “Anpha a He Hat nhan He fi Béla tr B Be Electron Bata cing Br % Poozitrén(Phan hat cia electron) Notron n tn ‘Khong mang dign Notrind v Ry Khéng mang dign; m, =0 ; v=c Lace hat nkdn * Lee hat nbn Ta hue hit rat man git ede muelén trong mt hat hin. Pac diém cita hee hat nhan chi tée dung khi khoang cach gitta ede muclin < 10m) Khong co cung bin chit véi le hap din va le twong tic tinh din ; no ka Iue trong tée man, NANG LUONG LIEN KET CUA HAT NHAN : ‘KAdi licgng va ning heong He thive nang lang Anh-xtanh: B= mc? Véi e= 3.10" mvs la vén toc ds trong chan khong. ‘Theo Anhxtanh, mét vit e6 khdi lnong m, khi 6 trang thai nghi thi khi chuyén dng véi tc d v , khdi long, st ting Ién thin m véi Trong dé m, goi ki kh6i luong nghi vam goi la kh6i hong dong. [Mot hat c6 khdi long nghi m, (nang hong nghi twong img la E,, =m,.c7) khi chuyén dng voi van tbe v stb dng ning K =" => ning luong ton phin E-=me? duoc xée dinh theo céng thite: -im,e? | (vi vse -E,,+K hay K Khoi Iugng ciia hat nhan eon duge do bing don MeV Lea) = 931,5¢ = 1,66055,107"(ke) DO hut khdi hat nhin ($X)+ Kh luong hat nha m,, 1u6n ahd hon tng khdi luong ede nuclén 1a my feo thanh hat nhan dé m6 hrong Ant Kndt leeomg,ctia hat | Khoi heong cia Z | Khdi haong cua N-(A-Z) | Tong Khoi hong cia cic nuclon han X proton notron ms Zm, (A-Z).m, m, =Zm, +(A—Z).m, > Do hut KhoiZam, (A~Z)m,~m, |] (2) 4. Nang tung tién két hat nhin ( 3 ‘© Nang trong lién két hat nhan Lé nding hong ta ra khi téng hop ede nuctén riéng 1é thank mét hat nhan(hay ning Jong thu vo dé ph vo hat nhin thinh cde nuclon rigng r8) im, +(A-Z).m, -m, Je] (3) © Nang hogng lien két riéng: li nding lwong lién két tinh binh quin cho 1 nucln cé trong hat nhin. (khong qué 8,8MeV/nuclén) w, _[Zm,+(A~Z)m,-m, je" Mev) “ A A (a Je Nang long lién két riéng edng 1én thi hat nhdn cng bén ving. Ci hat c6 s6 kh trung binh tir $0 dén 95 T |. Dink nghta : Phan ting hat mhdn la qué rrink bién dét cia ede hat nhan , thutng chia Lim 2 loai + Phan ing hat nhan tw phat (vi du: phéng xa), + Phan iing hat nhan kich thich (vi du : phn ting phan hach, phn ing nhiét hach ). 2. Cie dink ludt bao todn trong phan ting hat nhin toda dign tich + Bio ton sé nuclon (biotodn s4 A). + Bao toan nang Iugng todn phan. + Bao toan ding lwome, 4 Lagu ¥ : trong phan img hat nhin khng ¢6 bio ton khdi lyong, bio toan déng ning, bio to’n sé notron 3. Namg higng etia phan ting hat nan: © Goi: + Mg —my + my la tong kiGi ling nghi ctia cde hat nhin nese phan ing EM = met mip ld t6ng hot luong nghi cia ede hat nhan sau phn ting 1 E(AM,)=Am, + Am, ing d6 hue khdt ctia ede hat thee phan ting +E(AM)=Ame-+ Amy dng df hut Kidi ct etic hat saw phim ing - Tacd nang hug cia phin img dae ude dink W,, x; = AE =(M, -M).0 [rm mg) (ame +m) Je? =[(am, am, )-(Am, + Am, Je? =(Prass* Mos)“ * Mei + néu My > M hode Z(AM,) 0: phan ting tod nhiét ++ ndu My 2(AM) <> Wy =AE <0- phen ting thu nhigt 4 cHUY: * Phong.xa ; phan sing phan hack; phan ing nhigt hach ludn li phan tong toa nding liomg, * Nhigt ida ra hode thu vio duéi dang dong nang eta cdc hat 4,B hoae CD. * Chi edn tinh ké: qud srong ngoae réit nhin voi 931,5MeV © Phin ing toa nbigt > Téng khdi hong cic hat taumng tic > Ting khdi hong cae hat Igo thin. ’ PHONG XA + PHAN UNG PHAN HACH + PHAN UNG NHIET HACH 1. SU'PHONG XA: 1. Kiki 1 loai phan img hat nhan ty phat hay 14 hign twong hat nin khéng bén vvtng tw phat phan ra, phong ra cic bic xa goi la tia phOng xa va bién d6i thin hat nhiin Khéc, Qué trinh phn 1 th la qua trinh dan dén su ign doi hat nhan. ng xq khOng nin thay nhumg c6 nhing tic dung IY hod nhur ion ho méi trudng, lim den kinh anh, wiiy ra ede phan ting hoa hoe. ++ Phéng xa la phan img hat nha toa ning wong. + Quy ude goi hat nhan ty phan hry goi la hat nhiin me, hat nhién durge tao thinh sau hi phan hay got li hat nhain eon, + Hign tung phéng xa hoi toin do cée nguyén nhiin bén trong hat nhin gay ra.kh6ng hé phu thuge vao cfc yéu 16 IY hod bén ngoai (nguyén tir phong xa nim trong céc hop chat‘Khiic ninau c6 nist, 2 Phusany trinh phing xa: [5X > EY « $2 ‘Trong do: + 7X lihatohanme; $Y lahat nhin eon; 7 Z li tia phong xa 4. Céc loti phing xu: “ap suat khic nhau deu xay ra phong xq nhu nhau doi vot cing ogi) Tén goi Phéng xq Alpha (z) Phong Béta: c6 2 logi laf va Phéng Gamma (7) “ih Denil « Ta song dign tir 06 rat Ban chdt, | Lildinghgt shin Hai (4ge) | ©? Hh dbow electron C72) nga (< 10m), eding Bla dong pézitron (%e) Ji dng phdtén ¢6 ning hagmg 600 AX > V+ tHe Bix A¥+ fe ay «yas dy: “Co "N+ % Sau phong xa a hoe B Riit gon: -X—~+ 2 Vidy: (CN + fe ‘xy ra qué trinh chuyén Phuong trinh | vd:Ra—> Ekn+ tHe | Bi AX > AY +he tir trang thai kich thich Rat gon a i 2, 4, ve trang thai co ban = - Vidy: GN C+ fe > phat ra phé tén Ra— > = Rn Tée a6 v2.10 m/ e310” v= 3.108 Khi ning ton | vfann Man nung yéu hom tia ‘Yeu hon tia a vi B + Dim xuyén manh hon tia a va B. C6 thé xuyén ‘qua. vii’ m bé-tOng hode vai em chi duge vai em trong Kha nang dim | Khéng Khi (Spox = Sem); vai | + Spae= vai m trong kh6ng khi xuyén him tong vat rin (Sqn =| + Xuyén qua kim loai day vai mm. Imm) Léch Léch nhigu hon tia alpha Khong bi léch ‘rong chubi_phing xg | CO" 60 15m ei hai oa at ax thurimg kém theo phong xa | 7X >,“ + \e+ gy notriné. B nhung khong tn tai déng | Ay 5 Ay 4 e+ °F phan natrind ‘thi hai loai B. " Khéng tim thay d6i hat han, 4. Dinh udt phing xa 4) ite ink cita qué trinh phing xa + C6 ban chat 18 mot qua trinh bién = Cé tinh ty phat vi khéng diéu khién duroc,khdng chju cde tic déng ctia bén goal = Lamét qua trinh nedu nhién, thoi diém phan hiy khéng xac dinh due. ‘b) Dinh Indt phéng xa : > Chu ki bain ri: la khoding thai gian dé K sé hat nhin nguyén tir bién déi thanh hat nhéin kha. é Z2&F n2 0693] T= AE = =| A Hing sh phong x0 (5 > Dinh Inge phéng xq: Sé hat nhdn (Khoi emg) phéng xa gim theo qui Iuat ham s6 mf, > Tiedinh ludt phing xa,sa suy ra cae hé ohtte neong ting sau: Goi No, m, la s6 nguyén tir va kh rong ban du cia chat phong xa, N, m_li sO nguyén tir va khOi lung chat ay o thoi dim t ta c6: 6 hat (N) Khoi lung (m) Trong qui trinh phiin ri, x6 her nbn phéng xa giim | ‘Trong qua trinh phin r3, Adi lirong bat abn phong xa theo théri_gian tuan theo dinh Iwat him s6 mi. jiam theo thé gian tuin theo dinh luat ham sO mii, Ny N=—2=N,e* 2 +N, +6 hat nhin phéng xa 6 thoi diém ban du, + mg: khOi long phéng xa 6 thai diém ban di,nt sian ? “FN 280 hat nhiin phong xa in2 _ 0,693 r 7 S. Phong xa nhdn tao (UNG DUNG) :ngudi ta thudng ding cdc hat nhd (thudng 1a notron) bin vao céc hat nhin 4€ tao ra cdc hat nhin phéng xa cla cée nguyén 16 binh thudng.So do phin img thong dhudng lic 2X + ga “EX! © Trong do = |2 gor fa héing sd phing xa dac meng cho tig logt chdt phing xa “2X ta déng vi phéng xa.cia 2X. “EX duge tron vio ZX véi mot ti I nbit dinh. “4X phat ra tia phong xa durge ding lim nguyén tir dn déu,giip con ngubi khéo sat sy van chuyén,phan bé ,t8n toi cia nguyén tir X Phuong phap nguyén tir danh diu duge ding nhiéu trong y hoe,sinh hoe,...'°C duge ding dé dinh tudi cic thye vat da chét , nen ngudi ta thuong ndi "fC ta déng h cia tri dt PHAN UNG PHAN HACH 1. Phan tong phiin hach a) Phanviting phn hack \a phin img trong dé mét hgt nhin ning vé think hai hat nbn 06 sé khditrung binh ( kém theo mt vai notton phat ra). Q rie ninnes pom 3) Phan ting phan hach kich thich : Muén xy ra phin img phin hoch véi hat nhin X, ta phai truyén cho 6 mot ning lngng ti thigu ( goi la nang lieong kich hogt ); Phuong phip d& nhét la cho X hap thu mét notron, chuyén sang trang thai kich thich X” khdng bén vimg va xy ra phan hach ‘du: In + 235u —238u"5 25y 4 1843! Vidy: Jn + 735U 9 73$u' > Sy '81+3(fm)+y+200 Mev. 2 Nang lung phin hach a) Phin ing phan kach: Wi phan img téa ning lwong, ning rome 6 goi li ning long phiin hach ( phan lon nang lcong gida — M%0%' hang trong phin hach lé déng nang ede minh). ) Phan ting phan hach déy ehuvén: Gia sit mt lin phan hach c6 ke notron duge gidi phing dn kich thich ede hat nin 235U — mmvenme tao nén nhiing phan hach méi. Sau n lan phin hach lign tiép, s6 notron gidi phéng 14 k” va kich thich k” phan hach méi + Khik> I phan ting diy chuyén tr duy tr. ning rg téa 1 khéng di, 6 thé kiém soat urge Ki k<1 phim ig diy chuyén titan, <> | nang lugmg t6a ra tng nhanh, 6 thé gay bing nd Viy, dé phan ing phan hach dy chuyn tur duy tri (2 1) thi kisi teomg ctia chit phan hach phat dat mt gid tr) tdi shiéu goi |i Khoi leggy 163 han. (Vi dy v6 °U, Khoi emg t6i han khoang 15 kg ). 3. Phin ing phan hach co diéu khién. Phan img phan hach day chuyen c6 diéu khién (k= 1 ) duge thu hign trong cfc 16 phan uw ing hat nhiin. Nang lugng 16a ra tir Id phan ting kh6ng d4i theo thoi gian a & PHAN UNG NHIET HACH 1. Co-ché phiin ting nit hach | a) Phin img nhiét hach li phan img trong d6 2 hay nhiéu hat nhin mhe tng hop lai ‘thanh mét hat nbn nang hon. 1b) Dieu kien thuc hign zAé c6 phan ting nhigt hach xay ra @ He r35 Mev — Nhiét dé cao khoang, 50 trigu d6 dén!00 trigu dé. n+ 181 Mev — Mit dé hat nhan (n ) trong plasma phai dit Kin,— Tho gian (+) duy tri trang thai plasma é nhigt dé cao 100 trigu d6 phai di lon, s { nz=(10" +10" 2 Nang twyng nhiét hach : Phan tong nhige hach la phan sing rod nang lang. + Nguoi ta quan tim dén cae phan img: jH+7H > Site; 1+ fH fue; ju+ fH due + ja + 17.6MeV + Tinh theo m@t phan Gng thi phan img nhigt hach to ra ning lugng it hon phin dmg phan ach, nhung tinh theo {Khoi long nin ligu thi phan tng nhigt hach toa ra nang Iurong nhigu hom phan ing phan hach. + Nang lugng nhigt hach la nguén gée nang lugng eta hau hét ede vi sao. 3 Nag lwgng nhigt hach tren Trdi Dat: + Neudi ta da tao ra phan img nbigt hach trén Trai Bt Khi thir bom H va dang mghién etic tao ra phan ding nhigt em’ ¥ hhach c6 digu khién, oe + Nang heong nhiét hach trén Trai Dét c6 wu diém Khéng gay 6 nhiém ( sach ) sé ld nguén natng lngng cua thé ky 21. nguyén ligu d6i dio ——HET—1. DAO DONG. . 1. Bie dmg cay dingo i ban tong ig a, pd ip a ‘nhiu Kin quanh vi tri edn bing, 2. Dao ding tuin hoin + La dao déng_ma sau nhing khodng thoi gian bing nhau nhit dinh vat té lai vj tri va chigu chuyén dng nur ed (tro Jai trang thai ban dw). + Chu ki dao ddng: Va khodng thai gian ngin nhdt 48 trang thAi dao dng lip Iai nhur efi hog ld khosing thai gian vit thye hign mét dao dng toan phen. 2a _ At “oN + Tin sé li's6 dao dong toan phin ma vat thy hign duge trong mot gifiy hod 1a dai lung nghich dao cua chu vei|f= i 2-4 (Hi) hay @ 2 =20s(rd/) I DAO DONG pIbU HOA: 1, Dinh nghia; Dao dng éigu hda la dao dng trong dé li 49 cia vat li mt him cosin (hode sin) ct théi gian, T ('s) voi N 1a s6 dao déng thuc hign trong thoi gian At 2. Phuong trink dao dong |x = Acos(od +@)). (cm) hofie (m) Voi >» Cite dai lugng dae tung trong dao déng digu hoa: + Lidg x(mmcm) (\oa dé) ca vat; cho biét dé Iéch va chiéu Igch eta vat so voi VTCB O. © Bign 9 A> O(nscm) (dd lin li d6 eure dai cia vat); cho bist d9 Igeh eye dai cia vgt so vi VICB O. # Pha ban din g(rad)): xic dnt lid x véo thoi diém ban diu 1, =O hay cho bid rang thi ban diu cia vit ‘ao thai diém ban diu f, =0 . Khi de: x, = Acosp * Pha dao dong (ar +)(rad): xéc din li d6 x vao thei diém thay cho bidt trang thai dao dong (vi tri va et chuyén déng) cita vat 6 thai diém # Tan sé g6c o (rad/s): cho bidt tc d6 bién thitn g6cphA. Véi 3. Plucong trink van the eta vat dao ding diéu hia Van te: v=" =! [p ~oAsin(ort@) = oAeos(or+ +5) (0 ) rc (™) di Nhgn xét: # Van tbe cita vit lndn cig chigu v6i chigu chayén déng:; vét chuyén d6ng theo chigu duomg => v >0: vt chuyén dng ngage chitu dong => v <0: * Van tc ciia vit dao dgng diéu hia bign thign digu héa cling tn s6 nhung sém pha hon e 0 véi voi li dd cn bing, t6c doi chiéu tai vi tri bién; li dé déi dau khi qua vi % Ovitiibién (x, =A); BO én v,,, oA, * — Qu¥ dao dao déng diéu hoa la mét doan thing, 4. Phuong trink gia toc ea vat dao déng diéu hoa * Oviuicin bing (x, =0): BO I6a ly, dv : Gia the 0 =© = v' ="; [a=— 0 Acostan+ hay a=0'Acos(or+ 0.2) (°m/.) nose (1/.) af @Acos(at + 9) 1y a= oF Acos( ona) (em/,) (™% & Nhdn dt: % Gia tée cua vat dao déng digu héa bien thién didu hoa cing tn s6 nhung nguge pha vai li dé hoge sém pha = so voi van tbe, © Veoto gia tée ludn huéng vé VICB O vi c6 dé lém ti If v6i d9 lon cia Lid. * G vit bign (x,,, = +A), gia téc 06 a Ion cue dai: |a,,..|= 0" +O vitricin bing (x,,, = 0), sia tbe bing a, =0Ahi wit ehuyen ding tt VTCB ra bign iil val chuyen dong chim dan => v.a-<.0 hey a viv tri daw. * Khivét chuyén dong tit bién vé VICB thi vat chuyén déng nhanh dén = v.a>0 hay ava v cing ddu, 3. Lie trong dao dng diéu hoa : © Dinh nghia: i hop lye cha tit ed ede Ive tac dung lén vat dao dng digu hoa én goi la we kéo vé hay Iye hdi hve. © Die diéms = Ludn hudng vé VTCB O. = Céd6 lin ti 18 véi li d6 nhumg 06 dw tri du véi li d6 x Ax =—m.ar" x=—m.er Acos(@t+@).(N) # Lye kéo vé cia vat dao dng diéu hoa bign thign diéu hoa cing tin 36 nhumg nguge pha véi li dé (cling pha véi gia tc). ® Vecto hue kéo vé déi chigu khi vat qua VICB O va e6 d6 Lom ti 18 thudn vdi dé Ién ciia gia t6e, + Gvitibin(x, =A) =/F,,| * OvitiCBO(x,,, =0) =>|,,[= lx, 6. Dé thi ctia dao dong diéu hoa : ~ Gia sit vat dao d6ng diéu héa c6 phuong trinh li: x = Acos(ax + 9) taduge: ~ Dé don gin, ta chon 9 = Sy ax'=-Aesinoar= Ameoster +2) t 0 [v4 T2 a4 T x A fo 7 0 A v 0 | -oA 0 aA a -oA [0 oA 0 ‘DO thi cia dao dong digu ha li mot dudng hinh sin. * BO thi cing cho thay sau mdi chu ki dao dOng thi toa d6 x, van te v va gia te a lap lai wid tri et * CHUY: © DO thi ciia vtheo x: > BS thi c6 dang elip (ED. © Dd thjciiaatheo x: —> DS thi e6 dang la doan thang. + DB thi ciiaa theo v: | —> D4 thi e6 dang elip (E). Cong thite de lap véi thi gian: ©) Gitatoad va nth: som pha hon x66 74) xv Hay te @A? ot AP o 8. Dao ding ne do (dao dong riéng) + La dao dng ci hi iy ra dusi tic dung chi cia ndi luc + Ta dao dng c6 tin s6 (tin 86 go, chu kj) chi phu thude ede dae tinh eda hé khdng phu thade cée yéu 6 ben ngod, é gitia dao ding diéu hoa vi chuyén ding trim déu: Xét mot chat diém M ehuyén déng tron d&u trén mot during tron tim O, ban kinh A nhur inh vé. + Tai thai diém t= 0 : vi tri cia chat diém la My, xde dinh boi goe @+ Tai thai diém t : vi tri cia chat dim la M, xéc dinh bai gée (wt +«p) + Hinh chiéu eta M xudng truc xx’ la P,€6 toa dé x: x= OP =OMcos(wt +9) Hay: x=A.cos(ot +) Ta thay: hinh chiéu P cia chat diém M dao déng diéu hoa quanh diém O. > Kéttn a) Khhi mot chat diém chuyén dng déu trén (O, A) véi tde d6 26e @, thi chuyén dong cia hinh chiéu cha chat diém xu6ng m@t truc bat ki di qua tim O, nim trong mat phang quy dao li mot dao dong dicu hoa. bb) Neuve lai, mt dao déng digu hod bit ki, €6 thé coi nhur hinh chigu cia mét chuyén déng tron déu xuéng mét 0. Ta noi dai lugng 2 nhanh pha(hay sém pha) hon dai lxgng 1 hoe dai lugmg 1 chim phathay tupha) so véi dai lurgng 2. = AP=9,~, <0. Ta ndi: dai hugng. 2 chm pha (hay tr8 pha) hon dai hegne 1 hose nawge Ia. + Ag=2kzr. Ta néi: 2 dai luong cing pha. - Ag=(2k +1). Tandi: 2 dai hugng nauoe pha. - p= (2k IE Ta ndi: 2 dai lugng vwudng pha, «a séim pha hon v ade 7: a nguete pha so véi x. CHU DE 2. CON LAC LO Xt 4. LY THUYET 1. Cita tao: Con tie 16 x0 gbm mit Io xo 06 dé img k, khdi long khéng dng ké, mét dau gin o6 dink, dé kia gin Gi vat nding khdi lurgng m duge dat theo phurong ngang hoge treo thang dmg, + Con lie Io xo Li mot hé dao déng dieu hoa. . . 2 Lage kéo vé: Lue gay ta dao déng dig hda hudn ludn hurdng vé vi tri edn bing va dure poi li lec kéo ve hay’ fee Adi phuC. Lyre kéo vé 6 d6 lém ti Ié v6i li dé va lA Ie gay ra gia téc cho vat dao déng diéu hoa. Biéu thite dai s6 ctia lye kéo ve: = ma — Luc kéo vé cita con lic 16 xo khong phu thude v 3. Phuong trink dao dong: x = A.cos(oi + 9). Vo. © Chu ki va tan sé dao ding cia con lic 1d x0: T an] ha r=? Le o NK 2n_2nVm 4. Nang lwong cita con lie lb.x0 a) Bong ndngciia vat (1+) by Tid nang cia var, W,= Lx? 5 KA? cos*(cot +) Nim Ngang Thing Dims.2 . — nén bigu thire dng nding va thé nang sau khi ha bac la ww wieWw i 1 2 Wee east at +20); Eas + os(2e +29). Voi W =F mor A Sk AY Vay déng ning va thé nang cin vie dao dng didu hia bin thidn v6i dinsé pie @’=2a, tin ob P=2f va chu i rel pa dao dong le hy Pin trén) Co nang wa con He 1b x0 khng phy thuge vio ee ; ni luong vt }C (Vi tri lo xo khéng bién dang) Co ning cua con lie dirge bao toan néu bé qua L, ‘moi ma sat, Al k.noh 0 (Vi tri cain bing) Déng ning ctia vat dat eye dai khi vit qua VTCB ‘va eye tiéu tai vi tri bién. ‘Thé nang cia vat dat cue dai tai vi tri bién. va cue ‘gu khi vat,qua VICB. ita Lae din hi Kh vit 6 vi tri ei dx. mage ser, - Hingauit. [Eo [a o Diu (+) khi chigu duong eta truc toa dé hudng xuéng dud Diu (—) khi ehigu durong cia truc toa d6 hnndng len trén li d6 bién dang ciia 16 xo(tinh tr vi ti C) dén VICB O. AI=Al, +. ki d6 bién dang cia 16 xo(tinh tr vi ti C) dén vi ti val €6 li do x. X IAT dé cia vit(dtroe tinh tir VICB O) Fa in K(Al+A) Le din hdi eye dai khi vt 6 vi ti thip abdt cia qu’ dao( Bién dusi) Lye din hi eye tiéu. + Khi/ AZ AL Evan = 9) Lye din hdi cue tiéu khi vat 6 vi tri ma 16 xo khOng bién dang, Khi dé AT 0—>| = Khi|A

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• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

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  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

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• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

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