Solution Manual for Interactive Statistics (Classic

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Solution Manual for Interactive Statistics (Classic Version), 3rd Edition, Martha Aliaga

rd
Interactive Statistics 3 Edition: Chapter 8 Full Solutions
8.1
(a) The sampling distribution of a statistic is the distribution of the values of the statistic in all possible samples of
the same size from the same population. We often generate the empirical sampling distribution using some form
of simulation.

8.2
(a) Estimators I and II. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the statistic equals the population parameter Ο ,
then the statistic is an unbiased estimator. Estimators I and II are unbiased as the means of their distributions
equal the population parameter Ο .
(b) Estimator I. Although Estimator II is also unbiased, Estimator I has a smaller variance.
(c) Estimator III. Estimator III has the smallest variability. Look at the range.
(d) Estimator III. There is a trade-off between unbiasedness and low variability. Estimator I may be preferable
because it is an unbiased estimator. However, the value of all the sample estimates from Estimator III’s
distribution will be close to the population parameter Ο . If the amount of bias is, available the bias may be
corrected.

8.3
The answer is (b).

8.4
(a) (i)decreases. The standard deviation for a sample of size n is:
p (1 − p ) .85(1 − .85)
=
n n
Since the numerator is fixed, as the denominator increases, the overall value of the standard deviation
decreases. Here is the standard deviation computed for various sample sizes:
n Standard Deviation
10 0.112915898
20 0.079843597
50 0.050497525
100 0.035707142
The decrease in the standard deviation makes sense. Since our sample is taken from a population of adults, the
more elements included in our sample (i.e., the larger the n) means that more elements from our population of
adults are being examined. Therefore, the error between the each value of the sampling distribution and the
mean of the sampling distribution will decrease as n increases.
(b) (iii) stays the same. Since sample proportion is an unbiased estimator, the mean of the sampling distribution
equals the population parameter. Therefore, the size of the sample n should not affect the mean of the sampling
distribution.
(c) (iv) both (ii) and (iii). As n increases, the sampling distribution eventually looks like the normal distribution
with mean = p and standard deviation = p(1 − p) / n . The standard deviation decreases as n increases, thus
each individual value of the sampling distribution is closer to the true proportion (the mean of the sampling
distribution).

8.5
(a) Histogram C because X takes on only two values, 0 and 1, with probabilities of 0.80 and 0.20.
(b) Histogram B because we know with a large sample size the distribution of the sample proportion will be
approximately normal, centered at the true p = 0.20.

8.6
You take all the possible random samples of size n from your population. For each of these samples you calculate
pˆ . The sampling distribution of pˆ is the frequency plot of those pˆ values.

Solutions to All Exercises 379

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8.7
(a) Yes.
(b) Yes.
(c) No, since np < 5.

8.8
(a) pˆ has approximately a N(0.6, 0.07746) distribution.
P( pˆ ≥ 0.75) = P(Z ≥ 1.94) = 0.0264; or normalcdf(0.75, E99, 0.6, 0.07746) = 0.0264.
(a) P( pˆ ≤ 0.25) = P(Z ≤ -4.52) = nearly 0; or normalcdf(-E99, 0.25, 0.6, 0.07746) = 0.000003.

8.9
Note that pˆ ≈ N(0.50, 0.025) so P( pˆ ≤ 0.45) = P(Z ≤ -2) = 0.0228;
or normalcdf(-E99, 0.45, 0.5, 0.025) = 0.02275.

8.10
(a) The distribution will be approximately normal with a mean of 0.49, and a standard deviation of
0.49(0.51)
= 0.04999.
100
(b) P(number of men is 41 or fewer) = P( pˆ < 0.41) = P( Z < -1.60) = 0.0548;
or normalcdf(-E99, 0.41, 0.49, 0.04999) = 0.0548.

8.11
Answer is (c).

8.12
(a)
Approximately
Ν(0.60, 0.049 )

0.60 Sample proportions

(b) (i) (0.6 - 0.049, 0.6 + 0.049) => (0.551, i0.649)
(ii) (0.6 - (2)(0.049), 0.6 + (2)(0.049)) => (0.502, 0.698)
(iii) (0.6 - (3)(0.049), 0.6 + (3)(0.049)) => (0.453, 0.747)
(c) From part (b) we see that a value of 0.50 is a little more than two standard deviations below the mean of 0.60.
Thus, it is not likely to see a value of 0.50 (or even smaller) if the proportion in the population were 0.60.
⎛ 0.50 − 0.60 ⎞
P ( pˆ ≤ 0.50) = P⎜ Z ≤ ⎟ = P(Z ≤ −2.04 ) = 0.0207.
⎝ 0.049 ⎠
(d)
Approximately
Ν(0.60, 0.24 )

0.60 sample proportions

(i) Both are centered at 0.6, but the spread is greater with a smaller sample size.
The spread decreases as the sample size increases.
(ii) Each of the ranges in part (b) (i) would be smaller since the standard deviation is smaller.

380 Chapter 8
8.13
(a) Approximately normal with mean of 0.85 and standard deviation of 0.0357.
(b) The sample proportion is 90/100 or 0.90.
(c) p-value = P( pˆ ≥ 0.90) = P(Z ≥ 1.40) = 0.0808; or normalcdf(0.90, E99, 0.85, 0.0357) = 0.0807.
(d) Since the p-value is > 0.05, the new method is not significantly more accurate at a 5% significance level.

8.14
(a) pˆ ≈ N(0.5, 0.5(0.5) / 300 ) => N(0.5, 0.0289).
ˆ ≥ 0.56) = P(Z ≥ (0.56 – 0.50)/ 0.0289) = P(Z ≥ 2.08) = 0.0188; or using
(b) pˆ = 168/300 =0.56; p-value = P( p
normalcdf(0.56, E99, 0.50, 0.0289).
(c) Reject the null hypothesis because the p-value is less than 0.05.

8.15
(a) The true standard deviations are given by:
n = 50, p = 0.1 standard deviation = 0.0424; n = 50, p = 0.3 standard deviation = 0.0648;
n = 50, p = 0.7 standard deviation = 0.0648;
n = 50, p = 0.5 standard deviation = 0.0707; n =100, p = 0.5 standard deviation = 0.050.
(b) and (c) Answers will vary.

8.16
(a) The sample size, n, equals 20. The expected number of yes answers is (20)(0.6) = 12.
(b) Draw a random number between 1 and 10. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 correspond to a yes response while the
numbers 7, 8, 9, 10 correspond to a no response. Repeat 20 times to get a sample of 20 responses.
(c) The actual responses obtained depend on how you pick the random numbers (i.e., the seed used or starting
point) Here is one simple random sample of size n = 20.
Random number: 2 1 2 1 9 6 10 1 3 3 7 10 5 7 4 4 7 6 5 4
Response: Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y N N Y N Y Y N Y Y Y
(i) There were 14 yes responses.
(ii) The sample proportion is 14/20 = 0.7.
(iii) Not necessarily, since for the next simple random sample the random numbers are going to be different
from the present ones.
(d) For 50 samples, each of size 20, the following table of results was obtained.
Number of Sample Frequency Proportion of
yes responses Proportion all trials
0 0.00 0 0
1 0.05 0 0
2 0.10 0 0
3 0.15 0 0
4 0.20 0 0
5 0.25 0 0
6 0.30 0 0
7 0.35 1 0.02
8 0.40 3 0.06
9 0.45 4 0.08
10 0.50 5 0.10
11 0.55 6 0.12
12 0.60 13 0.26
13 0.65 8 0.16
14 0.70 5 0.10
15 0.75 3 0.06
16 0.80 1 0.02
17 0.85 1 0.02
18 0.90 0 0
19 0.95 0 0
20 1.00 0 0
TOTAL 50 1.00

Solutions to All Exercises 381

(e) (i) Smallest number of yes responses in any one sample = 7.
(ii) Largest number of yes responses in any one sample = 17.
(iii) Most likely sample proportion of yes responses = 0.60.
(iv) The distribution is concentrated around p = 0.60; sample proportion become less and less likely as they
deviate more and more from 0.60.
(f) (i) 0.10
(ii) 0.02 + 0.06 + 0.08 + 0.10 = 0.26
(iii) 0.16 + 0.10 + 0.06 = 0.32
(iv) 0
(g) Decrease, since an increase in the sample size will make the sampling distribution of the sample proportion
even more concentrated around p = 0.60.
(h) For n = 40, repeat part (d). The results are shown below. The frequency is 0 for any number of yes responses
not shown in the table.
Number of Sample Frequency Proportion of
yes responses Proportion all trials
18 0.450 1 0.02
19 0.475 2 0.04
20 0.500 2 0.04
21 0.525 4 0.08
22 0.550 5 0.10
23 0.575 7 0.14
24 0.600 8 0.16
25 0.625 7 0.14
26 0.650 5 0.10
27 0.675 4 0.08
28 0.700 3 0.06
29 0.725 1 0.02
30 0.750 1 0.02
TOTAL 50 1.00
(i) Smallest number of yes responses in any one sample = 18.
(ii) Largest number of yes responses in any one sample = 30.
(iii) Most likely sample proportion of yes responses = 0.60.
(iv) The distribution is again concentrated around p = 0.60 and looks more symmetric; sample proportions
become less likely as they deviate more and more from 0.60. For part (f) with n = 40 we get the following
answers: (i) 0, (ii) 0, (iii) 0.10 + 0.08 + 0.06 + 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.28, (iv) The chance for all the 40 people to
think that it is important to control information on the internet is 0.

8.17
False. The central limit theorem states that for simple random samples of size n, where n is large, the distribution of
X is approximately normal, it will not be exactly normal. The approximation is better for larger the sample size.

8.18
X is N(69, 2.5)
(a) X is N(69, 2.5/3) => N(69, 0.833)
(b) X is N(69, 2.5/10) => N(69, 0.25)
(c) The sampling distribution in (b) has smaller variance.

382 Chapter 8
8.19
(a) Since X is N(1250, 150), the probability is
⎛ 1200 − 1250 1400 − 1250 ⎞
P(1200 < X < 1400) = P⎜ <Z< ⎟ = P(− .33 < Z < 1) = 0.4719
⎝ 150 150 ⎠
or with normalcdf( 1200, 1400, 1250, 150) = 0.4719.
(b) Since X is N(1250, 150/6), the probability is
⎛ 1200 − 1250 1400 − 1250 ⎞⎟
( )
P 1200 < X < 1400 = P⎜
⎜ 150 36
<Z< = P(− 2 < Z < 6) = 0.9772
⎝ 150 36 ⎟⎠
or with normalcdf(1200, 1400, 1250, 25) = 0.9772.
(c) The probability in part (b) is higher since the distribution of X is more concentrated around 1,250 (i.e. has a
smaller standard deviation) than that of X.

8.20
X is N(14,1)
Sketch:
Approximately
Ν(14, 1)

14 Sample means

8.21
⎛ 240 − 170 ⎞
(a) P( X > 240) = P⎜ Z > ⎟ = P(Z > 2.33) = 0.0098 or with normalcdf((240, E99,170, 30) =
⎝ 30 ⎠
0.0098.
(b) X is N( 170, 30/2) so the standard deviation is 15.
⎛ 190 − 170 ⎞
( )
(c) P X > 190 = P⎜ Z > ⎟ = P(Z > 1.33) = 0.09121 or with normalcdf(190, E99, 170, 15) =
⎝ 15 ⎠
0.09121.

8.22
(a)
Approximately
Ν( 28, 1 )

28 sample
(b) (i) (28 - 1, 28 + 1) => (27, 29)
(ii) (28 - (2)(1), 28 + (2)(1)) => (26, 30)
(iii) (28 - (3)(1), 28 + (3)(1)) => (25, 31)

Solutions to All Exercises 383

(c)

Approximately
Ν(28 , 0.25 )

28 sample
(i) Both are centered at 28, but the spread is greater with a smaller sample size The spread decreases as the
sample size increases.
(ii) Each of the ranges in part (b) (i) would be smaller (narrower).
(d) A value of 26 is eight standard deviations below the mean of 28. Thus, it is highly unlikely to see a sample
mean value of 26 (or smaller) if the population mean were 28.

8.23
Fail to operate implies that the total weight exceeds 5000 or equivalently that the average or mean weight exceeds
⎛ 555.6 − 540 ⎞⎟
(
555.6. The probability is P X > 555.6 = P⎜⎜ Z > ) = P(Z > 1.04 ) = 0.1492
⎝ 45 9 ⎟⎠
or using normalcdf( 555.6, E99, 540, 15) = 0.1492.

8.24
(a)

Ν(−1,2)

−1 Z

(b) (i) X is N(-1, 2/10).

(ii)

Ν(−1, 0.2)

−1 Z

(iii) P( X > -0.9) = P( Z > (-0.9 + 1)/ 0.2) = 0.3085, or normalcdf(-0.9, E99, -1, 0.2) = 0.3085.

8.25
(a) Histogram C.
(b) Histogram F.

384 Chapter 8
8.26
(a) No. The area to the left of 4 is not equal to the area to the right of 4.
(b) No. The median is greater than the mean because we have a left skewed distribution.
(c) The answer is Histogram C. By the central limit theorem.

8.27
(a) 0.61
(b) E(X) = 1.2
(c) X will have a N(1.2, 0.9/10) distribution.
(d) P( X < 1) = normalcdf(-E99,1,1.2,.9/10) = 0.013134

8.28
(a) X is U(8,16); P(X > 13) = 3/8.
(b) X is N(12, 2.3/ 50 ), that is, N(12, 0.325).
P( X > 13) = P( Z > ((13-12)/0.325) = 0.0011, or normalcdf(13, E99, 12, 0.325) = 0.00105.
(c) We cannot guarantee normality with n = 10, n at least should be 30.

8.29
Note that the total number of tickets desired being less than or equal to 220 is equivalent to having the sample mean
number of tickets desired for 100 students being less than or equal 2.2. The sample mean has a N(2.1, 0.2)
distribution and the probability is given by: P( X ≤ 2.2 ) = P(Z ≤ 0.5) = 0.6915 or use normalcdf(-E99, 2.2, 2.1, 0.2).

8.30
(a) The population mean is 4.
(b) The population variance is 2.667.
(c) The completed table is given below:

Observed sample Sample Sample Variance Sample Variance

of size n = 2 Mean (using n in denominator) (using n – 1 in denominator)
2, 2 2 0 0
2, 4 3 1 2
2, 6 4 4 8
4, 2 3 1 2
4, 4 4 0 0
4, 6 5 1 2
6, 2 4 4 8
6, 4 5 1 2
6, 6 6 0 0

(d) The average of the third column is 12/9 = 1.333, which is less than the population variance.
(e) The average of the fourth column is 24/9 = 2.667, which is equal to the population variance.
(f) The sample variance using n – 1 in the denominator is an unbiased estimator of the population variance.

8.31
(a) False.
(b) True.
(c) False.
(d) False.

Solutions to All Exercises 385

8.32
The sampling distribution of the median is the distribution of the values of the median in all possible samples of the
same size from the same population. We could generate the empirical sampling distribution by taking many
samples of the same size from a given population, calculate the median of each sample and make a histogram of the
sample medians.

8.33
(a) The answer is Histogram B.
(b) No. If the variability remains the same, the sampling distribution does not depend on the population size.

8.34
(a) Histogram C. The histogram should look approximately normal with a mean the same as the population mean,
0.30. This is portrayed in Histogram C.
(b) The answer is (iii): the sampling variability depends on the sample size, not on the population size.

8.35
The population proportion is p = 0.60.
So the sample proportion pˆ has approximately a N(0.6, .24 / 100 ) distribution, that is, p ˆ ≈ N(0.6, 0.049).
P( pˆ < 0.5) = P(Z < (0.5 – 0.6)/ 0.049 )= 0.0206, or using normalcdf(-E99, 0.5, 0.6, 0.049) = 0.0206. Thus it is very
unlikely to observe a pˆ < 0.50 for a random sample of size 100 if the true proportion is 0.60.

8.36
pˆ has approximately a N(0.42, 0.42(0.58) / 150 ) distribution, that is, N(0.42, 0.0403)
ˆ < 0.50) = P( (0.35 – 0.42)/0.0403 < Z < (0.50 – 0.42)/ 0.0403)
P(0.35 < p
= P(-1.74 < Z < 1.98) = 0.9761 – 0.0409 = 0.9352.
or use normalcdf(0.35,0.50,0.42, 0.0403) = 0.9352.

8.37
(a) The three remaining possible samples are: (9,1), (9,5), (9,9). The sample means for all nine possible samples
are: 1, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7, 5, 7, 9.
(b) 3/9.
(c) 5.

8.38
The answer is Histogram A. The histogram should look approximately normal with a mean the same as the
population mean, 60,000. This is portrayed in Histogram A.

386 Chapter 8
8.39
(a) The mean is 4 and the variance is 8.
(b) Using TI with Seed = 83 Using random number table with
row 10, column 1
Number 1 Number 2 Mean Number 1 Number 2 Mean
8 0 4 8 4 6
6 8 7 6 8 7
8 0 4 4 2 3
6 6 6 8 8 8
4 8 6 0 6 3
8 6 7 0 8 4
6 4 5 8 6 7
2 4 3 6 2 4
2 8 5 0 0 0
8 8 8 0 8 4
8 6 7 8 8 8
0 4 2 6 4 5
8 6 7 4 8 6
8 4 6 8 6 7
4 2 3 4 2 3
4 4 4 2 8 5
2 0 1 8 6 7
2 0 1 8 8 8
8 2 5 8 2 5
8 8 8 2 6 4
6 2 4 0 6 3
8 8 8 6 8 7
8 0 4 6 0 3
4 4 4 8 0 4
2 2 2 0 6 3

(c) Here are the histograms of the sample means of part (b):

Solutions to All Exercises 387

(d) Using TI with Seed = 124
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Mean
4 0 8 0 0 2.4
4 8 0 6 8 5.2
2 6 4 6 2 4.0
8 6 4 8 8 6.8
8 2 4 8 4 5.2
0 8 6 4 6 4.8
6 6 4 4 4 4.8
2 0 0 0 0 0.4
2 8 4 4 4 4.4
0 4 4 0 2 2.0
0 0 8 2 0 2.0
6 0 2 4 6 3.6
8 2 2 6 2 4.0
2 0 2 6 8 3.6
4 2 6 4 2 3.6
8 2 6 0 0 3.2
8 6 0 6 2 4.4
4 2 6 2 8 4.4
6 0 4 8 2 4.0
4 4 2 8 8 5.2
0 2 0 6 2 2.0
0 4 0 2 2 1.6
0 6 0 2 6 2.8
0 4 0 8 8 4.0
8 4 6 6 2 5.2

388 Chapter 8
Using the random number table with row 20, column 1:
Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Mean
0 0 6 6 2 2.8
8 8 0 8 4 5.6
2 6 8 0 6 4.4
6 6 8 8 6 6.8
0 2 8 4 6 4.0
0 4 8 8 6 5.2
0 2 6 2 8 3.6
0 4 4 8 6 4.4
6 2 4 8 8 5.6
2 8 4 4 6 4.8
0 2 0 6 8 3.2
0 2 2 0 4 1.6
4 2 2 8 0 3.2
4 2 6 6 6 4.8
6 0 4 2 8 4.0
2 4 6 4 8 4.8
4 2 2 2 4 2.8
2 4 0 4 0 2.0
0 2 0 6 6 2.8
4 6 8 2 6 5.2
8 4 8 0 6 5.2
6 4 6 2 2 4.0
4 2 2 6 0 2.8
4 4 2 2 6 3.6
2 6 0 2 4 2.8

(e) Here are the histograms of the sample means of part (d):

(f) The second plots have less variation about the mean. The data are more clustered around the true mean of 4.

Solutions to All Exercises 389

8.40
First note that X will be N(600, 100/ n ). Also note that the standard normal percentiles corresponding to having
95% in the middle are -196 and 1.96.
20 1.96(100)
(a) We have 100 = 1.96 , and solving for the sample size we have: n = Æ n = 96.04 or at least 97.
n
20
10 1.96(100)
(b) We have = 1.96 , and n= Æ n = 384.16 or at least 385.
100
n
10
5 1.96(100)
(a) We have = 1.96 , and n= Æ n = 1536.64 or at least 1537.
100
n
5
(d) As the desired accuracy of a sample mean at estimating a population mean increases, the sample size n must be
larger.

8.41
(a) 1 – (0.39 + 0.24 + 0.14 + 0.09 + 0.05 + 0.03) = 0.06.
(b) Histogram C. Since the sample size n is large, the distribution of the sample mean will be approximately normal
and centered at the population mean.

8.42
Let X represent red blood cell count. X is N(4500000 , 350000) distribution.
⎛ 5,000,000 − 4,500,000 ⎞
(a) P( X > 5,000,000) = P⎜⎜ Z > ⎟⎟ = P( Z > 1.43) = 0.0764
⎝ 350,000 ⎠
or use normalcdf(5000000,E99,4500000,350000) = 0.0764.
Approximately 7.6% of the females are expected to have a red blood cell count greater than 5,000,000 per mm3.
(b) We know that if X is normally distributed, then X is N(4500000, 350000/ 40 ).
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 4,400,000 − 4,500,000 ⎟
( )
P X ≤ 4,400,000 = P⎜ Z ≤
350,000
⎟ = P(Z ≤ −1.807 ) = 0.0354.
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠
or use normalcdf(4400000,E99,4500000,5539.86) = 0.0354.
(c) We know that X is N(4500000, 350000/ 20 ), that is, X is N(4500000, 78262.38). Since the mean =
(total/n), we have that the total = mean(n). Thus the distribution of the total will be normal with a mean of
4500000(20) = 90000000 and a standard deviation of 78262.38(20) = 1565247.6.

8.43
⎛ 180 − 173 ⎞
(a) P( X > 180) = P⎜ Z > ⎟ = P( Z > 0.2333) ≈ 0.4078
⎝ 30 ⎠
or use normalcdf(180,E99,173,30) = 0.4078.
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 180 − 173 ⎟
( )
P X > 180 = P⎜ Z >
30
⎟ = P(Z > 1.4) = 0.0808.
(b) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 36 ⎠
or use normalcdf(180,E99,173,5) = 0.0808.

390 Chapter 8
8.44
(a) We have that X = lifetime of light bulb. We do not know the distribution for X , but the company claims the
population mean µ is 750 hours and we are given that the population standard deviation σ is 120 hours. The
idea is to find the chance of getting a sample mean of 735 hours or something even less, if indeed the true
average is 750 hours. Since the sample size n = 100 is fairly large, we have that the distribution of X is
approximately N(750, 120/10). So the approximate chance is given by: normalcdf(-E99,735,750,12) or

( ) ⎛
P X ≤ 735 = P⎜ Z ≤
735 − 750 ⎞
12
⎟ = P(Z ≤ −1.25) = 0.1056.
⎝ ⎠
Thus, it is possible (about 1 in 10 chance) that an average of 735 hours (of something even less) would occur
even if the true mean is 750. The consumer agency may not have enough evidence to refute the manufacturers'
claim.
(b) For a normal distribution, approximately 95% of the values are within 2 standard deviations from the mean.
Thus, the "something" is equal to 2(12) = 24.

8.45
(a) X ~ N(100, 10 ) so the standard deviation is 1.429.
49
⎛ 95 − 100 ⎞
P( X ≤ 95) = P⎜ Z ≤ ⎟ = P( Z ≤ −3.5) = 0.0002
⎝ 1.429 ⎠
or normalcdf(-E99, 95 , 100, 1.429) ~ 0.00023.
(
(b) Find n such that P 98 ≤ X ≤ 102 = 0.95 .
)
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 98 − 100 102 − 100 ⎟
P⎜ ≤X ≤ ⎟ = 0.95
⎜ 10 10 ⎟
So we have ⎝ n n ⎠ .
102 − 100
Thus = 1.96 and 1.96( 10 ) = 2 . So n = 1.96(10)/2 = 9.8. So n must be at least 97.
10 n
n

8.46
Since the sample size n = 64 is somewhat large, we have that the distribution of X is approximately N(100, 8/8).

(
(a) P 98 < X < 100 = P⎛⎜ )
98 − 100
1
<Z<
100 − 100 ⎞
1
⎟ = P(− 2 < Z < 0) = 0.4772 or normalcdf(98,100,100,1).
⎝ ⎠
(b) Note Total < 6300 is the same as the mean of the 64 boxes is less than (6300/64) = 98.44. So

( )
⎛
P X < 98.44 = P⎜ Z <
98.44 − 100 ⎞
1
⎟ = P(Z < −1.56) = 0.0594
⎝ ⎠
or normalcdf(-E99,98.44,100,1).

8.47
No, the variability in the possible values of the sample mean is
smaller with a larger sample size. So the second organization
with the larger sample size will not be likely to get a higher
sample mean.

8.48
(a) and (b) To select 20 resamples we need to first assign a label
to each value of the actual sample: 3.2 = 1, 18.3 = 2,
0.5 = 3, 9 = 4, 0 = 5, 2.6 = 6. Using a seed value of 57540,
the 20 resamples, each of size n = 6 and their corresponding mean
are provided on the next page.

Solutions to All Exercises 391

Solution Manual for Interactive Statistics (Classic Version), 3rd Edition, Martha Aliaga

(c) and (d) Here is a histogram of these 20 resample means. The average of all 20 resample means is 5.2845, and
the bootstrap standard deviation is 1.746.
Numbers selected 4 4 2 3 1 4 Mean
Actual sample 9 9 18.3 0.5 3.2 9 8.167
Numbers selected 5 4 6 1 3 1 Mean
Actual sample 0 9 2.6 3.2 0.5 3.2 3.083
Numbers selected 6 1 1 4 3 4 Mean
Actual sample 2.6 3.2 3.2 9 0.5 9 4.58
Numbers selected 5 5 1 2 6 1 Mean
Actual sample 0 0 3.2 18.3 2.6 3.2 4.55
Numbers selected 1 2 5 4 3 1 Mean
Actual sample 3.2 18.3 0 9 0.5 3.2 5.7
Numbers selected 3 6 3 2 1 1 Mean
Actual sample 0.5 2.6 0.5 18.3 3.2 3.2 4.72
Numbers selected 2 6 3 4 5 1 Mean
Actual sample 18.3 2.6 .5 9 0 3.2 5.6
Numbers selected 6 4 2 5 3 1 Mean
Actual sample 2.6 9 18.3 0 0.5 3.2 5.58
Numbers selected 2 6 4 1 2 1 Mean
Actual sample 18.3 2.6 9 3.2 18.3 3.2 9.1
Numbers selected 2 5 2 5 6 5 Mean
Actual sample 18.3 0 18.3 0 2.6 0 6.53
Numbers selected 2 2 1 3 5 3 Mean
Actual sample 18.3 18,3 3.2 0.5 0 2.6 7.15
Numbers selected 3 6 5 6 2 5 Mean
Actual sample 0.5 2.6 0 2.6 18.3 0 4
Numbers selected 2 1 5 6 6 5 Mean
Actual sample 18.3 3.2 0 2.6 2.6 0 4.45
Numbers selected 6 2 5 4 1 4 Mean
Actual sample 2.6 18.3 0 9 3.2 9 7.02
Numbers selected 1 6 1 1 3 1 Mean
Actual sample 3.2 2.6 3.2 3.2 0.5 3.2 2.65
Numbers selected 4 1 2 6 1 1 Mean
Actual sample 9 3.2 18.3 2.6 3.2 3.2 6.58
Numbers selected 4 3 4 3 6 1 Mean
Actual sample 9 0.5 9 0.5 2.6 3.2 4.13
Numbers selected 4 1 3 6 5 3 Mean
Actual sample 9 3.2 0.5 2.6 0 0.5 2.63
Numbers selected 1 3 3 4 2 5 Mean
Actual sample 3.2 0.5 0.5 9 18.3 0 5.24
Numbers selected 4 1 1 3 3 4 Mean
Actual sample 9 3.2 3.2 0.5 0.5 9 4.23

8.49
Pablo is correct - as the size of each sample used increases, the sampling distribution has less variability. Eduardo is
also correct, the value of the parameter p does influence the variability for the sampling distribution of a sample
proportion.

392 Chapter 8

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