Coon Journey 5e TB Chapter06

Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the introduction to Chapter 6 in your textbook, Larry’s story about how he developed a fear of rats
was told. It seems that Larry learned to fear rats when he was a child as he observed his mother’s
extreme, irrational fear response upon seeing a rat. Larry developed his fear of rats through
a. classical conditioning.
b. vicarious classical conditioning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. insight learning.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
REF: Rats! / What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1 / 6.1.2
KEY: Application
2. Abstract “book learning” would be considered a form of

d. cognitive learning.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
KEY: Concept
3. Often, the most effective method of helping people to overcome their irrational fears is through
b. abstract “book learning.”
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
KEY: Concept
4. Learning is best defined as

a. any change in behavior.
b. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
c. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
d. any change in behavior caused by motivation.
REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.1
KEY: Fact
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5. Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of
a. motivation.
b. maturation.
c. experience.
d. all of these.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)
6. When Tenisha shows any relatively permanent change in her behavior as a result of some experience
she has had, she is exhibiting
a. reinforcement.
b. introspection.
c. motivation.
d. learning.
KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)
7. Psychologists define learning as

a. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
b. a temporary change in behavior due to one’s motivational state.
c. behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
d. the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable
behaviors.
KEY: Fact
8. Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Most human behavior is learned.
b. If you suddenly lost all you had ever learned, you would be unable to speak, feed yourself,
or find your way home.
c. Learning includes temporary changes in behavior as well as changes due to motivation
and fatigue.
d. There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning.
KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)
9. Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various
stimuli and/or responses?
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a. associative learning
b. insight learning
c. vicarious learning
d. cognitive learning
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
KEY: Concept
10. Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various
a. motives and drives.
b. reinforcements and punishments.
c. stimuli and responses.
d. expectancies and types of feedback.
11. Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would
be a type of __________learning.
a. insight
b. associative
c. vicarious
d. cognitive
KEY: Application
12. Forming a connection between the stimulus of seeing a particular food and the response of feeling
nauseous would be a type of __________learning.
a. insight
b. associative
c. vicarious
d. cognitive
13. Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
b. Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
c. Humans share the capacity for associative learning with many other species.
d. Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? OBJ: 6.1.2 / 6.1.3 / 6.1.4
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14. Which of the following types of learning consists of understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making
use of information-rich higher mental processes?
a. classical conditioning
b. respondent learning
c. cognitive learning
d. operant conditioning
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
KEY: Fact
15. Cognitive learning involves

a. responding to reinforcers and punishers.
b. learning through the consequences of responding.
c. forming simple associations between various stimuli and responses.
d. making use of information-rich higher mental processes.
16. If you are making use of information-rich higher mental processes, such as organizing various research
articles in writing your term paper, you are engaged in a complex form of
b. cognitive learning.
c. respondent learning.
d. operant conditioning.
17. Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of
b. associative learning.
c. cognitive learning.
KEY: Concept
18. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.
a. insight
b. associative
c. vicarious
d. cognitive
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KEY: Fact
19. The two types of associative learning are

a. classical conditioning and observational learning.
b. vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
c. classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
d. operant conditioning and cognitive learning.
KEY: Fact
20. Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a
particular behavior?
a. associative learning
b. insight learning
d. vicarious learning
21. Unlocking the secrets of associative of learning begins with noting

a. the level of motivation displayed by the respondent.
b. the level of maturation of the respondent.
c. whether vicarious learning has already occurred.
d. what happens before and after a particular behavior.

22. Events that occur just before a response are called

a. respondent stimuli.
b. consequences.
c. antecedents.
d. prologues.
KEY: Fact
23. When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home. The
sound of the truck would be a(n)
a. respondent stimulus.
b. consequence.
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c. antecedent.
d. prologue.
KEY: Application
24. The effects that occur just after a response are called
a. antecedents.
b. precursors.
c. stimuli.
d. consequences.
KEY: Fact
25. When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a
hug from her father. This hug is considered a(n)
a. antecedent.
b. precursor.
c. responding stimulus.
d. consequence.
KEY: Application
26. When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and
receives a hug from her father. This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley’s
response of running to the door?
a. strengthens
b. classically conditions
c. vicariously conditions
d. extinguishes
27. Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements
is/are TRUE?
a. Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
b. Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
c. Paying careful attention to the “before and after” of associative learning is a key to
understanding it.
d. All of these statements are true.
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28. Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that
reliably triggers a response?
a. observational learning
b. latent learning
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
29. Classical conditioning is based on

a. the consequences of making a response.
b. what happens before we respond.
c. punishments the organism receives.
d. the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.
30. An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n)

a. antecedent.
b. reflex.
c. consequence.
d. reinforcer.
KEY: Fact
31. The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)
a. antecedent.
b. reflex.
c. precursor.
d. secondary reinforcer.
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KEY: Concept
32. In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

a. stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
b. stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
c. spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
d. subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
KEY: Concept
33. In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?
b. operant conditioning
d. insight learning
KEY: Concept
34. An antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with a stimulus that does produce
the response in a type of learning known as
b. operant conditioning.
d. instrumental learning.
KEY: Concept
35. A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye. If we sound a horn before each puff
of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone. Thus, blinking to the horn
illustrates
a. an automatic, non-learned response.
b. learning by consequences.
c. classical conditioning.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
KEY: Application
36. If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a
cookie or a picture of cookie. Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates
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b. learning by consequences.
KEY: Application
37. In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to
take place?
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
d. instrumental learning
38. In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the
a. antecedents.
b. consequences.
c. latent reflexes.
d. punishers.
39. Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called
a. latent learning.
b. observational learning.
40. In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning
to take place?
c. insight learning
d. respondent learning
41. In operant conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the
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a. antecedents.
b. consequences.
c. latent reflexes.
d. punishers.
42. Operant conditioning is based on

a. the consequences of making a response.
b. what happens before we respond.
c. an association between two reflexes.
d. an association between stimuli.
43. Learning by consequences occurs during

a. respondent conditioning.
b. insight learning.
44. A response may be followed by a reinforcer, by punishment, or by nothing with these results
determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is
c. respondent conditioning.
KEY: Concept
45. If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more
often. This illustrates
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KEY: Application
46. Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates
a. the effect of reinforcement.
b. the effect of punishment.
c. a conditioned response.
d. an unconditioned response.
47. If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again. This
illustrates
a. an automatic, nonlearned response.
b. learning by an association of stimuli.
d. classical conditioning.
KEY: Application
48. Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates
a. the effect of reinforcement.
b. the effect of punishment.
c. a conditioned response.
d. an unconditioned response.
KEY: Application
49. Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov’s laboratory that led
him to the discovery of classical conditioning?
a. Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
b. Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths.
c. Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
d. Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.
REF: Classical Conditioning-Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?
OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Fact
50. Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of
a. operant conditioning.
b. reinforcement.
d. vicarious conditioning.
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51. Pavlov’s most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a
new stimulus?
a. salivate
b. blink
c. bark
d. regurgitate
52. A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell. Which of the
following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known?
a. instrumental conditioning
b. Pavlovian conditioning
c. respondent conditioning
53. Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

a. Pavlov.
b. Bandura.
c. Tolman.
d. Freud.
OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Concept
54. Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

a. reflexes.
b. short-term behavior.
c. negative behavior.
d. positive behavior.
55. In Pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog’s tongue was the
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned response.
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d. unconditioned response.
OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application
56. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the
a. neutral stimulus.
57. During and after conditioning, the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
with the dogs?
a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned response
OBJ: 6.2.1 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)
58. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, salivation to the food was the
a. conditioned response.
c. conditioned stimulus.
59. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the
60. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the
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a. food.
b. bell.
c. salivation to the food.
d. salivation to the bell.
61. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was the
a. food.
b. bell.
62. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the
a. food.
b. bell.
63. In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was the
a. food.
b. bell.
64. The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is
a. CS---US---UR.
b. US---CS---CR.
c. US---UR---CS.
d. CS---UR---CR.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
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65. In his experiments, Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented
a. just before the US.
b. at the same time as the US.
c. just after the US.
d. instead of the US.
66. To test the presence of classical conditioning, you would omit the
a. CS.
b. US.
c. CR.
d. S+.
67. To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an
experimenter would present the
a. bell alone.
b. meat powder alone.
c. bell, followed by the meat powder.
d. meat powder, followed by the bell.
68. When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that
already produces the response, then which of the following has occurred?
a. operant conditioning
b. instrumental learning
d. insight learning
69. Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called
b. vicarious learning.
c. observational learning.
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70. The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

b. conditioned stimulus.
c. unconditioned response.
d. classic response.
71. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally
elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. conditioned stimulus.
c. reflexive stimulus.
d. latent stimulus.
72. After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) in a series of
conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This learned behavior is then
termed the
b. latent stimulus.
c. unconditioned response.
d. conditioned response.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
73. A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)
a. unconditioned response.
b. conditioned response.
c. unconditioned stimulus.
d. neutral stimulus.
74. Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to
an auditory stimulus?
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a. deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
b. sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
c. follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
d. follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink
75. During classical conditioning, the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as the air is being
delivered to the eye. The clap is referred to as the __________ stimulus.
a. conditioned
b. unconditioned
c. latent
d. instrumental
76. If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the person will, after
several repetitions, learn to blink to the sound of the clap. Blinking to the sound of the clap would be
considered a
b. conditioned response.
c. spontaneous response.
d. conditioned stimulus.
77. Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning?
a. a rat learning to run through a maze correctly
b. a person learning to blink to the word “psychology”
c. a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano
d. a rat learns to press a bar to receive food
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78. Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike
soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the
shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in
pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every
time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, the sound of the flushing toilet would be the
a. conditioned response (CR).
b. conditioned stimulus (CS).
c. unconditioned response (UR).
d. unconditioned stimulus (US).
79. Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house. Mike
soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the
shower to become scalding hot. Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in
pain. After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every
time he hears any toilet flush. In this example, jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be
the
80. Every time Lisa’s dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he
associated the sound with the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is a
b. unconditioned response (UR).
c. conditioned stimulus (CS).
81. Although Sydney was not feeling very well, she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch.
After eating the food, she became very sick. Upon going to the doctor, she found out that it was a
stomach virus that had made her sick, not the food. However, the next time she went to the Chinese
restaurant and smelled the food, she immediately felt nauseous. In this story, the unconditioned
response (UR) was
a. the smell of the Chinese food.
b. the stomach virus.
c. getting sick due to the stomach virus.
d. getting sick to the smell of the Chinese food.
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82. Mollie loved to eat her grandmother’s pecan pie. However, as her grandmother got older, she had
difficulty picking out all the pecan shells, so some of the pieces got cooked into the pie. When Mollie
would bite into a piece of pecan shell in the pie, she would grab her jaw in pain. After several visits
eating “pecan-shell” pie, Mollie would grab her jaw before she even put a bite of pie in her mouth. The
pain (of biting a pecan shell) is the
83. After repeatedly pairing the appearance of a nurse in green scrubs with the painful experience of
getting a vaccination, the patient will react every time they see a nurse in green grubs enter the room.
In this example, the nurse in the green scrubs is a(n)
84. At a party, a friend of yours keeps popping balloons with a lighted cigarette. By the time he is about to
pop the fifth balloon, you notice that your muscles tense and you squint each time the cigarette nears
the balloon. Obviously,
a. the cigarette is a US.
b. the popping sound is a US.
c. squinting is a reinforcer.
d. shaping has occurred.
85. Michael is 12 years old and is undergoing chemotherapy treatment. After his first chemotherapy
treatment, Michael experienced nausea and vomiting. After several treatments, Michael now
experiences anticipatory nausea as soon as he enters the treatment room and before he receives the
chemotherapy. In this classical conditioning example, Michael’s initial chemotherapy treatment would
be considered the
b. unconditioned response.
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d. unconditioned stimulus.
86. Mina is ten years old and is undergoing chemotherapy. When she goes into the treatment center for her
fourth treatment, Mina experiences nausea before the treatment even begins. Her nausea had been
triggered by the sight of the treatment room. In this example, the treatment room was the
87. The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked-in
individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain-
damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state?
a. tongue placement
b. movement tics
c. eye blinks
d. lucid dreaming
OBJ: 6.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)
88. Eye blink conditioning can be accomplished with individuals in

a. a minimally conscious state.
b. a vegetative state.
c. both a minimally conscious and a vegetative state.
d. neither a minimally conscious nor a vegetative state.
89. What type of disordered conditioning did psychologist Diana Woodruff-Pak notice in patients six years
before other tests on these patients showed signs of dementia?
a. salivation
b. nose twitch
c. knee jerk
d. eye blink
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90. Psychologist Diana Woodruff-Pak noticed disordered eyeblink conditioning in patients six years
before other tests showed any declines in memory, judgment, language, and thinking abilities
associated with
a. multiple sclerosis.
b. dementia.
c. terminal cancer.
d. bipolar disorder.
91. Which part of the brain is most involved in eye blink conditioning?
a. corpus callosum
b. thalamus
c. cerebellum
d. hippocampus
92. Psychologist Joseph Steinmetz and his colleagues found that people with autism, obsessive compulsive
disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, and schizophrenia show unusual
a. salivation conditioning.
b. eye blink conditioning.
c. knee jerk responses.
d. tongue placement during speech.
93. Which of the following was NOT one of the conditions that psychologist Joseph Steinmetz found in
individuals who had unusual eye blink conditioning?
a. autism
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. adjustment disorder
d. fetal alcohol syndrome
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94. The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed
a. acquisition.
b. the instrumental step.
c. shaping.
d. latent learning.
REF: Principles of Classical Conditioning-Leonard Studies Lemon Juice
95. During training, a conditioned response must be established and strengthened during the period known
as
a. shaping.
b. the instrumental step.
c. acquisition.
d. latent learning.
96. Classical conditioning occurs when the

a. unconditioned stimulus (US) is followed by, or associated with, a conditioned response
(CR).
b. unconditioned stimulus (US) is preceded by the conditioned response (CR).
c. neutral stimulus (NS) is followed by, or associated with, an unconditioned stimulus (US).
d. unconditioned response (UR) occurs at the same time as the conditioned response (CR).
OBJ: 6.2.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)
97. To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny’s mouth. By
repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell. Conditioning
will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS. In this example, the US would be
a. the lemon juice.
b. the bell.
c. salivation to the bell.
d. salivation to the lemon juice.
98. To observe conditioning, one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny’s mouth. By
repeating this procedure several times, you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell. Conditioning
will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS. In this example, the CS would be
a. the lemon juice.
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b. the bell.
c. salivation to the bell.
d. salivation to the lemon juice.
99. For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be
a. a half second to five seconds.
b. 15 to 30 seconds.
c. 40 to 50 seconds.
d. one to two minutes.
100. Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned
stimulus (US)?
a. acquisitional training
b. higher order conditioning
c. shaping
d. extinction
101. In higher order conditioning, the

a. US is used as if it were a CS.
b. US is used as if it were a CR.
c. CS is used as if it were a UR.
d. CS is used as if it were a US.
102. In higher order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing
situation?
a. neutral stimulus
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b. unconditioned stimulus
c. discriminating stimulus
d. dual conditioned stimulus
103. Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell. We now clap our hands and
then ring the bell. Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of
a. the law of effect.
b. shaping.
c. higher order conditioning.
d. instrumental conditioning.
104. Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

a. pairing images which evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
b. sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement.
c. reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial.
d. repeating the same slogan over and over again.
105. A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot. If this same
nurse is paired with a thermometer, the child may also learn to fear the thermometer. This situation
demonstrates
a. higher order conditioning.
c. spontaneous recovery.
106. Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots.
Justin’s doctor has his office in a round brick building. Now any round brick building will elicit fear
and crying from Justin. Becoming fearful of round buildings because they were associated with his
doctor is an example of
a. shaping.
b. extinction.
c. vicarious conditioning.
d. higher order conditioning.
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107. In a television commercial, an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a
great time. The advertiser’s product, a new lite-beer, is prominently displayed in the scene. This
advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun. Therefore, when a college
student is in a store, he or she will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun. The advertiser is
depending on which of the following to sell his product?
a. higher order conditioning
b. shaping
c. response chaining
d. extinction
108. Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as
mental expectancies.
b. Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is
related to information that might aid survival.
c. According to this informational view, we look for associations among events and thoughts
about how the events are interconnected.
d. During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS.
109. The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two
events is known as
a. the law of effect.
b. the interactional view.
c. the informational view.
d. latent learning.
110. Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to
be
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a. “stamped-in” responses.
b. mental expectations about events.
c. automatic stimulus-response chains.
d. response chains.
111. In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we

a. expect that a certain response will be reinforced at certain times.
b. learn that a response was right and therefore worth repeating.
c. experience contingent responses.
d. expect the US will follow the CS.
112. According to the informational view, the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following
the CS. Thus, this view explains classical conditioning in terms of
a. reinforcement.
b. instrumental conditioning.
c. a mental expectancy.
d. a consequence.
113. Gina likes to upset Tim by scratching her fingernails against the chalkboard as she enters their
classroom. Now, whenever Gina enters a classroom that Tim is in, he automatically tenses up because
he expects her to scratch the chalkboard. This explanation of Tim’s behavior is consistent with
a. the informational view.
b. the interactionism theory.
c. the law of effect.
d. shaping.
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114. When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch
in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.
This explanation of your behavior is consistent with
a. the informational view.
b. the interactionism theory.
c. the law of effect.
d. shaping.
115. Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in
a. reinforcement.
b. generalization.
d. extinction.
116. Which of the following is the weakening of a conditioned response through the removal of the
connection between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?
a. stimulus generalization.
b. extinction.
d. stimulus discrimination.
117. If you ring the bell many times and do not follow it with lemon juice, Johnny’s expectancy that the bell
will precede the lemon juice will weaken. As it does, he will lose his tendency to salivate when he
hears the bell because which of the following has occurred?
a. stimulus generalization
b. extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. stimulus discrimination
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118. To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the
a. visual stimulus, then the bell, followed by the meat powder.
b. olfactory stimulus, then the bell, followed by the meat powder.
c. bell, followed by the meat powder.
d. bell alone.
119. What is meant by the statement, “Classical conditioning is a reversible process”?

a. A conditioned response can be extinguished.
b. An involuntary response will reverse during conditioning.
c. The conditioned response (CR) is the reverse of the unconditioned response (UR).
d. The conditioned response (CR) may elicit the unconditioned stimulus (US).
120. When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), which of the
following will eventually occur?
b. shaping
c. extinction
d. latent conditioning
121. After Pavlov had conditioned his dogs to salivate to the bell, he repeatedly presented the bell without
presenting the food. As a result, which of the following occurred?
b. stimulus discrimination
c. a spontaneous recovery
d. extinction
122. Mitzi’s cat has learned to meow every time it hears the can opener because Mitzi opened the cat food
using an electric can opener. The cat food now comes in pull-top cans, so the cat never receives food
after hearing the can opener. Mitzi’s cat stops meowing to the can opener, illustrating that which of the
following has taken place?
a. shaping
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b. extinction
d. negative reinforcement
OBJ: 6.2.6 KEY: Application MSC: www
123. After having a “fender-bender” at a particular intersection near work, Nancy had to go safely through
this intersection every day for two weeks before she stopped tensing up as she neared this intersection.
Being able to go through this intersection without becoming tense shows that Nancy’s fear has
undergone which of the following?
a. extinction
b. shaping
d. latent learning
124. After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is
called
a. adaptiveness.
b. expectation checking.
c. an extinction recovery.
d. a spontaneous recovery.
125. The reappearance of a previously extinguished response is known as

a. a stimulus generalization.
b. a spontaneous recovery.
c. shaping.
d. latent learning.
29
126. Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon
juice. After this conditioned response was extinguished, the experimenter presented the bell the
following day, and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell, at least at first. Johnny’s return to
the learned response is known as
a. latent learning.
b. response chaining.
d. stimulus control.
127. Through behavioral therapy, Jennifer was able to extinguish her fear of dogs and to actually pet a dog
without tensing up. However, Jennifer has a new neighbor with a large dog that growled at her the first
time she tried to pet it. Now, Jennifer’s fearfulness toward all dogs has returned. This reoccurrence of
her past fear is an example of
a. latent learning.
128. In classical conditioning, the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to (but not identical to) a
conditioned response is called
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. transfer of training.
129. In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. He
also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of
a. stimulus discrimination.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. extinction.
d. shaping.
30
130. Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon
juice. Johnny also salivates to the sound of a ringing telephone and to a doorbell, even though they
were never used as conditioning stimuli. Johnny’s salivation to the ringing telephone and to the
doorbell illustrate
c. extinction.
d. shaping.
131. While “playing” with a lighted candle, a child burned her finger. The candle flame, thus, becomes a
conditioned fear stimulus with the child also developing a healthy fear of other flames, such as those
from matches, lighters, fireplaces, and stoves. This fear of other flames developed because of
c. higher-order discrimination.
132. Jeffery’s first love was Mia, who had long blonde hair and big blue eyes. Alas, Mia’s family moved far
away from Jeffery’s little town. The next semester, there was a new girl in Jeffery’s ninth grade class.
Jeffery was immediately smitten with Lauren and her long blonde hair and beautiful blue eyes.
Jeffery’s immediate attraction to Lauren illustrates
a. response chaining.
b. stimulus discrimination.
c. extinction.
d. stimulus generalization.
133. Because three-year-old Susie was scratched by her neighbor’s furry black cat, she developed a phobia
for the cat as well as becoming fearful of any black, furry object, including her mother’s black fake fur
hat. Susie’s fear of her mother’s hat and any other furry black object demonstrates
31
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. negative transfer.
c. stimulus generalization.
134. We are more adaptable because learning is extended to related situations through
b. spontaneous recoveries.
c. extinction.
d. acquisitional conditioning.
135. As stimuli become less like the original conditioned stimulus (CS), an organism’s responding will
a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. remain exactly the same.
d. be unpredictable.
136. You condition a person to blink each time you play a particular mid-level note on a piano by delivering
a puff of air to the person’s eye. If you then play a very high note or a very low note on the piano and
do not deliver the puff of air, the person’s blinking will
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain exactly the same.
d. be unpredictable.
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137. Many stores carry imitations of nationally-known products in the hopes that the positive attitudes
already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs. If these positive
attitudes also occur with the cheaper knockoffs, then which of the following has occurred?
a. stimulus discrimination
b. stimulus generalization
c. extinction
d. spontaneous recovery
138. The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

a. stimulus degeneralization.
c. positive transfer of responding.
d. negative transfer of responding.
139. A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat of her neighbor’s. However, she still plays with her
grandmother’s short-haired gray tabby cat. Her response demonstrates
a. negative transfer.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus discrimination.
d. successive approximation.
140. A baby cries when it hears a stranger’s voice, but not when it hears its mother’s voice. This illustrates
d. response chaining.
141. A child shows fear when sitting in a dentist’s chair, but does not become frightened when he is placed
in the similar-looking barber’s chair. Regarding the two chairs, this child is exhibiting
c. stimulus discrimination.
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142. Micah is extremely afraid of rats, but not of hamsters or gerbils. Micah’s behavior illustrates
a. a spontaneous recovery.
d. latent learning.
143. Most children quickly learn to tell the difference between the voice tones of adults that are associated
with punishment from those associated with praise or affection. This learned ability is called
a. a spontaneous recovery.
d. place learning.
144. In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on

a. instrumental learning.
b. learned fears.
c. unconditioned reflex responses.
d. the consequences of responding.
REF: Classical Conditioning in Humans-An Emotional Topic OBJ: 6.3.1
KEY: Concept
145. Which of the following is a dependable, inborn stimulus-and-response connection?

a. reflex
b. operant
c. expectancy
d. cognitive map
KEY: Fact
146. Your hand draws back from pain, bright light causes the pupil of your eye to narrow, and a puff of air
directed at your eye will make you blink. All of these are examples of
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. neurological expectancies.
d. cognitive maps.
34
KEY: Concept
147. Classical conditioning tends to involve

a. reflexive-type behaviors.
b. learning by immediate consequences.
c. rewards more than punishments.
d. punishments more than rewards.
KEY: Fact
148. An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical
conditioning is called a(n)
a. conditioned emotional response (CER).
b. emitted stimulus behavior (ESB).
c. unconditioned cognitive emotion (UCE).
d. artificially-elicited emotion (AEE).
149. Lanita blushes when she is embarrassed or ashamed. This behavior was most likely formed in
childhood and would be classified by behaviorists as a
b. CAI.
c. discriminative stimulus.
d. CER.
150. As a child, you associated pain with a dentist’s office. In later visits, your heart began to pound and
your palms began to sweat before the dentist began any procedure. You are exhibiting a
a. rational fear based upon realistic dangers.
b. conditioned emotional response.
c. fear that was shaped by operant conditioning in childhood.
d. conscious attempt to act frightened in order to gain attention.
35
151. Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this
tune is always associated with a character being in danger. This situation illustrates
a. how shaping occurs.
b. the development of a conditioned emotional response.
c. the use of negative reinforcers.
d. how desensitization occurs.
KEY: Application
152. Many involuntary, autonomic system responses (“fight-or-flight” reflexes) are linked with new stimuli
and situations by
a. operant extinction.
b. classical conditioning.
d. instrumental acquisition.
KEY: Concept
153. Learned reactions worsen many cases of hypertension. For example, traffic jams and arguments with a
spouse can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure because these situations have become
a. conditioned stimuli.
b. conditioned responses.
c. unconditioned stimuli.
d. unconditioned responses.
KEY: Concept
154. One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs) is hitting them if they do
not come when called. Thus, “calling” the animal becomes which of the following for fear and
withdrawal?
a. a conditioned stimulus
b. a conditioned response
c. an unconditioned stimulus
d. an unconditioned response
KEY: Application
155. When parents belittle, scream at, or physically abuse their children, the parents, themselves, become
which of the following for fear and withdrawal?
a. conditioned stimuli
b. conditioned responses
c. unconditioned stimuli
36
d. unconditioned responses
KEY: Application
156. It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)
b. operant reinforcer.
c. response chain.
d. conditioned emotional response.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
157. Which of the following is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists?
a. compulsion
b. unconditioned reaction
c. phobia
d. neurosis
KEY: Fact
158. In 1920, which psychologist classically conditioned a young child named Little Albert to fear rats?
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. Albert Bandura
c. B.F. Skinner
d. John B. Watson
159. Many phobias can be traced back to a time when the person was frightened, injured, or upset by a
particular stimulus, especially in childhood, and would, thus, be based on
a. inherited familial patterns.
b. emotional conditioning.
c. operant extinction.
d. instrumental acquisition.
KEY: Concept
160. A phobia is best interpreted as a

a. rational fear based upon realistic dangers.
b. conditioned emotional response.
c. fear shaped by operant conditioning in childhood.
d. conscious attempt to appear frightened in order to gain attention.
37
KEY: Concept
161. Andy was in a severe automobile accident. Now he has a persistent unrealistic fear of any type of
transportation. This is an example of
a. a phobia.
c. vicarious operant conditioning.
d. vicarious classical conditioning.
KEY: Application
162. Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

a. cringing at the presence of a dog after being bitten many years before as a child
b. salivating to the sound of a bell
c. blinking when a puff of air is blown in your eye
d. running to catch a train
KEY: Application
163. Ms. Reed’s emotional reaction to her ordeal of being trapped in an elevator for several hours has
generalized to a fear of all enclosed spaces. This is an example of
a. operant response.
b. instrumental response.
c. a phobia.
d. a desensitization.
KEY: Application
164. Which of the following often spread conditioned emotional responses (CERs) to other stimuli, which
results in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia?
a. stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning
b. stimulus discrimination and operant extinction
c. desensitization and stimulus discrimination
d. spontaneous recoveries and superstitious behavior
KEY: Concept
165. Stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning can result in a limited fear becoming
38
a. a disabling phobia.
b. milder and more controllable.
c. totally extinguished.
d. an operant reinforcer.
166. During a conditioned emotional response, which area of the brain becomes more active and produces
feelings of fear?
a. pons
b. reticular formation
c. amygdala
d. corpus callosum
KEY: Fact
167. The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produced by a part of the
limbic system called the
a. pons.
b. reticular formation.
c. amygdala.
d. corpus callosum.
KEY: Fact
168. Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because
a. most phobias are usually learned before a child is capable of reading.
b. phobias have an inherited pattern that runs in families.
c. one cannot learn complex behaviors merely by reading about them.
d. cognitive learning has little effect on the lower brain areas that produce feelings of fear.
KEY: Concept
169. A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

a. positive transference.
b. response reconditioning.
c. systematic desensitization.
d. insight therapy.
KEY: Fact
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170. Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs. So, her therapist gradually exposes Tamara
to “unclean” things, such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit, while in a
calm, relaxed, and supportive environment. This technique is known as
a. systematic desensitization.
b. vicarious conditioning.
d. modeling.
KEY: Application
171. The technique of using systematic desensitization involves

a. flooding the person with images of the feared stimulus.
b. having the person explain how the phobia developed.
c. gradually exposing the person to the feared stimulus while they are relaxed.
d. systematically increasing the stimulus intensity up to the breaking point.
KEY: Concept
172. Tony is deathly afraid of heights. His therapist uses a virtual reality program that allows Tony to feel
like he is experiencing gradually increasing levels of height. This therapy technique is a type of
b. cognitive mapping.
c. latent learning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
173. When computer-generated images are used to safely simulate the experience of boarding an airplane
for a person with a phobia of air travel, the person is undergoing a form of
b. cognitive mapping.
c. latent learning.
d. higher order acquisition.
KEY: Application
174. By pairing their products with pleasant images and music, advertisers often try to create positive
a. CAIs.
b. CERs.
c. desensitizations.
d. stimulus discriminations.
40
KEY: Concept
175. Vicarious classical conditioning occurs when a person learns to respond emotionally to a stimulus
a. by experiencing a traumatic event in the presence of others.
b. through systematic desensitization.
c. by observing another person’s emotional reactions.
d. after experiencing repression for a traumatic event.
KEY: Fact
176. Emotional reactions to objects and events are sometimes learned as a result of observing others rather
than through direct experiences. This phenomenon is called
a. instrumental acquisition.
b. response shaping.
c. vicarious classical conditioning.
d. negative transfer conditioning.
KEY: Fact
177. A child who acquires a fear of a light socket because she saw someone else get shocked when he
touched it is exhibiting
a. vicarious classical conditioning.
c. response shaping.
d. vicarious withdrawal.
KEY: Application
178. Acquiring a fear of thunder by watching your parents react to it in a fearful way illustrates
c. response chaining.
d. vicarious withdrawal.
KEY: Application
179. Which of the following concepts explains how many Americans were traumatized as a consequence of
watching media coverage of the September 11th terrorist attacks?
a. vicarious, or secondhand conditioning
b. instrumental, or operant conditioning.
41
d. higher order acquisition
KEY: Application
180. Which of the following concepts explains how people who counsel traumatized victims of sexual
abuse sometimes become traumatized themselves?
a. vicarious, or secondhand conditioning
b. instrumental, or operant conditioning.
d. higher order acquisition
KEY: Application
181. A child learns to be afraid of spiders by observing his parents’ highly emotional and negative response
to them. This demonstrates
b. higher order conditioning.
KEY: Application
182. A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections. Although the
child has never received an injection, he responds emotionally when a needle is brought near him. His
reaction is an example of
b. spontaneous recovery of fear.
c. instrumental conditioning.
d. vicarious classical conditioning.
KEY: Application
183. The learning of an emotional response to stimuli or situations portrayed in a movie would have to take
place through
c. a spontaneous recovery.
d. response shaping.
KEY: Concept
42
184. Very few people have actually come in contact with a shark, but many would show fear at the sight of
a large fin swimming through the ocean waves because they have seen movies or news reports in
which people have been attacked by sharks. This illustrates
b. shaping.
d. desensitization.
KEY: Application
185. How does a child raised in the city learn to fear snakes and respond emotionally to mere pictures of
them?
a. The child was told repeatedly that “snakes are dangerous.”
b. The child observed others reacting emotionally to the word snake or to snake images in
the media.
c. The child, like all humans, are born with a fear of snakes and other reptiles.
d. The child has been bitten by other animals and generalizes this fear to all animals,
including snakes.
KEY: Concept
186. Many of the emotional attitudes that people develop toward foods, political parties, and ethnic groups
were developed in childhood by observing how their parents responded to these same foods or groups.
Thus, these reactions were probably conditioned
a. through negative transference.
b. by insight learning.
c. by response chaining.
d. vicariously.
KEY: Concept
187. Which of the following types of associative learning is also known as instrumental learning and can be
used to alter your own behavior and the behavior of pets, children, and other adults?
a. respondent conditioning
c. classical conditioning
d. Pavlovian conditioning
REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons OBJ: 6.4.1
43
188. In which type of learning do we associate responses with their consequences?

a. respondent learning
c. instrumental learning
d. Pavlovian conditioning
KEY: Fact
189. Operant conditioning is also known as

b. reflexive learning.
c. instrumental learning.
d. Pavlovian conditioning.
KEY: Fact
190. “Acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated” is the basic principle behind __________ learning.
a. respondent
b. reflexive
c. instrumental
d. Pavlovian
KEY: Concept
191. The law of effect was proposed by

a. Edward Thorndike.
b. B.F. Skinner.
c. Ivan Pavlov.
d. John B. Watson.
KEY: Fact
192. In Thorndike’s law of effect, events critical for conditioning

a. occur after the response.
b. occur before the response.
c. occur simultaneously with the response.
d. are unrelated to the response except during extinction.
44
KEY: Concept
193. Learning is strengthened each time a response is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, according to
the law of
a. responding.
b. association.
c. effect.
d. diminishing returns.
KEY: Fact
194. Richard tells his new joke to three different people, and each one of them laughs. Because telling the
joke led to laughter, which Richard enjoys, Richard will be more likely to tell this joke to other people.
This situation illustrates
c. the law of association.
d. the law of effect.
KEY: Application
195. You locate a vending machine and deposit your last bit of change to buy a candy bar. Then you press
the button, and nothing happens. You press the other buttons, try the coin return, and look for an
attendant. Still nothing happens. Impulsively, you give the machine a little kick, and out pops a candy
bar plus 75 cents. Because your kick produced food and money, the odds of repeating the “kicking
response” increase. This situation illustrates
c. the law of association.
KEY: Application
45
196. Pushing a particular button on the TV remote control is reinforced by gaining the consequence you
desire, such as changing channels or muting an obnoxious commercial. This illustrates __________
conditioning.
a. classical
b. vicarious
c. operant
d. respondent
KEY: Application
197. Operant conditioning focuses on how

a. people learn through the association of stimuli.
b. people utilize their inborn reflexive habits.
c. behavior is influenced by its consequences.
d. changes in behavior are related to mental events.
KEY: Concept
198. Learners actively “operate on” the environment with the reinforcer occurring after the response during
this
d. reflexive-type learning.
199. Regarding a comparison of classical and operant conditioning, which of the following statements is
TRUE?
a. The learner is passive during operant conditioning.
b. The reinforcer occurs before the response during operant conditioning.
c. Classical conditioning involves voluntary responses.
d. Responses are elicited during classical conditioning.
46
200. Regarding a comparison of classical and operant conditioning, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. The learner is active during operant conditioning.
b. The reinforcer occurs before the response during operant conditioning.
c. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses.
d. Responses are emitted during operant conditioning.
201. Which of the following types of learning involves involuntary responses and passive responding by
the animal or person?
c. latent learning
202. The best way to differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is to decide if the
a. response is voluntary or involuntary.
b. stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned.
c. consequence comes before or after the response.
d. response is pleasant or unpleasant.
KEY: Concept
203. The type of learning that involves voluntary responses with the animal or person emitting a response is
called __________ conditioning.
a. classical
b. operant
c. respondent
d. Pavlovian
204. In which of the following does the nature of learning involve a neutral stimulus becoming a
conditioned stimulus (CS) through its association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
47
KEY: Concept
205. The probability of making a response is altered by the consequences that follow this response during
which type of learning?
c. Pavlovian conditioning
d. respondent conditioning
206. The learned expectancy in classical conditioning is that the

a. US will follow the CS.
b. CS will follow the US.
c. response will have a specific effect.
d. consequence will follow the antecedent.
KEY: Concept
207. The learned expectancy in operant conditioning is that the

a. US will follow the CS.
b. CS will follow the US.
c. response will have a specific effect.
d. consequence will follow the antecedent.
KEY: Concept
208. Operant conditioning involves which of the following?

a. unconditioned responses
b. reflexes
c. reinforcement
d. conditioned responses
KEY: Fact
209. In operant conditioning, any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of the response it
follows is called a(n)
a. operant stimulus.
b. operant reinforcer.
48
c. response facilitator.
d. conditioned stimulus.
KEY: Fact
210. Responding is reliably increased by

a. both rewards and operant reinforcers.
b. rewards.
c. operant reinforcers.
d. neither rewards nor operant reinforcers.
211. To determine whether attendance at sports events is an operant reinforcer for a particular teenager,
such attendance would have to
a. be demonstrated to be universally rewarding.
b. increase the probability of the recurrence of the behavior it followed.
c. meet a long list of criteria that includes adaptability and reliability.
d. be demonstratively associated to a basic biological need.
KEY: Concept
212. If you give a child her favorite licorice candy for doing well in school, and she continues to do well in
school, the licorice candy is
a. a reward and a reinforcer.
b. a reward, but not a reinforcer.
c. a reinforcer, but not a reward.
d. neither a reinforcer nor a reward.
KEY: Application
213. A parent is trying to increase the time his child spends studying by rewarding the child with a baseball
card for each hour he studies. The child does not increase or decrease his study time. This story
illustrates the difference between
a. shaping and response chaining.
b. rewards and operant reinforcers.
c. rewards and operant punishments.
d. conditioned and unconditioned responses.
KEY: Application
49
214. Which psychologist developed a conditioning apparatus for animals and provided various practical
applications of operant conditioning?
a. B.F. Skinner
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. John B. Watson
d. Carl Rogers
KEY: Fact
215. Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box?
b. vicarious conditioning
d. conditioned emotional responses
KEY: Concept
216. B.F. Skinner is known for studying

c. latent learning.
KEY: Fact
217. A Skinner box is also called

a. a training cage.
b. a reinforcement apparatus.
c. an operant conditioning chamber.
d. all of these.
KEY: Fact
218. A rat in a Skinner box presses the lever and receives a food pellet. This reinforcement will help the rat
to
a. acquire a new skill.
b. alter how frequently it presses the lever.
c. overcome its fear of the apparatus.
d. associate the stimulus with the response.
KEY: Concept
50
219. In which type of learning are new behavior patterns molded by changing the probability that various
responses will be made?
a. Pavlovian conditioning
b. respondent conditioning
c. classical conditioning
KEY: Concept
220. In terms of the informational view, operant conditioning occurs when we

a. expect that a certain response will have a certain effect at certain times.
b. detect associations among events.
c. develop a strong CS that can be used like an US.
d. experience spontaneous recovery.
KEY: Concept
221. In examining expectations that develop during operant conditioning from the informational
perspective, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. We learn that a certain stimulus will be immediately followed by a second stimulus.
b. We learn to expect that a certain behavior will be immediately followed by a second
stimulus.
c. We learn to expect that that a particular response is associated with reinforcement.
d. We learn to expect a reward regardless of the response emitted in a situation.
222. A student can expect the teacher to answer his questions more completely if he comes to her office
during her office hours than asking her the questions in the cafeteria. Learning to expect that a
particular response will have a certain effect at one time and not another illustrates
a. the interactionist view of operant conditioning.
b. operant desensitization.
c. Thorndike’s law of association.
d. the informational view of operant conditioning.
KEY: Application
223. A teenager can expect to borrow the car if he has his homework and chores completed, while he can
expect not to “get the keys” if he has not completed his homework and chores. This illustrates
a. the interactionist view of operant conditioning.
51
b. operant desensitization.
c. Thorndike’s law of association.
d. the informational view of operant conditioning.
REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons OBJ: 6.4.2 KEY: Application
224. From a response contingent viewpoint, which of the following tells a person or an animal that a
response was “right” and worth repeating?
a. the conditioned stimulus
b. the reinforcer
c. the operant
d. an acquisitional cue
KEY: Concept
225. While shopping with you, your niece begs for a toy and then has a temper tantrum in the store. If you
buy her a toy, you are
a. using respondent conditioning.
b. using classical conditioning.
c. encouraging more tantrums.
d. discouraging more destructive behaviors.
KEY: Application
226. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

a. response contingent.
b. stimulus contingent.
c. US-CS contingent.
d. NS-CS contingent.
KEY: Concept
227. If an operant reinforcer is only given after a desired response has occurred, the reinforcer is said to be
a. cue dependent.
b. a conditioned response.
c. a successive approximation.
d. response contingent.
KEY: Concept
228. When a mother praises her child for behaving properly in the grocery store, she is
a. being permissive.
b. acting out of fear that her child will become disruptive.
52
c. using response contingent reinforcement.
d. classically conditioning the child.
KEY: Application
229. Sieta wants to teach her daughter to say “Please” when she asks for something, so she decides to only
comply with her daughter’s request for something when her daughter says “Please.” Thus, Sieta’s
compliance to her daughter’s request is
a. the conditioned stimulus.
b. a token.
c. a negative reinforcer.
d. response contingent.
230. When Jarrod, a three-year-old autistic child, answers “Yes” to questions like “Do you want a cookie?”
(a preferred food), he is reinforced with a cookie and verbal praise. Similarly, if he answers “No” to
questions like “Do you want corn?” (a non-preferred food), he is reinforced with verbal praise. Jarrod
is not reinforced if he does not answer the questions asked. Thus, Jarrod is being taught to answer
“Yes” and “No” questions through __________ reinforcement.
a. response contingent
b. vicarious
c. classically conditioned
d. response chained
231. Reinforcement is most effective when it

a. is delayed.
b. is immediate.
c. is delivered randomly.
d. follows a long chain of responses.
KEY: Concept
232. For rats in a Skinner box, very little learning occurs when the delay between bar pressing and
receiving food exceeds __________ seconds.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 40
d. 50
53
KEY: Fact
233. The animals learning to press a bar in a Skinner box showed NO signs of learning if the food reward
followed a bar press by more than __________seconds.
a. 10
b. 30
c. 70
d. 100
KEY: Fact
234. Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy’s father wants to increase the
probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy
a. after all the dishes are put away.
b. at bedtime.
c. the next morning at breakfast.
d. the next time that some dishes need to be put away.
KEY: Application
235. Fatima sees her four-year-old son spontaneously picking up his toys. If she wishes for her son to
continue this behavior, she should
a. praise her son immediately after he finishes picking up the toys.
b. wait and praise her son after his father gets home from work.
c. not praise her son because he will then expect praise every time he acts “good.”
d. wait and only praise him if he picks them up again on another day.
KEY: Application
236. If you work hard all semester in a class to get an A, the delay between your hard work and the final
grade should be a detriment to your learning, but it is not detrimental for several reasons. Which of
following would NOT be a plausible reason for this occurrence?
a. As a mature human, you can anticipate future rewards.
b. You get reinforced by quiz and test grades all through the semester.
c. A single reinforcer can often maintain a linked series of actions that lead to the final
reinforcement of an A for the class.
d. Response-contingent reinforcement does not have an effect on adults, only animals and
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young children.
KEY: Concept
237. A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is the definition of which of the following
concepts?
b. response chaining
c. latent learning
d. acquisitional responding
238. Barnabus the rat learned a complex series of behaviors, including climbing a staircase, pulling a toy
car, wriggling through a tube, and then pressing a lever, in order to receive a food pellet. This complex
series of behavior were learned through
a. negative reinforcement.
c. programmed instruction.
d. the use of punishment.
KEY: Application
239. A dog participating in dog agility training must navigate a variety of obstacles, such as jumping over
hurdles, walking over seesaws, and running through tunnels with its trainer only able to reinforce the
dog with a snack or hug after the dog completes the entire sequence. This dog training is accomplished
through
b. fixed action patterns.
KEY: Application
55
240. As a coffee lover, you have become very efficient at carrying out the steps necessary to make a cup of
espresso. Your learning is an example of
c. vicarious reinforcement.
d. secondary reinforcement.
KEY: Application
241. Which of the following concepts best explains how the entire sequence of events necessary to prepare
a meal can be reinforced by the final dining experience?
b. fixed action patterns
c. variable ratio reinforcement
d. response chaining
KEY: Concept
242. Even though it will be four years before you graduate, you study and work hard because you know that
having the degree will help you obtain a good job. Looking toward this degree helps maintain your
hard work through a series of courses even through the reinforcement is delayed for several years. This
illustrates
a. serial acquisition.
b. latent learning.
KEY: Application
243. Superstitious behaviors are

a. repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement.
b. necessary to produce response-contingent reinforcement.
c. observed in animals, but not people.
d. characterized by all of these.
KEY: Fact
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244. Regarding superstitious behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Superstitious behavior is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a
reinforcer.
b. Superstitious behavior is due to the occurrence of a spontaneous recovery.
c. Superstitious behavior is observed only in people, not in other animals.
d. Superstitious behaviors are learned patterns of behavior that consistently predict future
events.
KEY: Concept
245. Skinner once placed some pigeons in Skinner boxes and reinforced them with food randomly no
matter what they were doing. Despite the fact that there was no real connection between their behavior
and its consequences, each pigeon acted as if there were. For example, one bird flapped its left wing,
another hopped on one foot, and a third turned in complete circles. Skinner used which of the
following terms to describe such behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce
reinforcement when really the behaviors are unnecessary?
a. modeling
b. latent learning
c. positive transfer
d. superstitious behavior
246. Each time he steps up to the plate, a baseball player touches the bill of his cap three times, just as he
did before hitting a home run in a previous game. Which principle accounts for his actions?
a. modeling
b. reminiscence
c. positive transfer
d. superstitious behavior
KEY: Application
247. Human superstitious behaviors can be partially explained by

a. their apparent connection to the reinforcement within a response chain.
b. the effects of latent learning on this sequence of events.
c. the tendency of a reward to reinforce only the response which immediately precedes it.
d. all of these.
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KEY: Concept
248. Anthony wears his lucky socks every time he has a baseball game because the socks were accidentally
paired with a good RBI. Anthony’s behavior is an example of
a. an unconditioned response.
b. a superstitious behavior.
c. a primary reinforcer.
d. successive approximations.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
KEY: Application
249. Gordon wears the same blue shirt to class each time he has a major test because he believes that
wearing that shirt will assure him an “A” just like he got on the first test when he was wearing this
blue shirt. This illustrates
a. an unconditioned response.
b. a primary reinforcer.
c. a superstitious behavior.
d. successive approximations.
KEY: Application
250. If you walk under a ladder and then break a leg, you may avoid ladders in the future. Each time you
avoid a ladder and nothing happens, this avoidance action is reinforced. This illustrates
a. the method of successive approximations.
b. superstitious behavior.
c. shaping.
KEY: Application
251. Rituals to bring rain, ward off illness, or produce abundant crops very likely earn the faith of
participants because they occasionally appear to succeed. This illustrates
a. the method of successive approximations.
b. superstitious behavior.
c. shaping.
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KEY: Concept
252. The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

a. latent learning.
b. fading.
c. shaping.
KEY: Fact
253. A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called
a. adaptations.
b. gradients.
c. successive approximations.
d. conditioning trials.
KEY: Fact
254. The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final
desired response is called
a. extinction.
b. fading.
c. shaping.
d. secondary transfer.
KEY: Fact
255. You are training a rat to press a bar. Instead of waiting for the rat’s first accidental bar press, you
reinforce the rat with a food pellet for facing the bar and then turning toward the bar. Next, you
reinforce the rat every time he takes a step toward the bar, until he touches the bar. Lastly, you
reinforce the rat for pressing the bar. You are
a. using latent learning to train the rat.
b. fading the rat’s behavior.
c. shaping the rat’s behavior.
d. using secondary reinforcement with the rat.
REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons OBJ: 6.4.4 KEY: Application
256. To teach a child to eat spaghetti neatly, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork,
and then reinforce increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as
a. counter conditioning.
b. secondary conditioning.
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c. desensitization.
d. shaping.
KEY: Application
257. If you wanted to train a dog to play the piano or a cat to turn on the living room lights, you would most
likely use
a. successive approximations.
c. vicarious conditioning.
d. positive transfer.
258. Bernice is “potty training” Kenny. First, she allows him to become familiar with the potty chair, next
she reinforces Kenny for just sitting on the potty, and finally she reinforces Kenny for actually “using”
the potty. Bernice is using a procedure called
a. latent learning.
c. shaping.
d. intermittent conditioning.
KEY: Application
259. You are a very good skater, but you did not start out that way. Your mother reinforced you for each
small improvement you made over several months. This process is known as
a. shaping.
b. latent learning.
KEY: Application
260. You decide that you want to study more, so you set a series of gradual, daily goals and reinforce
yourself for meeting each goal in the series. You are using a technique known as
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a. latent learning.
b. shaping.
261. Learned responses that are not reinforced will gradually weaken or disappear through a process known
as
b. intermittent fading.
c. counterconditioning.
d. operant extinction.
KEY: Fact
262. Extinction in operant conditioning involves

a. withholding reinforcement.
b. punishment.
c. test trials.
d. shaping.
KEY: Fact
263. There is an old story about a young boy who was left to guard the village sheep. He was instructed to
cry “wolf” if he thought the sheep were in danger. Even though there was no danger, the boy enjoyed
crying “wolf” over and over, just to see the villagers come running. Then, when a wolf did appear, the
disbelieving villagers ignored the boy’s cry. The failure of the villagers to respond illustrates the
operant conditioning concept called
a. acquisition.
c. partial reinforcement.
KEY: Application
264. You had originally loved going to a particular restaurant every day for lunch. However, you are
becoming bored with the menu and find that everything has started to taste the same. Chances are you
find yourself going to this restaurant less and less, which illustrates the process of
b. latent learning.
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265. Your dog jumps up on you when you get home. You eliminate this behavior by withholding you
attention and ignoring the dog when it jumps on you. This is called
b. negative reinforcement.
c. punishment.
KEY: Application
266. If the teacher never calls on you when you raise your hand, you will probably stop raising your hand.
This decrease in your hand raising due to the teacher ignoring you is an example of
b. desensitization.
KEY: Application
267. A puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. To extinguish this response, you
would
a. let the puppy in the house.
b. ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet.
c. swat the puppy with a newspaper whenever it cried.
d. let the puppy in when it cries, then swat it with a newspaper.
KEY: Application
268. The brief return of an operant response after its apparent extinction is known as
a. shaping.
c. a spontaneous recovery.
d. satiation.
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KEY: Fact
269. A few weeks after giving up on buying state lottery tickets, many people are tempted to try again, thus,
illustrating the concept of
c. superstitious behavior.
d. satiation.
270. After weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachshund suddenly resumes burying bones in the
front yard. Your pet therapist advises you that the dog’s behavior is an example of
a. shaping.
d. satiation.
KEY: Application
271. After the successful extinction of your son’s whining for a toy while you are shopping, you go
shopping several weeks later and he begins to whine for a toy as if he is “just checking to see if the
rules have changed back.” This situation illustrates
a. shaping.
d. stimulus discrimination.
KEY: Application
272. Regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Just as acquiring an operant response takes time, so does extinction.
b. Even after extinction seems complete, the previously reinforced response may return.
c. If a response is extinguished and come back, the extinction process usually takes longer
the second time.
d. Spontaneous recovery is very adaptive because it is a way of checking to see if the rules
have changed.
273. Stephanie had successfully used extinction to eliminate her son’s temper tantrums. However, several
weeks later, her son threw another temper tantrum. Stephanie should be advised that
a. she should have used an intermittent punishment schedule to stop the temper tantrums.
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b. spontaneous recovery does occur and to continue ignoring the tantrums.
c. she should have used negative reinforcement to stop the temper tantrums.
d. her child will outgrow the tantrums in a few years.
KEY: Application
274. Negative attention seeking will develop in some children because

a. punishment is always ineffective and teaches aggression.
b. the parents reward the children’s correct social behaviors in only limited situations.
c. punishment was not used to get rid of the negative attention seeking in the children.
d. the children receive attention when they are ill-behaved but are ignored when they are
well-behaved.
KEY: Concept
275. Which of the following tends to develop when children are ignored for playing quietly, but are given
attention in the form of scolding for “showing off,” breaking something, or throwing a temper
tantrum?
a. negative shaping
b. negative attention seeking
c. negative transference
d. counterconditioning
KEY: Concept
276. Parents report dramatic improvements in their children’s behavior (that is, a decrease in negative
attention-seeking) when they
a. scold their children for their disruptive behavior.
b. spank their children for their disruptive behavior.
c. ignore all behavior except for the target behavior they wish to reduce and then use a strong
aversive punishment.
d. ignore their children’s disruptive behavior and praise their child for being quiet or playing
constructively.
KEY: Concept
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277. When a reward or other pleasant event follows a response, which of the following is being used?
a. bribe
b. positive reinforcement
c. negative reinforcement
d. conditioned stimulus
KEY: Fact
278. Ms. Campbell gives her students a star for every completed homework assignment. The star serves as a
a. positive reinforcer.
b. negative reinforcer.
c. primary reinforcer.
d. response cost.
KEY: Application
279. When Jan helped her mother clean up after her baby brother, Jan’s mother praised her daughter for
being so thoughtful. For Jan, her mother’s praise is serving as a
a. positive reinforcer.
d. response cost.
KEY: Application
280. Negative reinforcement occurs when a response

a. leads to a desirable consequence.
b. leads to the removal of an unpleasant event.
c. leads to an undesirable consequence.
d. is ignored.
KEY: Fact
281. When we remove an unpleasant event by making a response, we experience
a. shaping.
b. extinction.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. positive reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
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282. What effect does negative reinforcement have on a person’s responding?
a. increases it
b. decreases it
c. completely extinguishes it
d. makes responding more unpleasant
283. What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?

a. They both have aversive qualities.
b. They both have unpredictable qualities.
c. They both lead to a decrease in response frequencies.
d. They both lead to an increase in response frequencies.
KEY: Concept
284. A rat learned to press a bar to turn off a mild shock it was receiving through the floor of its cage. In
this case, bar pressing was
a. classically conditioned.
b. learned through negative reinforcement.
c. learned through punishment.
d. a positively reinforced motor skill.
KEY: Application
285. The probability of repeating a response is increased by which of the following consequences?
a. positive punishment
b. response cost
c. nonreinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
KEY: Fact
286. Akia rubbed some cortisone cream on the spot where a mosquito had bitten her and the itching
stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she reached for the cortisone cream. In terms of operant
conditioning, this is an example of
a. positive reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. response cost.
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KEY: Application
287. If you study to achieve an A and the praise of your teacher, you are studying for __________
reinforcement.
a. negative
b. positive
c. primary
d. latent
288. If you study to relieve your fear of receiving an F on the upcoming test, then your studying has
increased due to
b. positive reinforcement.
c. aversive punishment.
d. response cost.
289. You walk out into bright sunlight. You immediately reach in your purse and get your sunglasses.
Putting on your sunglasses to escape the sun’s bright light is an example of
b. positive reinforcement.
c. response cost.
d. aversive punishment.
KEY: Application
290. Because taking a drug reduces withdrawal symptoms, taking the drug is
a. negatively reinforced.
b. positively reinforced.
c. vicariously reinforced.
d. extinguished.
KEY: Application
291. Every time you have a cold, you take a cold remedy to get rid of the symptoms. You are taking the
medicine because of
a. response cost.
b. extinction.
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c. positive reinforcement.
d. negative reinforcement.
KEY: Application
292. When walking outside, your hands get so cold that they hurt. You take a pair of gloves out of your
backpack and put them on, ending the pain. Putting on the gloves is
b. a form of punishment.
c. positively reinforced.
d. a type of response cost.
KEY: Application
293. A politician who irritates you is being interviewed on the evening news. You change channels so you
won’t have to listen to him. Your channel changing is
b. a form of punishment.
c. positively reinforced.
d. a type of response cost.
KEY: Application
294. Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again is
referred to as
b. punishment.
c. positive reinforcement.
KEY: Fact
295. A team coach who scolds and benches a player for poor performance is using
a. aversive conditioning.
b. modeling.
d. punishment.
KEY: Application
296. Taking away a teen’s privileges or using time out with younger children are examples of
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d. punishment.
297. Every time you give advice to a friend, she suddenly turns cold and rude toward you. Lately, you’ve
stopped offering her advice because giving your friend advice has been
b. punished.
c. classically conditioned.
d. affected by all of these.
KEY: Application
298. Regarding the effects of negative reinforcement and punishment on responding, which of the following
statements is TRUE?
a. Both negative reinforcement and punishment decrease responding.
b. Negative reinforcement increases responding, while punishment decreases responding.
c. Negative reinforcement decreases responding, while punishment increases responding.
d. Both negative reinforcement and punishment increase responding.
299. Negative reinforcement and punishment

a. have opposite effects on behavior.
b. are different terms for the same procedure.
c. have the same effect on behavior.
d. are not very effective in changing behavior.
KEY: Concept
300. You live in an apartment and your neighbor’s stereo is blasting so loudly that your ears hurt. If you
pound on the wall and the volume suddenly drops, you are more likely to pound on the wall again if
the stereo is loud because
a. you have undergone extinction.
b. you have been negatively reinforced.
c. you have been positively reinforced.
d. of the consequence of response cost.
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301. You live in an apartment and your neighbor’s stereo is blasting so loudly that your ears hurt. If you
pound on the wall and the volume increases even louder, you will be less likely to pound on the wall
the next time the music is loud because you have
a. undergone a response chain.
b. been negatively reinforced.
c. received negative punishment.
d. received positive punishment.
302. Which of the following decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again by initiating
discomfort?
a. negative reinforcement
b. response cost
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
303. If a parent follows misbehavior with an unpleasant consequence, such as scolding or spanking, the
parent is using
a. negative punishment.
b. positive punishment.
c. response cost.
d. negative punishment.
304. If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used
b. response cost.
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305. A young boy has been told by his father not to go near the street. The boy looks at his father and then
runs toward the busy street. His father catches the young boy before he makes it to the street and
spanks him for this misbehavior. The young boy stops going near the street due to the consequence
known as
b. response cost.
306. If you make a snide remark to the school bully and you get “beat up,” you will be less likely to make
another snide remark to this bully due to the consequence known as
c. negative punishment.
d. response cost.
307. A second type of punishment in which a reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed, such as the
loss of privileges, is called
308. In its most basic form, response cost can be described as

a. aversive stimulation.
c. a removal of a reinforcer.
KEY: Concept
71
309. After receiving several tickets for speeding, Joseph lost his driver’s license for several months. When
he got his driver’s license back, Joseph stopped speeding. The reason he stopped speeding is due to the
consequence known as
c. negative punishment.
310. When a teenager loses his phone privileges or is “grounded,” the parent is using
c. response cost.
d. positive punishment.
KEY: Application
311. Parking tickets and other fines are based on a type of punishment known as
c. response cost.
d. aversive conditioning.
312. Preschoolers Jordan and Dennis were throwing sticks at other students on the playground, so their
teacher made them sit on the sidewalk for five minutes, taking them away from the fun activities on
the playground. Their teacher was using
b. intermittent punishment.
KEY: Application
72
313. Tristan and his brother Ian are fighting over the video game. So, Mom takes the video game system
away from them for an hour. Mom has used
a. response cost.
b. aversive conditioning.
d. positive punishment.
KEY: Application
314. The best-known form of response cost involves children being removed from situations that normally
allow them to gain reinforcement, a procedure known as
a. time out.
b. aversive conditioning.
c. negative shaping.
KEY: Concept
315. Because Cindy was disruptive during the family game time, she was sent to her room. Being sent to
her room and away from the family fun is an example of the behavioral procedure known as
a. time out.
c. avoidance learning.
d. negative feedback.
316. Little Cory was disruptive during the family game time, so he was sent to his room. Being sent to
“time out” is an example of
c. avoidance learning.
d. response cost.
317. Which of the following is an example of response cost?

a. A child is spanked for breaking an expensive vase.
b. A teenager is grounded for coming in an hour late.
c. A rat learns to run a maze always turning to the right to avoid shock.
d. A woman leaves an abusive marriage in order to save her life.
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KEY: Application
318. Concerning the behavioral effects of various consequences, a response that is not followed by a reward
will occur less frequently. This defines
a. nonreinforcement.
d. respondent conditioning.
319. When Lamont acts silly while his family is watching television, he receives no attention from the
family. Lamont’s silly behavior decreases due to his family’s use of
a. nonreinforcement.
320. Which of the following exerts its effect through associative learning?
a. feedback
b. reinforcement
c. intrinsic motivation
d. cognitive conditioning
REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure? OBJ: 6.5.1
321. Primary and secondary reinforcers typically exert their effects through __________ learning.
a. associative
b. cognitive
c. insight
d. latent
322. Associative learning is to primary and secondary reinforcers as cognitive learning is to

a. feedback.
b. response cost.
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323. Feedback is the key component of

a. associative learning.
b. respondent conditioning.
324. Nonlearned reinforcers that usually satisfy physiological needs are known as
a. natural feedback.
b. token reinforcers.
c. primary reinforcers.
d. secondary reinforcers.
KEY: Fact
325. Which of the following produce comfort, end discomfort, or fill an immediate physical need?
a. primary reinforcers
b. secondary reinforcers
c. natural feedback
d. token reinforcers
326. Primary reinforcers are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a. being natural and rooted in biology.
b. being developed through learning very early in life.
c. being capable of producing comfort or ending discomfort.
d. intracranial self-stimulation being one of the most powerful examples of this type of
reinforcer.
KEY: Concept
327. Every time you open the refrigerator, walk to a drinking fountain, turn up the heat, or order a double
fudge sundae, your actions reflect __________ reinforcers.
a. primary
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b. latent
c. secondary
d. generalized
KEY: Application
328. Food, water, pain reduction, sex, and brain stimulation have in common the fact that all are
__________ reinforcers.
a. primary
b. negative
c. secondary
d. positive
KEY: Concept
329. Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

a. praise
b. food
c. money
d. attention
KEY: Concept
330. Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

a. intracranial self-stimulation
b. psychoactive drug
c. money
d. sex
KEY: Concept
331. Intracranial self-stimulation is a very powerful reinforcer because it activates the same pleasure
pathways in the brain that are activated by natural __________ reinforcers.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. conditioned
d. unconditioned
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332. Intracranial self-stimulation is a very powerful reinforcer because it activates the same pleasure
pathways in the brain that are activated by natural primary reinforcers. These pleasure pathways are
located in which part of the brain?
a. pineal gland
b. frontal lobes
c. reticular formation
d. limbic system
333. Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation of the pleasure centers, which of the
following statements is FALSE?
a. When given the choice, rats preferred food, water, or sex to pressing the bar to receive
brain stimulation.
b. Some of the rats constantly pressed the lever to get brain stimulation for 15 to 20 hours,
collapsing from exhaustion.
c. Psychoactive drugs, such as alcohol and cocaine, activate the same pleasure pathways that
are activated by intracranial self-stimulation.
d. Humans have been “wired” for brain stimulation experimentally to restrain uncontrollable
outbursts of violence.
KEY: Fact
334. Rats are more likely to engage in intracranial self-stimulation if they also self-administer a drug that
further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways in the brain. This drug is
a. alcohol.
b. nicotine.
c. LSD.
d. heroin.
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335. Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. When rats self-administer nicotine, they are even more likely to engage in intracranial
self-stimulation because nicotine further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways.
b. After the rats had pressed the intracranial self-stimulation lever to exhaustion, they were
less likely to press the lever again once they were revived.
c. Intracranial self-stimulation involves electrical stimulation of the limbic system of the
brain.
d. Intracranial self-stimulation is considered to be a primary reinforcer.
KEY: Fact
336. Which of the following is a learned reinforcer that often gains its reinforcing properties by its
association with food, water, sex, or pain reduction?
a. primary reinforcer
b. instrumental reinforcer
c. unconditional reinforcer
d. secondary reinforcer
KEY: Fact
337. Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

a. sex
b. grades
c. food
d. a pain-relieving drug
KEY: Concept
338. Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

a. intracranial self-stimulation
b. praise
c. food
d. a psychoactive drug
KEY: Concept
339. Secondary reinforcers are

a. almost never effective.
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b. reinforcing because they fulfill a biological need.
c. innate.
d. learned.
KEY: Concept
340. Praise, approval, affection, and money are considered __________ reinforcers.
a. secondary
b. primary
c. unconditional
d. negative
KEY: Concept
341. Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral, but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated
with __________ reinforcers.
a. negative
b. positive
c. primary
d. conditional
KEY: Concept
342. Which type of reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with
primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers?
a. secondary reinforcers
b. stimulus reinforcers
c. higher-order reinforcers
d. negative reinforcers
KEY: Concept
343. If you would like to train a dog to follow you (“heel”) when you take a walk, you could reward the dog
with small food treats for staying near you. If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat, praise
will become a(n) __________ reinforcer.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. unconditional
d. latent
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344. Because a parent’s praise is frequently associated with food, candy, and hugs, this praise becomes a(n)
__________ reinforcer.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. unconditional
d. latent
345. Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers. Thus, they are
a type of __________ reinforcer.
a. secondary
b. stimulus
c. latent
d. unconditional
KEY: Concept
346. Printed money has little or no value of its own, but you can exchange it for food, water, lodging, and
other necessities. Thus, money would be considered a type of __________ reinforcer.
a. token
b. acquisitional
c. higher-order
d. transfer
REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure? OBJ: 6.5.3 KEY: Concept
347. Chimpanzees have been taught to work for tokens to be used in a “Chimp-O-Mat,” which dispensed
grapes and raisins. In these experiments, the tokens were considered__________ reinforcers.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. stimulus
d. latent
KEY: Application
348. Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips
that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?
a. token reinforcers
b. social reinforcers
c. unconditioned reinforcers
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d. latent reinforcers
KEY: Fact
349. Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid
the problem of satiation?
a. tokens
b. candy
c. conditional reinforcers
d. primary reinforcers
KEY: Concept
350. Using poker chips to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an
example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?
a. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. tokens
KEY: Application
351. In a behavior modification program at the local school, children were given “good behavior” slips that
could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week. Which of the following would be a
FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?
a. The “good behavior” slips would be considered token reinforcers.
b. The “good behavior” slips would be considered secondary reinforcers.
c. The “good behavior” slips will lose their reinforcing value more quickly than primary
reinforcers.
d. The students can exchange their “good behavior” slips at the end of the week for primary
reinforcers.
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352. The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five stickers in one
day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be called
a. token reinforcers.
b. primary reinforcers.
c. bribes.
d. prepotent responses.
KEY: Application
353. Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child
learning to do household chores?
a. chocolate-chip cookies
b. black cherry ice cream
c. gold stars on a chart
d. an afternoon nap
KEY: Concept
354. Connie’s children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores. If
they earn enough gold stars, they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a “grab bag” of
small prizes. Connie is using which of the following with her children?
a. primary reinforcers
b. token reinforcers
c. bribes
d. response costs
KEY: Application
355. Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate
reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food
and/or special privileges?
a. a time-out system
b. a token economy
c. systematic desensitization
d. an EMDR program
KEY: Fact
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356. In a drug rehabilitation center, the residents earn points for attending therapy sessions on time, writing
in their journals, and performing their designated chores. These points can be used to gain various
privileges or tangible items. This drug rehabilitation center is using
a. a time-out system.
b. systematic desensitization.
c. a token economy.
d. an EMDR program.
KEY: Application
357. Social reinforcers consist of

a. primary and secondary reinforcers.
b. knowledge and ability.
c. the learned desires for attention and approval.
d. positive environment stimuli and a lack of punishment.
KEY: Fact
358. A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a __________
reinforcer.
a. primary
b. social
c. token
d. cognitive
KEY: Fact
359. In the textbook example regarding “Shaping a Teacher,” psychology students would look interested in
the teacher’s lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room; and they would look bored
when she was standing on the left side. The students were shaping the teacher’s behavior using
__________reinforcers.
a. social
b. primary
c. token
d. cognitive
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KEY: Application
360. When children engage in negative attention seeking, they are demonstrating the power of
b. social reinforcers.
c. response costs.
d. primary reinforcers.
KEY: Concept
361. Automatic associative learning is a hallmark of __________ processing

a. acquisitional
b. intuitive
c. experiential
d. functional
362. According to your text, a key element that underlies cognitive learning is
a. feedback.
b. systematic motivation.
d. linear progression.
KEY: Concept
363. Every time a video game player moves, the game instantly provides sounds, animated actions, and a
higher or lower score. This situation illustrates the use of
a. primary reinforcers.
b. feedback.
c. training trials.
d. motivational skill-building.
KEY: Application
364. Information about the effects of a particular response is called

a. cognitive branching.
c. primary reinforcement.
d. feedback.
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KEY: Fact
365. Your midterm exam score is an example of

a. primary reinforcement.
b. discriminative learning.
c. cue learning.
d. feedback.
KEY: Application
366. A college professor who gives daily quizzes, grades them immediately, and returns them with the
errors and corrected answers marked is
a. providing feedback.
b. using the CAI technique.
c. applying instructional games.
d. employing the two-factor theory of learning.
KEY: Application
367. Much human learning, such as using a computer or playing a musical instrument, occurs in the
absence of obvious reinforcers, such as food or water, because of the adaptive value of
b. conditioned stimuli.
c. positive reinforcers.
d. feedback.
KEY: Concept
368. Professional football players watch hours of videos of their game performance analyzed by their
coaches. This is an example of the use of which of the following to improve performance?
a. recorded feedback
b. mental imagery
c. reward progression
d. recorded punishment
KEY: Application
369. Knowledge of results (KR) is also known as

a. informational feedback.
b. partial reinforcement.
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c. response cost management.
KEY: Fact
370. A salesman records his sales presentation and then plays it back so he can critique this presentation for
voice level, speed of speech, and understandability. This salesman is making use of
a. knowledge of results (KR).
b. computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
d. two-factor learning.
KEY: Application
371. When a basketball coach uses videotaped replays to show his team both their good and poor shot
selection, the coach is using
a. CAI.
b. KR.
d. two-factor learning.
KEY: Application
372. Whenever you are trying to learn a complex skill, which of the following will almost always improve
your learning and performance?
a. higher order conditioning
b. increased feedback
c. latent learning
d. systematic desensitization
KEY: Concept
373. One approach to applying learning principles to improve conservation efforts involves which of the
following regarding wasteful energy use and polluting?
a. utilizing unconditional responses
b. changing primary reinforcers
c. changing consequences
d. utilizing conditioned stimuli
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374. Which of the following is a real world example of using the response cost technique to change
people’s behaviors so that they will increase their conservation efforts?
a. providing information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week
b. providing cash back for recycling
c. placing an energy tax on gasoline
d. none of these
KEY: Application
375. In changing people’s behaviors to increase their conservation efforts, the use of energy taxes would
increase the amount people pay to use fossil fuels, which would be a real world example of using
which of the following?
b. latent learning
c. insight learning
d. response cost
KEY: Application
376. Which of the following is a real world example of using positive reinforcement to change people's
behaviors so that they would increase their conservation efforts?
b. providing rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances or cars
d. none of these
KEY: Application
377. Tax breaks given to companies that take steps to preserve the environment would be a real world
example of using which of the following to increase conservation?
a. response cost
b. latent learning
c. negative reinforcement
378. By providing rebates for the purchase of energy efficient appliances or vehicles, the government is
using which of the following to encourage conservation?
a. reinforcement
b. discriminative learning
c. cue learning
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d. feedback
REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure? OBJ: 6.5.4 KEY: Application
379. Which of the following is a real world example of using feedback to change people’s behaviors so that
they will increase their conservation efforts?
b. providing cash back for recycling
d. none of these
380. When individuals are provided feedback as to the amount of materials they are recycling on a weekly
basis,
a. they typically recycle more.
b. they typically recycle less.
c. the feedback has been shown to have no effect on recycling behavior.
d. recycling is more likely to increase if the feedback is negative.
KEY: Concept
381. Environmental psychologists have long known that a major barrier to conservation is a lack of
a. research on conservation issues.
b. intrinsic motivation.
d. prompt feedback.
382. New tools that make it easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource
consumption are called
a. recycling data recorders.
b. green initiative diaries.
c. ecological footprint calculators.
d. ozone depletion updates.
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383. Regarding learning principles being applied to recycling efforts, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. The use of energy taxes is an example of the use of latent learning to encourage
individuals to consume less fossil fuels.
b. When factories, work groups, and dorms receive feedback on a weekly basis about how
much they recycled, they typically recycle more.
c. Recycling is more effective when entire families participate, with some family members
reinforcing the recycling behavior of the other family members.
d. People are able to calculate the volume of greenhouse gases that their individual
consumption adds to the atmosphere by using an ecological footprint calculator.
KEY: Fact
384. Many people are now calculating the volume of greenhouse gases that their consumption adds to the
atmosphere, which is referred to as their
a. consumption code.
b. green initiative.
c. carbon footprint.
d. ozone depletion level.
KEY: Fact
385. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective feedback?

a. frequent
b. immediate
c. positive
d. detailed
KEY: Fact
386. Feedback is most effective when it is frequent, immediate, and

a. positive.
b. negative.
c. detailed.
d. anonymous.
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387. When it is frequent, immediate, and detailed, which of the following is more likely to be effective?
a. conditioned stimuli
b. feedback
c. punishers
d. operants
KEY: Concept
388. Which of the following teaches students in a format that presents information in small amounts, gives
immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners?
a. programmed instruction
b. latent learning
c. variable interval scheduling
KEY: Concept
389. Which of the following lets students work at their own pace and provides frequent feedback to keep
learners from practicing errors?
a. programmed instruction
b. latent learning
c. variable interval scheduling
KEY: Concept
390. In programmed instruction, learners are prevented from practicing errors through
a. response cost.
b. frequent feedback.
c. the fixed interval scheduling.
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KEY: Concept
391. After you finish reading several paragraphs in your textbook, you then complete the Study Break. You
work through the Recite questions one at a time, checking your answer before moving on. This format
illustrates which of the following?
a. insight learning
b. a fixed interval scheduling
c. programmed instruction
KEY: Application
392. Programmed learning can be effective in book form or in

a. a fixed ratio or fixed interval form.
b. a computerized form.
c. a latent or insight learning format.
d. all of these.
KEY: Fact
393. The programmed instruction that is called drill-and-practice is also known as

a. REBT.
b. EMDR.
c. CAI.
d. AFT.
394. Programmed instruction and computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

a. combine response chaining with secondary reinforcement.
b. are both applications of the principle of feedback.
c. are both applications of classical conditioning.
d. are based on simple cognitive maps.
KEY: Concept
395. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI)?
a. CAI can give hints about why an answer was wrong and what needs to be corrected.
b. CAI can save teachers and learners much time and effort.
c. People often do better with feedback from a computer because they can freely make
mistakes and learn from them.
d. CAI has been shown to lead to significantly higher levels of mastery than traditional
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methods.
KEY: Concept
396. People using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) often do better with feedback from a computer
because CAI
a. is more accurate than traditional instruction.
b. allows learners to freely make mistakes and learn from them.
c. reinforces on a fixed ratio schedule rather than a fixed interval schedule.
d. provides a consistent format of behavioral contracting.
KEY: Concept
397. Some computer-assisted (CAI) programs make use of instructional games involving stories,
competition with a partner, sound effects, and game-like graphics that increase interest and motivation.
These CAI programs are known as
a. token economies.
b. educational feedback loops.
c. latent learning exercises.
d. serious games.
KEY: Fact
398. In order to increase interest and motivation, a computer math game has been designed that allows
students to compete in a speedboat race rather than just completing a series of subtraction problems.
The faster correct answers are selected, the faster the student’s boat speeds toward the finish line. This
math game would be an example of
a. computer-assisted instruction.
b. a type of serious game.
d. all of these.
399. The most complex serious games allow students to explore an imaginary situation or “microworld” to
learn to solve real-world problems, and by seeing the effects of their choices, students discover basic
principles of physics, biology, psychology, or other subjects. These complex serious games are referred
to as
a. token economies.
b. educational simulations.
d. educational feedback loops.
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KEY: Fact
400. Educational simulations allow students to explore an imaginary situation and are the most complex
type of
a. serious games.
b. token economies.
401. Student pilots can learn all the ins and outs of flying a jumbo jet through a complex computer-assisted
instructional (CAI) program that allows them to see the effects of their choices while flying under
different weather conditions. These CAI programs are referred to as
a. insight learning programs.
b. acquisitional trainers.
c. educational simulations.
KEY: Application
402. Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as
a. schedules of reinforcement.
b. successive approximations.
c. token economies.
d. programmed instruction.
REF: Partial Reinforcement-Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box?
403. Schedules of reinforcement are defined as the

a. types of reinforcers used, whether primary or secondary.
b. effects of reinforcers used, whether positive or negative.
c. plans for determining which responses will be reinforced.
d. informational feedback provided by the reinforcers used.
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404. By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that
a. reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior.
b. responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement.
c. each correct response is reinforced.
d. reinforcement continues even when errors are made.
405. Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

a. for every correct or incorrect response.
b. for every correct response.
c. every day that the schedule is being used.
d. continually until the person satiates.
406. The reinforcer follows every correct response in which reinforcement schedule?
a. intermittent
b. partial
c. comprehensive
d. continuous
407. Which schedule of reinforcement would be most useful when a person or animal is initially learning
new responses?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. intermittent
d. continuous
408. If you want to teach your new puppy to come to you when you call him, it would be best to start out
reinforcing your dog on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. continuous
c. intermittent
d. variable interval
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409. Philip is in the third grade, and he is reinforced by his mother with a quarter for every “A” he makes
on a test, quiz, homework, or class work assignment he brings home. This reinforcement of Phillip’s
grades illustrates which of the following?
a. the partial reinforcement effect
b. a variable interval schedule
c. continuous reinforcement
d. a fixed ratio schedule
410. Elaine is reinforced with a gold star for every math problem on her worksheet that she correctly
completes. This is an example of
a. the partial reinforcement effect.
b. a variable interval schedule.
c. a fixed ratio schedule.
d. continuous reinforcement.
411. When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been
made or after a passage of time, you are using which reinforcement schedule?
a. continuous
b. secondary
c. partial
d. semi-continual
412. In daily life, learning is usually based on pattern of reinforcement, in which only a portion of all
responses are reinforced. This pattern is referred to as __________ reinforcement.
a. incongruent
b. conditional
c. partial
d. semi-continual
413. Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement

a. is more resistant to extinction.
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b. makes a response weaker.
c. involves reinforcing some correct and some incorrect responses.
d. involves reinforcing every correct response, but not the incorrect ones.
414. According to the partial reinforcement effect, acquiring a response through partial reinforcement
makes the response
a. weaker.
b. easier to learn.
c. more resistant to extinction.
d. less resistant to extinction.
415. Responses that are not always followed by reinforcement tend to become more and more resistant to
extinction, according to the
a. reinforcement-generalization effect.
b. partial reinforcement effect.
c. Skinner phenomenon.
d. reward-extinction corollary.
416. When people engage in various forms of gambling, they can play these “games of chance”
uninterrupted for long periods of time because they are being reinforced on which type of
reinforcement schedule?
a. partial
b. continuous
c. fixed interval
d. fixed ratio
417. Which schedule of reinforcement may have long periods of nonreward that make it harder to
discriminate between periods of reinforcement and extinction?
a. secondary
b. partial
c. continuous
d. conditional
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418. During a laboratory experiment involving different schedules of reinforcement, a device with a moving
strip of paper and a mechanical pen is connected to a Skinner box. This device is called a
a. CAI.
b. CER.
c. cumulative recorder.
d. programmable counting lever.
419. In laboratory experiments, a cumulative recorder, which is a device with a moving strip of paper and a
mechanical pen, is connected to a Skinner box. Rapid responding by the animal in this experiment will
cause the pen on the cumulative recorder to
a. draw a steep line.
b. draw a horizontal line.
c. draw small tick marks.
d. leave empty spaces.
420. On a cumulative recorder that has a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen connected to a
Skinner box, no response by the animal would be indicated by a(n)
a. steep line.
b. horizontal line.
c. small tick marks.
d. empty space.
421. In laboratory experiments, a cumulative recorder that has a moving strip of paper and a mechanical
pen is connected to a Skinner box. When reinforcers are given to the animal, they are indicated on the
paper by
a. steep lines.
b. horizontal lines.
c. small tick marks.
d. empty spaces.
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422. Which of the following is NOT a partial schedule of reinforcement?

a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
d. continuous interval
423. The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is
called
a. fixed ratio.
b. fixed interval.
c. variable ratio.
d. variable interval.
424. Of the schedules listed, which of the following would generate the highest rate of responding as well
as being resistant to extinction?
a. variable interval
b. fixed interval
c. continuous
d. fixed ratio
425. Every other response will be rewarded when an animal is on a(n) __________ schedule.
a. continuous
b. VI-4
c. FI-2
d. FR-2
426. If a person is on a FR-6 schedule, he or she will receive a reinforcer

a. continuously.
b. on the average of every sixth correct response.
c. after making exactly six correct responses.
d. six times for every correct response.
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427. A high school student earns $3.00 for every ten boxes of candy he sells door-to-door. His energetic
selling reflects
a. fixed ratio reinforcement.
d. variable interval conditioning.
428. Katherine is a telemarketer who receives $25 for every 20 calls she makes. Katherine is on which
schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable ratio
429. Juan is paid $10 for every 15 bags of “nuts and bolts” that he puts together, according to instructions.
Juan is on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable ratio
430. Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick. They are on
which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
431. A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement would
a. pay employees a fixed salary.
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b. pay employees on a piece-work basis.
c. involve salary adjustments based on the quality of work performed.
d. pay employees at the end of each day.
432. With which schedule of reinforcement is the reinforcer given after different and assorted numbers of
correct responses are made? (For example, a reinforcer would be given after three to seven correct
responses with the actual number changing randomly.)
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
433. If a person is on a VR-4 schedule, he or she will receive a reinforcer

a. on a continuous schedule.
b. on an average of every fourth response.
c. after making exactly four correct responses.
d. four times for every correct response.
434. On which schedule of reinforcement would a person or animal get rewarded on the average of every
fifth response, that is, two correct responses would be made to obtain a reinforcer, sometimes seven
responses, sometimes three, and so on with the average being five responses?
a. variable ratio
b. fixed interval
c. fixed ratio
435. Of the reinforcement schedules listed, which is the most addictive and resistant to extinction?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable ratio
d. continuous reinforcement
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436. When you are first learning golf, you may hit three or four very great shots in an entire round with
these great shots being somewhat random and unpredictable. You are being reinforced on what kind of
partial reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable ratio
437. A gambler playing a slot machine is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable interval
c. variable ratio
d. continuous
438. A child who gets rewarded with candy on the average of every third time she asks her grandmother for
a “treat” is being rewarded on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
439. The best batters in baseball rarely get a hit more than an average of three out of every 10 times they are
at bat. These batters are on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
440. Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are
a. continuous and fixed interval.
b. fixed interval and variable interval.
c. variable interval and variable ratio.
d. fixed ratio and variable ratio.
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441. All interval schedules of reinforcement are

a. more resistant to stimulus generalization.
b. related to the passage of time.
c. less resistant to extinction than the continuous schedule.
d. better for generating operant responses than ratio schedules.
442. The first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced with responses made
during the time period not being reinforced. This statement describes which schedule of
reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
443. Which schedule of reinforcement tends to produce moderate response rates in which responding is low
following reinforcement, but rapidly increases as the time for the next reinforcer approaches?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable ratio
444. If a rat is on an FI-30-second schedule for bar pressing, the rat will be reinforced
a. continuously for 30 seconds and then will receive no more reinforcement.
b. on the average, for every 30 seconds of responding.
c. for a bar press after having waited exactly 30 seconds after the last reinforced response.
d. for a bar press after an interval that averages 30 seconds.
445. When a rat is on an FI-20-second schedule for bar pressing, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. The rat will be reinforced continuously for 20 seconds and then receive no more
reinforcement.
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b. The rat will have to wait 20 seconds after the last reinforced response before a bar press
will pay off again.
c. The rat can press the bar as often as it wants within the interval, but it will not be rewarded
until after 20 seconds has passed.
d. The rat is on a partial reinforcement schedule.
446. Jason’s parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes.
After 20 more minutes of study, he receives another play break and so on. Jason is on which schedule
of reinforcement?
a. continuous
b. fixed interval
c. variable interval
d. fixed ratio
447. A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on
which schedule of reinforcement?
a. continuous
b. fixed interval
d. fixed ratio
448. Children who are working quietly on their homework when the hourly bell rings will be allowed to go
to the play area for 10 minutes. Just before the bell is about to ring, the children become so quiet that
you could hear “a pin drop” in the classroom. These children’s quiet behavior occurred right before the
bell because they are on which schedule of reinforcement?
a. continuous
b. fixed ratio
d. fixed interval
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449. Your tendency to study more before a scheduled test, to study less right after that test, and then start
another studying frenzy right before the next test illustrates the typical pattern of which schedule of
reinforcement?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
450. Getting paid every two weeks at your job comes closest to which schedule of reinforcement?
a. variable ratio
b. variable interval
c. fixed ratio
d. fixed interval
451. Because you can think about past events and even imagine events in your future, you are
a. a secondary observer.
b. an intuitive thinker.
c. a cognitive time traveler.
d. influenced by circadian rhythms.
452. Brides-to-be who plan their weddings down to the last detail are exhibiting the human capacity to be
a. secondary observers.
b. intuitive thinkers.
c. cognitive time travelers.
d. self-actualized.
453. Studies of animals, such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays, show that animals
a. are “stuck in time.”
b. live in the present moment with only short-term memory.
c. can remember up to a day only.
d. are sensitive to the passage of time.
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454. Pigeons and rats who are reinforced on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they
receive a reinforcer and do not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement. This
illustrates that these animals are
a. “stuck in time.”
b. intuitive thinkers.
c. cognitive time travelers.
d. strongly influenced by circadian rhythms that can help or hinder training.
455. Regarding research on whether animals are sensitive to a passage of time, which of the following
statements is FALSE?
a. Pigeons put in a Skinner box with a pecking key on each wall were not able to learn to
peck at different keys based on the time of day.
b. Rats on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they received a
reinforcer and did not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement.
c. When scrub jays were allowed to hoard nuts in one location and worms in another, they
would go directly to the worms if they were released four hours later.
d. When scrub jays were allowed to hoard nuts in one location and worms in another, they
would go directly to the nuts if they were released five days later.
456. After scrub jays were allowed to store worms and nuts in different locations, the scrub jays released
after four hours flew to the worms, but did not fly to the worms if they are released five days later.
This illustrates that the scrub jays
a. had forgotten where they had hidden the worms after one day.
b. realized that the worms would be decayed after one day.
c. were not sensitive to a passage of time.
d. were “stuck in time.”
457. Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement being given for the first correct response
made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
d. variable ratio
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458. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement produces a slow, steady response rate with a
tremendous resistance to extinction?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
d. continuous reinforcement
459. A teacher tells her first graders that whenever the bell on her clock rings, the students who are in their
seats will each receive one token to put in their “happy jars.” She then says, “No one knows when the
clock will ring. It might be ten minutes, it might be 17 minutes, or only five minutes; so you better be
in your seat.” The teacher is using which schedule of reinforcement for “in-seat” behavior?
a. fixed ratio
b. fixed interval
c. variable ratio
460. When people dial a phone number and get a busy signal, they may have to wait 30 seconds or 30
minutes in order to get through with most people doggedly dialing over and over again until they get a
connection. This illustrates that the reward of “getting through” to the other person is on which
schedule of reinforcement?
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. continuous
461. Catching fish is on which schedule of reinforcement?

b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. fixed ratio
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462. Watching the night sky and seeing “a shooting star” is reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. fixed ratio
463. Stimuli that consistently precede a rewarded response tend to influence when and where the response
will occur. This is the principle of
a. partial reinforcement.
b. stimulus control.
c. latent learning.
d. the operant effect.
REF: Stimulus Control-Red Light, Green Light OBJ: 6.6.3
KEY: Fact
464. The phenomenon of stimulus control makes it clear that stimuli that affect operant responding
a. are those that elicit a genetically predisposed response.
b. always occur after the response.
c. may occur before the response.
d. are those that satisfy basic biological needs.
KEY: Concept
465. Stimuli effective in the stimulus control of behavior often influence

a. whether a response will occur initially.
b. the frequency a response will occur over long periods of time.
c. the intensity of a response when it does occur.
d. when and where a response will occur.
KEY: Concept
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466. When a stimulus consistently precedes rewarded responses, it tends to elicit a response. When a
stimulus consistently precedes nonreward, it tends to inhibit responding. This states the principle of
a. partial reinforcement.
b. variable ratio responding.
c. stimulus control.
d. overt generalization.
KEY: Concept
467. We pick up phones that are ringing, but rarely answer phones that are silent. This is an example of
b. stimulus control.
c. systematic extinction.
d. resistance to extinction.
KEY: Application
468. Whether we drive our car across an intersection depends on if the traffic light is red or green. This
illustrates the principle of
a. stimulus control.
b. operant extinction.
d. partial reinforcement.
469. A rat in a Skinner box is going through several training sessions where the light that illuminates the
box is alternately turned on and off. When the light is on, a bar press will produce food. When the light
is off, bar pressing goes unrewarded. We soon observe that the rat presses vigorously when the light is
on and ignores the bar when the light is off. This illustrates
b. systematic extinction.
d. a resistance to extinction.
KEY: Application
470. Each time the owner of an aquarium turns on the aquarium light, the fish gather in the corner in which
he routinely places food. Because he always turns the light on before feeding the fish, their actions
demonstrate
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b. extinction.
c. stimulus control.
d. resistance to extinction.
KEY: Application
471. The students have learned to tell when Dr. Morgan is in a “good” mood or not by how she enters the
room. If she speaks as she enters the room, it will be a “good” day, but if she puts her books down
before she speaks, “watch out.” Their ability to anticipate her mood for the day and act accordingly
illustrates
c. place learning.
KEY: Application
472. Two important aspects of stimulus control are

a. operant stimulus generalization and operant stimulus discrimination.
b. operant inhibition and operant disinhibition.
c. operant stimulus habituation and operant stimulus dishabituation.
d. operant extinction and spontaneous recovery.
KEY: Fact
473. Which of the following terms applies to the observation that responses reinforced in the presence of
certain stimuli will occur under similar stimulus conditions?
a. the Premack principle
b. operant stimulus generalization
c. the partial reinforcement effect
d. operant disinhibition
KEY: Fact
474. The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement is called
a. operant stimulus discrimination.
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b. operant stimulus generalization.
c. operant disinhibition.
KEY: Fact
475. A reinforced response tends to be made again when similar antecedents are present. This is referred to
as
c. operant stimulus disinhibition.
KEY: Concept
476. A pigeon learns to peck at a circle for food. The fact that it also pecks at an oval describes
a. operant response substitution.
b. shaping.
c. operant stimulus generalization.
KEY: Application
477. After a child learns how to use the toilet at home, he is able to use the toilet at daycare and in public
restrooms. This illustrates
d. latent learning.
KEY: Application
478. Once a student learns to solve one math equation, she can utilize these same formulas with similar
problems. This student is demonstrating
d. latent learning.
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479. Once you learn how to use the SQ4R method for studying in psychology class, you can then use it to
study for any college class. This illustrates
a. latent learning.
c. operant stimulus discrimination.
d. operant stimulus generalization.
KEY: Application
480. Which of the following concepts explains why young children may temporarily call all men daddy,
much to the embarrassment of their parents?
a. latent learning.
KEY: Application
481. Because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table, your dog began to jump up
and beg for scraps whenever you were eating dinner at the kitchen table. Lately, your dog has also
begun to jump up and beg for scraps whenever you sit at any table or desk in the house. Your dog is
exhibiting
a. latent learning.
c. operant stimulus generalization.
d. operant stimulus discrimination.
482. Because you fed your dog table scraps while sitting at the kitchen table, your dog began to jump up
and beg for scraps first whenever you were sitting at the kitchen table and later whenever you were
sitting at any table or desk in the house. If you do not feed your dog while sitting at any other table
besides the kitchen table, the jumping and begging response that originally generalized to all the tables
and desks will extinguish because of
b. nonreinforcement.
d. latent learning.
483. One learns to differentiate between antecedent stimuli that signal reward and nonreward through
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a. latent learning.
KEY: Concept
484. Which of the following is the tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously
associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with
nonreward are present?
a. latent learning
b. response chaining
c. operant stimulus discrimination
d. operant stimulus generalization
KEY: Fact
485. A child who is a model of behavior when his parents are present, but who becomes uncontrollable
when the babysitter arrives, is demonstrating
b. the power of delayed reinforcement.
KEY: Application
486. A child calls his dog “Spot” but does not call other dogs this name even if they look like his dog. The
child is demonstrating
b. the power of delayed reinforcement.
KEY: Application
487. During the training of the ”sniffer” dogs who locate drugs, the dogs are reinforced only for
approaching containers baited with drugs. This training illustrates the use of
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KEY: Application
488. On Fridays, you know that you can dress casually for work, but on Wednesdays when the corporate
executive usually drops by, you know you should dress in your best suit. This illustrates
b. delayed reinforcement.
489. In operant conditioning, stimuli that precede reinforced and nonreinforced responses are known as
a. facilitating stimuli.
b. reinforcing stimuli.
c. avoidance stimuli.
d. discriminative stimuli.
KEY: Fact
490. If you drive through a red traffic light, you may get a ticket. If the light is green, you will not get a
ticket. In operant conditioning terms, the red and green lights serve as
a. facilitating stimuli.
b. reinforcing stimuli.
c. avoidance stimuli.
KEY: Application
491. Drivers tend to demonstrate safer driving behaviors when a police car is present. The fact that drivers
do this implies that the police car has become a(n)
a. reinforcer.
b. discriminative stimulus.
c. punisher.
d. unconditioned stimulus.
KEY: Application
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492. Regarding one’s behavior, discriminative stimuli would be considered
a. antecedents.
b. cognitive maps.
c. negative reinforcers.
d. punishers.
493. Learning to recognize different automobile brands, animals, types of music, and even the answers on
psychology tests all depend, in part, on
d. primary positive reinforcements.
KEY: Concept
494. On your cell phone, you have one ring tone for people you want to speak to, one ring tone for people
you do not want to speak to, and another ring tone for calls from strangers. In fact, anyone can clearly
observe that you show different telephone answering behaviors in response to these different ring
tones. Thus, these ring tones serve as
b. cognitive maps.
c. unconditioned stimuli.
REF: Stimulus Control-Red Light, Green Light OBJ: 6.6.5 KEY: Application
495. Punishment is best defined as
a. any event that decreases the probability or frequency of a response it follows.
b. any stimulus that increases the probability of a response by its presentation.
c. any event that increases the probability of a response by its removal.
d. a negative reinforcer.
REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior OBJ: 6.7.1
KEY: Fact
496. The process of suppressing a response is called

a. reinforcement.
b. punishment.
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497. A driver consistently drives well beyond the interstate speed limit until a highway patrolman stops her
and gives her a speeding ticket. From that time on, this driver never exceeds the speed limit on the
interstate. In this example, the highway patrolman has successfully stopped this driver from speeding
by using
a. punishment.
c. threats.
d. feedback.
KEY: Application
498. A team referee who fines a coach for unsportsmanlike conduct is using
b. modeling.
d. punishment.
KEY: Application
499. To be effective, punishment must be given

a. contingently.
b. intermittently.
c. after a warning.
d. as negative reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
500. If a punishment is given only after the undesired response occurs, we say the punishment is being
given
a. contingently.
b. intermittently.
c. in a latent form.
d. as negative reinforcer.
501. Any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a target behavior is, by definition, a
a. reinforcer.
c. punisher.
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KEY: Fact
502. When Marta is scolded by her mother for teasing the cat, she stops doing this particular misbehavior.
Thus, for Marta, scolding serves as a
a. punisher.
c. response cost.
d. nonreinforcer.
503. When Jared is scolded by his mother for misbehaving, he actually increases the misbehavior because
he finally has her attention. For Jared, the scolding served as a
a. punisher.
b. positive reinforcer.
c. negative reinforcer.
d. response cost.
504. One of the primary principles of punishment states that

a. punishment is much more effective than reinforcement.
b. punishment is really just another form of negative reinforcement.
c. punishment must never be given contingently.
d. a punisher can be either the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state
of affairs.
KEY: Concept
505. Which of the following can either be the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state
of affairs?
b. punishment.
c. a primary threat.
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506. A spanking would be considered an unpleasant event, while time-out removes the child from a positive
situation. Therefore, a spanking would be considered punishment, while time-out is considered to be
b. a primary threat.
c. punishment.
507. Mary Sue is scolded by her father when she comes in late for her curfew, while her friend Patti is
grounded for two weeks by her father for missing her curfew. Both teens received
b. punishment.
c. a primary threat.
d. a discriminative stimulus.
508. Regarding punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. A punisher can be the onset of an unpleasant event.
b. A punisher can be the removal of a positive state of affairs.
c. Response cost is a type of punishment
d. A negative reinforcer is a type of punishment.
509. The onset of an unpleasant event that decreases the frequency of a response is referred to as
a. positive punishment.
b. negative punishment.
c. response cost.
510. The removal of a pleasant state of affairs that decreases the frequency of a response is referred to as
c. aversive conditioning.
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511. Another name for response cost is

c. aversive conditioning.
512. The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT
a. timing.
b. consistency.
c. intensity.
d. generalization.
KEY: Concept
513. The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on timing, consistency, and

a. intensity.
b. generalization.
c. adaptability.
d. discrimination.
514. Punishment works best when it is

a. immediate and consistent.
b. delayed and mild.
c. inconsistent and mild.
d. delayed and intense.
KEY: Concept
515. Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it is

a. immediate.
b. consistent.
c. severe.
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d. all of these.
KEY: Concept
516. To be effective, punishment should be

a. delivered late in the day.
b. immediate.
c. delivered by the same person each time.
d. a type of negative reinforcement.
517. Punishment is LEAST effective in stopping a behavior when it is

a. intense.
b. consistent.
c. delayed.
d. all of these.
KEY: Concept
518. You come home from work and find that your dog has dug up the tree you just planted. To reduce this
digging, you would be best advised to punish the dog
a. as the dog begins to dig the next tree you plant.
b. as soon as you get home and discover the hole.
c. several hours after digging.
d. by taking the dog to each hole he has dug recently and then punishing him.
KEY: Application
519. You want to stop your cat from clawing your new sofa by spraying a stream of water on the cat as
punishment for clawing the furniture. If you are to be successful, you must
a. use intermittent punishment by spraying the cat every now and then.
b. spray the cat every time he begins to claw the sofa.
c. spray the cat until he is completely wet and uncomfortable.
d. take the cat to each clawed mark and then hold and spray him.
KEY: Application
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520. Which of the following best describes the conditions leading to the maximum effectiveness of
punishment?
a. Punishment may be delayed, but must follow the response frequently.
b. Punishment may be delayed, but must be given every time the response occurs.
c. Punishment must be immediate, but may follow a response only occasionally.
d. Punishment must be immediate and must be given every time the response occurs.
KEY: Concept
521. One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both
a. produce positive transfer.
b. act as generalized rewards for learning.
c. are less effective if they are delayed.
d. are necessary for biofeedback training to be effective.
KEY: Concept
522. Which of the following would be the most effective in stopping a behavior?
a. negatively reinforcing the response
b. weak punishment
c. moderate punishment
d. severe punishment
KEY: Concept
523. Jai touched a light socket and received a shock. Jai will probably not touch a light socket again
because he received
a. mild punishment.
b. severe punishment.
d. response cost.
KEY: Application
524. Regarding mild punishment, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Mild punishment will usually eliminate unwanted responses.
b. Mild punishment tends to suppress unwanted responses temporarily.
c. Mild punishment is better than reinforcement for response acquisition.
d. Mild punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
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525. Two groups of well-trained rats were placed on extinction. One group was punished with a slap on the
paw for each bar press, while the other group was not. The experimenters found that bar pressing
a. reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were slapped.
b. reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were not slapped.
c. temporarily slowed for the rats whose paws were slapped with no difference in extinction
time.
d. remained high for both groups with extinction never being reached for either group of rats.
KEY: Fact
526. Jimmy’s mother slaps his hand when he reaches for his third before-dinner cookie. Later, Jimmy’s
behavior will probably
a. increase dramatically.
b. disappear completely.
c. reappear.
d. become displaced.
KEY: Application
527. Regarding the effect of mild punishment, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Mild punishment slows the rate of responding, but does not eliminate it.
b. Mild punishment stops the rate of responding completely.
c. Mild punishment will dramatically increase the rate of responding.
d. Mild punishment will change the rate of responding even temporarily.
KEY: Concept
528. Regarding the effects of severe, intense punishment, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Severe punishment slows the rate of responding, but does not eliminate it.
b. Severe punishment can permanently suppress responding, even for actions as basic as
eating.
c. Severe punishment will dramatically increase the rate of responding.
d. Severe punishment will not change the rate of responding even temporarily.
KEY: Concept
529. Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?

a. Mike visited a cattle farm and touched an electric fence.
b. Sam reached across the table to get the salt and had his hand slapped by his mother.
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c. Philip was being the class clown and was spanked by the teacher for disrupting class.
d. Peter was fighting with his brother, so his mother took away his video game.
KEY: Application
530. Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?

a. Jordan grabs a fragile dish and is scolded by his aunt.
b. Sara grabs a branch of a rose bush and hurts her hand.
c. Patti climbs on top of the table; and her mother put her in time out.
d. Cara grabs her brother’s toy; and her father slaps her hand.
KEY: Application
531. The drawbacks of using punishment become more of a problem as the punishment
a. is varied in the types used.
b. increases in severity.
c. is used intermittently.
d. becomes contingent on the target response.
KEY: Concept
532. Drawbacks to punishment include all of the following EXCEPT that

a. punishment may encourage aggression.
b. people and situations associated with punishment may become feared or disliked.
c. punishment may encourage escape and avoidance learning.
d. punishment has not been shown to be effective in suppressing behaviors.
533. Because punishment is aversive, people and situations associated with punishment tend to become
feared, resented, or disliked through
KEY: Concept

a. Punishment is a poor choice to use when teaching children to eat politely or during toilet
training.
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b. People and situations associated with punishment often become feared or disliked.
c. The use of punishment tends to significantly decrease aggressiveness in children.
d. Intense punishment may permanently suppress responding, even for actions as basic as
eating.
535. Children who are punished often by parents or teachers

a. learn to dislike parents and teachers.
b. develop an internalized moral sense of right and wrong.
c. learn to suppress aggressive behaviors.
d. learn to respect the person punishing them.
KEY: Concept
536. Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of punishment?

a. escape learning
b. avoidance learning
c. aggression
d. accelerated extinction
KEY: Fact
537. If you learn to make a response that will end an unpleasant or aversive situation, then you are
exhibiting
a. avoidance learning.
b. escape learning.
c. latent learning.
538. A dog is placed in a two-compartment cage and is shocked while in one of the compartments. The dog
quickly learns to jump to the other compartment. This reflects __________learning.
a. escape
b. place
c. latent
d. respondent
KEY: Application
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539. When it rains, you have learned to run for cover. Your running to get out of the rain is an example of
__________learning.
a. escape
b. place
c. latent
d. respondent
540. Escape learning reflects the operation of

a. positive reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
541. Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort is known as

b. escape learning.
c. latent learning.
KEY: Fact
542. Regarding escape and avoidance learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Avoidance learning involves making a response in order to postpone or prevent
discomfort.
b. Each time a situation is avoided, the person is reinforced by a sense of relief.
c. Frequent punishment discourages the occurrence of escape and avoidance learning.
d. Escape learning is based on negative reinforcement.
543. Regarding escape and avoidance learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Avoidance learning involves both classical and operant conditioning.
b. Once avoidance is learned, it is very persistent.
c. Once the individual avoids the event, he or she gets no information to change his or her
expectancy.
d. Escape learning reflects the operation of response cost.
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544. In a shuttle box, a dog hears a buzzer and then receives an electric shock through the floor of the box.
The dog will learn to fear the buzzer because the buzzer is associated with shock. Thus, this fear of the
buzzer developed through
d. response cost.
545. In a shuttle box, a dog first learns, through classical conditioning to fear the buzzer because the buzzer
is associated with shock. Each time the buzzer sounds, the dog becomes fearful of the upcoming
shock. By jumping to the “safe” compartment, the dog can end the unpleasant fear it feels. This
“jumping” to reduce the fear and shock occurs due to
c. response cost.
546. Avoidance learning appears to involve both

a. classical and operant conditioning.
b. place and latent learning.
c. shaping and response chaining.
d. fixed and variable ratio schedules.
KEY: Concept
547. You work with a loud and obnoxious person and try to end your conversation with him as soon as
possible, which illustrates __________learning.
a. respondent
b. place
c. escape
d. latent
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548. You work with a loud and obnoxious person and have learned to “go in the opposite direction”
whenever you see him coming down the hall so you will not have to get into a conversation with him.
Your behavior illustrates
c. latent learning.
549. Kyle, a 12-year-old child, who is frequently punished by his father, often lies to his father about where
he has been and often stays at a friend’s house rather than going home. Kyle is demonstrating
a. latent learning.
c. negative transfer.
d. avoidance learning.
KEY: Application
550. A teen who is punished at home a lot will be gone as much as possible. This is an example of
b. modeling.
c. negative transfer.
d. avoidance learning.
KEY: Application
551. A problem with the use of punishment is that

a. it causes fear, frustration, anxiety, and encourages aggression.
b. it has little or no power to actually suppress an undesirable response.
c. negative reinforcement is superior to punishment for suppressing a response.
d. once begun it cannot be withdrawn.
KEY: Concept
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552. Punishment is often a bad idea in modifying behavior because it
a. has no effect on most people.
b. takes too long to take effect.
c. can increase aggression.
d. is ineffective in suppressing undesirable behaviors.
KEY: Concept
553. Regarding pain, frustration, and punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Animals, even pets, often react to pain by attacking whomever or whatever else is around.
b. Humans who are in pain are more likely to withdraw from others than to lash out at them.
c. One of the most common responses to frustration is aggression.
d. Since punishment is painful, frustrating, or both, punishment sets up a powerful
environment for learning aggression.
554. After he is spanked, Terrence feels angry, frustrated, and hostile, and goes immediately outside and
picks a fight with his younger brother. What is most likely to occur in the future?
a. Picking a fight with his brother will be an isolated event in the future, although he will still
misbehave and receive spankings.
b. Because Terrence releases some of his anger on his younger brother, his aggression will be
rewarded and will tend to occur again in other frustrating situations.
c. Because Terrence releases his anger on his younger brother, he will be less likely to be
aggressive toward any other children in the future due to the cathartic effect.
d. Terrence’s overall aggression will decline, and he will become a model child at home, in
the neighborhood, and at school.
KEY: Application
555. A parent who relies heavily on the use of physical punishment for aggressive behavior in the home
should be aware that this child-rearing practice is more likely to produce
a. children who engage in aggressive, impulsive, and antisocial behavior.
b. complete extinction of the aggressive behavior.
c. a prolonged period of submissive learned helplessness.
d. a variety of learning disabilities.
KEY: Concept
556. In a classic study of angry adolescent boys who were severely punished at home, it was found that
a. they continued to be aggressive at home and at school.
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b. they continued to be aggressive at home, but not at school.
c. their misbehavior was suppressed at home, but they were aggressive at school.
d. their misbehavior and aggression were suppressed both at home and at school.
KEY: Fact
557. Brian’s parents use frequent punishment for his misbehavior at home. Which of the following is most
likely to be true?
a. Brian is a quiet, model child at school.
b. Brian often gets into trouble for fighting at school.
c. Brian is a compliant child but makes poor grades.
d. The amount of physical punishment at home will have no effect on Brian’s behavior at
school.
KEY: Application
558. If parents change to less punitive parenting, their children’s levels of aggression will
a. decline, at least for younger children.
b. decline no matter the age of the child or adolescent.
c. increase since the parents will be unable to suppress the misbehaviors and the aggression
with milder punishment.
d. remain the same since aggressiveness depends more on a child’s temperament than the
discipline style.
KEY: Concept
559. Mac is five years old, and his parents were using spanking as their only means of disciplining Mac.
After each spanking, Mac grew increasingly angry and usually took it out on the dog or his two-year-
old brother. A counselor suggested other punishment alternatives, such as time-out, as well as
encouraging the parents to use praise and rewards more often when Mac was behaving appropriately.
According to research, since Mac’s parents have changed to less punitive parenting, Mac’s level of
aggression will most likely
a. decline.
b. remain at the current level since aggressiveness is a part of Mac’s innate temperament.
c. remain at the current level because Mac is too old to benefit from a change in parenting
styles.
d. increase because Mac’s parents will not be able to suppress his misbehavior and
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aggression using time-out.
KEY: Application
560. Cynthia is an elementary classroom teacher who often yells and humiliates her students when they
misbehave. A fellow teacher suggests that she use praise, approval, and rewards to change the students’
behaviors. According to research, what would you tell Cynthia?
a. Her yelling and humiliation strategies will eventually work if she is consistent and
intensifies this approach.
b. Using physical punishment to correct her students’ misbehaviors would be the most
effective method for her to use.
c. The use of praise, approval, and reward are largely ineffective in controlling students’
misbehaviors.
d. None of these statements are correct.
KEY: Application
561. According to your textbook, the three basic tools one has available to control simple learning include
all of the following EXCEPT
a. reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. cognitions.
KEY: Fact
562. One of the basic tools available to control simple learning is
a. reinforcement.
b. cognitive modeling.
c. generalization.
d. acquisition.
KEY: Fact
563. The basic tools a person has available to control simple learning include
a. reward conditioning.
b. acquisition.
c. generalization.
d. punishment.
KEY: Fact
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564. Responses are strengthened by
a. reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. all of these.
KEY: Fact
565. Responses can be extinguished by

a. stimulus generalizations.
d. intermittent reinforcement.
566. Responses are usually suppressed by

a. stimulus generalizations.
b. intermittent reinforcement.
d. punishment.
567. The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used
a. independently.
b. in combination.
c. randomly across situations.
d. in succession until one finally works.
KEY: Concept
568. Regarding the basic tools a person has available to control simple learning, which of the following
statements is FALSE?
a. Reinforcement strengthens responses.
b. Nonreinforcement causes responses to extinguish.
c. Punishment suppresses responses.
d. The three basic tools work best when used independently of each other.
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KEY: Concept
569. If you want a child to behave,

a. punish disruptive behavior.
b. praise appropriate behavior.
c. ignore undesirable behavior.
d. use all of these in combination.
KEY: Concept
570. When using the three tools to control behavior, it is usually best to begin
a. by making liberal use of positive reinforcement, especially praise.
b. with mild punishment for problem behaviors.
c. with severe punishment to eliminate problem behaviors.
d. by suppressing problem behaviors with negative reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
571. When using the three tools to control behavior, it is usually best to begin by
a. using mild punishment to eliminate any problem behaviors.
b. ignoring a problem behavior, or shifting attention to a desirable activity and then
reinforcing the resulting desirable behavior with praise.
c. using severe punishment to eliminate any problem behaviors.
d. suppressing problem behaviors with negative reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
572. It is much more effective to

a. punish unwanted behaviors than it is to reinforce desirable behaviors.
b. reinforce desirable behaviors than it is to punish unwanted behaviors.
c. use punishment for unwanted behaviors than to use nonreinforcement by ignoring them.
d. use a combination of punishment and extinction than to use reinforcement.
KEY: Concept
573. The use of harsh or excessive punishment with children has been shown to lead to
a. long-term mental health problems.
b. increased aggressiveness by the children toward others.
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c. avoidance and escape behaviors.
d. all of these.
KEY: Fact
574. Whenever Aria is angry with her son and daughter, she slaps them in the face. She has been using this
type of harsh punishment excessively for the last two years. This type of punishment
a. can lead to long-term mental health problems.
b. has not been shown to increase aggressiveness in children.
c. typically leads to fewer problem behaviors in children.
d. does not cause escape or avoidance behaviors by children.
575. Regarding spanking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Most children show no signs of long-term damage from spanking if it is backed up by
supportive parenting.
b. Emotional damage does occur if spankings are severe, frequent, or coupled with harsh
parenting.
c. Frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.
d. Antispanking laws have been passed in a number of countries around the world.
KEY: Fact
576. Punishment may be necessary to manage the behavior of a child. Therefore,

a. use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior.
b. use spanking since it will prevent “spoiling” the child.
c. delay the application of punishment as long as possible after the misbehavior.
d. do all of these.
KEY: Concept
577. Regarding the use of punishment with children, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. If punishment is used at all, it should always be mild.
b. Punishment works best when it produces actions incompatible with the response.
c. Response cost or scolding usually work best for older children and adults.
d. Punishment is effective in teaching new behaviors and in indicating what the “right”
response is.
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578. Peter is 12 years old and is about to be punished by his parents. According to the guidelines for
punishment in the textbook, the parents should use
a. frequent punishment, since this strategy will be the most effective.
b. response cost, since this strategy is usually best for older children.
c. a delayed punishment in order to give Peter more time to think about his transgression.
d. all of these techniques.
KEY: Application
579. With older children and adults, you can bridge the delay between the misbehavior and the punishment
by
a. making the punishment more severe.
b. waiting until the next instance of misbehavior.
c. clearly stating what act you are punishing.
d. showing intense anger as you begin the punishment.
KEY: Concept
580. If you cannot punish an animal or young child immediately,

a. wait for the next instance of misbehavior by the animal or young child.
b. take the animal or child back to the place of the misbehavior and then punish them.
c. delay the punishment but increase the intensity.
d. clearly state or point at the damage while punishing the animal or young child later.
KEY: Concept
581. For punishment to be effective with children,

a. they must be punished on an intermittent schedule.
b. one parent must be the punisher and the other the reinforcer.
c. parents should be very clear about what they regard as misbehavior.
d. it is important that the punishment not be too predictable, that is, if you gave three
warnings last time, give only one warning this time.
KEY: Concept
582. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?
a. Both parents should be consistent in what they regard as misbehavior and punish this
behavior every time it occurs and in the same way.
b. If a parent punishes a child and then finds that the child was innocent, the parent should
not say anything to the child in order to put the incident behind them.
c. When parents use punishment, they should also reward an alternate, desired response for
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that situation.
d. If you cannot punish an animal or young child immediately, wait for the next instance of
misbehavior.
KEY: Concept
583. Marcy has a habit of taking toys from her sister. Which of the following would be the best way for
Marcy’s parents to correct this bad habit?
a. Ignore this habit since all children go through a phase of intense “sibling rivalry.”
b. Reprimand her for taking her sister’s toys, but reward her for cooperative play and sharing
toys with her sister.
c. Give her a spanking to immediately eliminate this selfish behavior and then a 30-minute
time out to think about her transgression.
d. Use a severe response cost that would include giving several of her own toys to her
younger sister or to charity.
KEY: Application
584. When Mark took some of his little brother’s toys, his parents reprimanded him and then rewarded him
for playing cooperatively with his brother and for sharing his toys with his brother. Mark’s parents are
using
b. avoidance learning.
c. counterconditioning.
d. latent learning.
KEY: Application
585. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?
a. Be willing to admit your mistake if you wrongfully punished someone or if you punished
too severely.
b. Use counterconditioning, in which you reward the child for displaying any desirable
behavior that is opposite to the unacceptable behavior.
c. Punish in public to cause embarrassment and increase the effectiveness of the punishment.
d. Take away privileges or other positive reinforcers when punishing older children and
adolescents or use a verbal rebuke or scolding.
KEY: Concept
586. Regarding the use of punishment for training or discipline, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. Two-thirds of child abuse cases start out as attempts at physical punishment.
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b. It is important not to punish a person in front of others.
c. It is best to show your anger when you punish a person or animal, so they will know you
are serious about the misbehavior ending.
d. Expect anger from the person being punished; and briefly acknowledge this anger, but do
not reinforce it.
587. Although punishment has several drawbacks, it is most effective when

a. it occurs several days after the behavior.
b. the punisher uses reinforcement in addition to punishment.
c. the punisher exhibits visible anger while punishing.
d. the behavior is intermittently punished.
KEY: Concept
588. Which of the following is an effective recommendation for the use of punishment?
a. Use response cost with younger children, but not with older ones.
b. Punish children in front of others to provide an example.
c. Parents should try to punish the same way for the same things.
d. If you punish your child and then find that he or she was innocent, ignore the punishment
and the situation in order to put the incident behind you.
589. To be most effective, punishment should be

a. delayed for a period of time in order for the child to have time to think about his or her
misbehavior and why it is wrong.
b. expressed with anger to get the child’s full attention.
c. done in public to add the punishing effect of embarrassment.
d. combined with the reinforcement of alternate, desirable behaviors.
590. As you enter the grocery store, your little daughter Marta spots a toy at the front of the store and
begins to beg for it. According to the textbook, your best course of action would be to
a. spank her immediately in front of people so the punishment will have the most effect.
b. immediately go and buy her a toy and then continue your shopping.
c. get very angry with her and stay angry with her as long as you are in the store.
d. ignore the whine and try to engage her in helping you shop.
REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior OBJ: 6.5.7 KEY: Application
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591. Which of the following is/are important in disciplining children?
a. A strong, trusting relationship between parent and child tends to minimize behavior
problems.
b. Ignore the anger and hurt feelings of the person being punished.
c. Use harsh punishment to guarantee obedience.
d. All of these are important in disciplining children.
592. Children should want to behave well

a. if you did not “spoil” them by “sparing the rod.”
b. if you show visible anger regarding their misbehavior.
c. in order to get your praise.
d. because they fear the punishment they will receive.
593. Regarding punishment, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a. Punishment tells a person or animal that a response was “wrong.”
b. Punishment teaches new behaviors.
c. Punishment tells a person or animal what the “right” response is.
d. All of these statements are true.
KEY: Concept

a. Punishment tells a person or animal that a response was “wrong.”
b. Punishment does not teach new behaviors.
c. Punishment tells a person or animal what the “right” response is.
d. Punishment becomes less effective when reinforcement is missing.
KEY: Concept
595. The most common error in the use of punishment for training or discipline is that it is
a. seldom severe enough to be effective.
b. often accompanied by no explanation.
c. relied on to the exclusion of other methods.
d. administered unfairly.
KEY: Concept
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596. Frequent punishment makes a person or an animal all of the following EXCEPT
a. unhappy and confused.
b. anxious and fearful.
c. aggressive.
d. better behaved.
597. Regarding the use of punishment for training or discipline, which of the following statements is
FALSE?
a. The overall emotional adjustment of a child or pet disciplined mainly by punishment is
usually superior to one disciplined mainly by reward.
b. Using punishment can become “habit forming.”
c. Mild punishment tends to be ineffective if reinforcers for that misbehavior are still
available in the situation.
d. One should avoid punishing when angry because it is easy to get carried away and become
abusive.
598. Using punishment can be “habit forming” because putting a stop to someone else’s irritating behavior
can
a. positively reinforce the person who applied the punishment.
b. negatively reinforce the person who applied the punishment.
c. encourage the person to use punishment less often in the future.
d. lead to the liberal use of positive reinforcers.
KEY: Concept
599. Annie is being noisy and disrespectful, and her mother gives her a “swat” on her rear end. Annie
immediately gets quiet. The next time Annie is being noisy and disrespectful, her mother is most likely
to use punishment again. According to research, which of the following is a FALSE statement
regarding the use of punishment?
a. Annie’s mother will “swat” her again because this punishment worked well the last time.
b. Annie’s resulting silence was negatively reinforcing for her mother
c. “Sparing the rod” on Annie would have resulted in her becoming a “spoiled” child.
d. The overall emotional adjustment of a child disciplined by reward will usually be superior
to one disciplined by punishment.
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KEY: Application
600. Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Classical and operant conditioning involve reflexive or skilled learning and do not involve
any “mental” elements.
b. As humans, we are greatly affected by information, expectations, perceptions, and mental
images.
c. Cognitive learning involves memory, thinking, problem solving, and language.
d. As a human, you can anticipate future reward or punishment and react accordingly.
REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning OBJ: 6.8.1
KEY: Concept
601. Understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of higher mental processes is known
as
a. operant learning.
b. instrumental learning.
d. Pavlovian cognition.
KEY: Fact
602. Memory, thinking, problem-solving, and the use of concepts and language are all involved in
a. operant learning.
c. response-dependent learning.
KEY: Fact
603. Barry is making a decision concerning which job he will accept. He remembers how it was in similar
jobs in the past and anticipates potential rewards and problems on each of these jobs. In choosing
which job to take, Barry is using
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KEY: Application
604. Internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city, campus, etc.) that underlie an
ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal is a(n)
a. cognitive map.
b. cognitive antecedent.
c. eidetic image.
d. non-operant response.
REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning OBJ: 6.8.2 KEY: Fact
605. An internal representation of relationships that acts as a guide is referred to as a(n)
a. cognitive map.
b. cognitive antecedent.
c. eidetic image.
d. non-operant response.
KEY: Fact
606. The fact that rats running a maze will go directly to a food goal box instead of a previously learned
longer route indicates that rats
a. learn a series of responses only.
b. learn what turns to take in a maze to get to a reward.
c. are smarter than monkeys when it comes to finding food.
d. learn the location of the reward.
KEY: Concept
607. You have a mental picture of how your city is organized so that you can easily take an alternate route if
there is a traffic jam. Psychologists call this internal image a(n) __________ map.
a. intuitive
b. cognitive
c. latent
d. discovery
KEY: Application
608. “After visiting Chattanooga, Tennessee last summer, I can imagine the layout of the city in my mind.”
This is an example of
a. imprinting.
b. a cognitive map.
c. automatic adaptation.
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KEY: Application
609. Learning your way through the various levels of a video game requires that you develop which of the
following regarding this video game?
a. a cognitive map
b. a behavioral contract
c. automatic adaptation
d. projective assessment
KEY: Application
610. An English teacher encourages her students to write the main aspects of the short story the class is
reading into ovals and then draw lines connecting the various themes and concepts. Thus, for this short
story, this teacher is encouraging her students to make a(n)
a. ablation.
b. behavioral contract.
c. cognitive map.
d. projective assessment.
KEY: Application
611. Elizabeth no longer has a difficult time finding her way around the new mall because after several
visits she has developed which of the following to help her navigate the mall?
a. a cognitive map
b. a behavioral contract
c. adaptive processing
d. projective assessment
KEY: Application
612. Latent learning is most closely associated with which of the following?
b. cognitive learning
c. instrumental learning
KEY: Concept
613. Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains hidden until reinforcement is
provided is known as
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b. latent learning.
c. covert conditioning.
KEY: Fact
614. Latent learning involves learning without any obvious

a. reinforcement.
b. practice.
c. response expectancies.
d. cognitive shaping.
KEY: Fact
615. In a classic experiment, two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with
food at the end of the maze, while the second group wandered the maze but were not rewarded with
food at the end of the maze. On another trial, the second group was rewarded with food at the end of
the maze. This second group of “uneducated” rats
a. only then began to learn the maze.
b. showed only a slightly slower completion time as compared to the first group.
c. ran the maze as quickly as the first group.
d. never learned the maze until numerous feeding trials were utilized.
KEY: Fact
616. Regarding latent learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Just satisfying curiosity can be enough to reward latent learning.
b. Latent learning remains hidden until reinforcement is provided.
c. Latent learning is directly associated with respondent conditioning.
d. In humans, latent learning is related to higher-level abilities, such as anticipating future
reward.
617. It has been found that in humans, latent learning often occurs because of
a. indirect reinforcement.
b. immediate gratification.
d. the anticipation of future reward.
KEY: Concept
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618. Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
a. knowing where the emergency exits are in a theater even though you have never used
them
b. becoming emotional in the presence of bees after you receive a bee sting
c. Pavlov’s dogs learning to salivate to a bell
d. a person in an institution being rewarded for exhibiting healthy behavior with tokens
KEY: Application
619. If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or
her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility. This illustrates
b. shaping.
c. latent learning.
d. discovery learning.
REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning OBJ: 6.8.3 KEY: Application
620. Even though you do not plan to be a teacher, you make mental notes of the way your teacher handles
the class or explains a certain topic because it might come in handy one day. These mental notes you
are making illustrate
b. latent learning.
c. covert conditioning.
KEY: Application
621. Cindy has watched her mother cook for several months. However, today her mother is ill so Cindy
offers to cook. Cindy has never had to cook before, but she does an excellent job without any
assistance. This demonstrates
a. insight.
b. latent learning.
d. higher-order conditioning.
KEY: Application
622. Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?
a. discovery learning
c. latent learning
d. cognitive learning
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REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning OBJ: 6.8.3 / 6.8.4
KEY: Concept
623. Facts or principles gained by insight and understanding describe

a. rote learning.
c. vicarious reinforcement.
KEY: Fact
624. Learning that involves mechanical repetition and memorization is known as __________ learning.
a. rote
b. discovery
c. antecedent
d. respondent
625. Discovery learning involves understanding and

a. rote memory.
c. insight.
d. observational learning.
626. Compared with learning by rote, which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and
flexible?
a. discovery learning
b. instrumental learning
d. shaping
KEY: Concept
627. Compared to learning by rote, discovery learning

a. produces a better understanding of new problems.
b. occurs more rapidly.
c. requires less reinforcement.
d. involves the observation and practice of new skills.
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KEY: Concept
628. In an experiment, the discovery learning group of students was encouraged to see that a “piece” of
parallelogram could be “moved” to create a rectangle, while the rote learning group memorized the
height times base formula. The results of the experiment demonstrated that
a. the discovery learning group performed better on the unusual problems.
b. the rote learning group performed better on the unusual problems.
c. both groups performed exceptionally well on the unusual problems.
d. both groups performed poorly on the unusual problems.
KEY: Fact
629. Which type of learning tends to lead to a better understanding of new or unusual problems?
a. latent learning
b. discovery learning
d. rote learning
KEY: Concept
630. One of the reasons you had labs in your science courses in high school was to allow you to perform
experiments that fostered your understanding of the scientific principles. The use of these science labs
to gain understanding and insight of various scientific principles is an example of
a. latent learning.
b. discovery learning.
d. cognitive mapping.
631. The best teaching strategies involve problem solving with enough direction from teachers so that
students gain useful knowledge, while also providing enough freedom so students can actively think
about these problems themselves. This technique is called
a. latent learning.
c. guided discovery.
d. rote learning.
KEY: Fact
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632. In her developmental psychology classes, Dr. Windham utilizes problem-based learning, which
involves presenting the students with open-ended real-life cases. The students must determine the
important aspects of the problem and then come up with a plan of action to solve the problem using
their textbook and notes. Dr. Windham is using a type of
b. rote learning.
d. guided discovery.
KEY: Application
633. Which of the following theorists believed that anything that can be learned from direct experience can
be learned through observation?
a. Albert Bandura
b. B.F. Skinner
c. John B. Watson
d. Ivan Pavlov
REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say OBJ: 6.9.1 KEY: Fact
634. Many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, cake decorating, or learning to bat a baseball, are
learned by what Albert Bandura called
a. instrumental conditioning.
REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say OBJ: 6.9.1 KEY: Concept
MSC: * (New Question)
635. The effects of modeling and imitation underlie

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636. Which of the following is achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another person or by
noting the consequences of the person’s actions?
b. observational learning
637. Which of the following involves any process in which information is imparted by example and allows
the observer to skip the tedious trial-and-error stage of learning?
a. classical learning
b. modeling
638. Compared to learning through direct experience or verbal instruction, modeling involves learning by
a. suffering the consequences for our actions.
b. exploring problems and situations.
c. breaking down larger tasks into their components.
d. watching others.
639. Skills, such as tying a necktie, or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through
b. verbal instruction.
c. modeling.
640. Learning the latest dance step by watching others on television is an example of which kind of
learning?
c. modeling.
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REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say OBJ: 6.9.1 KEY: Application
641. In observational learning, the person who serves as an example for the observer is referred to as the
a. antecedent.
b. instigator.
c. model.
d. exemplar.
642. Persons learn new responses, carry out or avoid previously learned responses, and learn the general
rules that can be applied in various situations by observing a(n)
a. respondent.
b. model.
c. operant.
d. mnemonic.
643. By observing a model, a person may learn all of the following EXCEPT
a. the temperamental preferences in the performance of the skill.
b. how to carry out or avoid previously learned responses.
c. the general rules that can be applied to various situations.
d. new responses.
644. Which of the following is NOT required for observational learning to take place?
a. The learner must pay attention to the model and remember what was done.
b. The learner must completely understand the skill or behavior in detail before any
modeling can take place.
c. The learner must be able to reproduce the modeled behavior.
d. For the modeled behavior to be repeated, the learner must be reinforced or receive
feedback for performing this behavior.
645. A critical variable in determining whether modeled behavior will be imitated is

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a. the attractiveness of the situation in which the model appears.
b. the unconscious motivation of the learning.
c. the interpersonal relationship between model and learner.
d. whether the model is successful or unsuccessful.
646. A beginning auto mechanic carefully observes a skilled mechanic perform a complex tune-up on a
foreign car for the first time. What is the most likely reason that this beginning auto mechanic will be
unable to perform this tune-up completely on his own?
a. He did not observe the skilled mechanic in enough detail and did not ask enough
questions.
b. He is not really motivated to become a mechanic.
c. He is unable to remember all the steps, having observed the procedure only once.
d. He is not coordinated enough to reproduce the procedure.
647. Your mother, who is 49 years old, loves to watch professional ice skating. She can name every type of
jump and spin used by the athletes and can tell you which type of jump they are about to perform by
their body positioning before the jump. However, what is the most likely reason that your mother
could not model the athletes’ behavior?
a. She does not admire the personality of these athletes.
b. She did not really observe the details required for these behaviors.
c. She did not see these athletes being 100 percent successful during their modeling.
d. She would be unable to reproduce these modeled behaviors even with extensive practice.
648. Six-year-old Mark watches his older brother working his algebra homework. The main reason that
Mark will be unable to model his brother’s mathematical calculations will be because
a. Mark does not admire his older brother enough.
b. Mark will not be reinforced by anyone if he works the math problems correctly.
c. Mark is probably unable to reproduce the modeled behavior correctly.
d. Mark did not pay enough attention to his brother’s modeled behaviors.
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649. A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by
a. repeated observations of the model.
b. direct chaining of the behaviors.
c. direct reinforcement or feedback of the behavior once it is modeled.
d. positive transfer of the behavior to other new responses.
650. Which of the following determines whether a new response learned through modeling will be
repeated?
a. whether the learner saw the behavior performed more than once
b. whether the learner receives normal reinforcement or feedback for the modeled behavior
c. whether the model praised the learner for observing the behavior and whether the learner
reciprocated the reinforcement
d. whether the learner observed the model in a real-life or filmed setting
651. In one experiment, children watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting
an inflatable doll (“Bo-Bo the Clown” doll). What happened when they were frustrated and then had
the opportunity to play with the same doll?
a. Few of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.
b. Those who saw the live model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the cartoon did
not.
c. Those who saw the cartoon model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the live
models did not.
d. Most of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.
652. In one classic experiment, children learned to hit a “Bo-Bo Clown” doll
a. through operant conditioning.
b. by watching an adult model.
c. through classical conditioning.
d. in order to release anxiety and tension and become calmer.
653. In Bandura’s classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated
a. the live adult model, but not the filmed model.
b. the cartoon model, but not the live adult model.
c. the cartoon model and filmed model, but not the live adult model.
d. all of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon.
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654. Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura’s classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?
a. Most of the children imitated the model’s attack on the Bo-Bo doll.
b. Some of the children added new aggressive acts toward the doll that were not performed
by the model.
c. The cartoon model was only slightly less effective in encouraging aggression than the live
model and the filmed model.
d. The children imitated the cartoon and live models of children, but did not imitate the
filmed adult models.
655. Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Children tend to blindly imitate adult role models.
b. Observational learning only prepares a person to duplicate a response.
c. Actual imitation depends on whether the model was rewarded or punished for what was
done.
d. Children tend to imitate what their parents do, and not what they say.
656. Greg is trying to read the paper and is becoming very frustrated with his oldest child Tommy, who is
making a lot of noise near him, so he “swats” Tommy on his rear end and tells him to be quiet. Later,
Tommy is fussing at his younger brother for touching his toys. Greg tells his oldest son to be nice to
his little brother. From the learning that took place in these two situations, Tommy will most likely
a. be nice to his younger brother.
b. hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated.
c. hit his father when he becomes frustrated.
d. do none of these.
657. Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Children cannot learn attitudes, fears, emotions, or personality traits through modeling.
b. Observational learning prepares a person to duplicate a response.
c. Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to commit it themselves as adults.
d. An adolescent is more likely to begin smoking if his or her parents, siblings, and friends
smoke.
658. While Gabe was growing up, his father would get angry and yell and throw objects at the wall. As an
adult now, Gabe also yells and throws objects when he gets angry. Gabe learned these behaviors
through
a. associative learning.
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c. instrumental learning.
d. modeling.
659. If you smoke cigarettes, psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won’t learn to smoke
through
a. modeling.
b. direct reinforcement.
c. discovery learning.
660. Children tend to act as if parents give them the message, “Do as I do, not as I say.” This is because of
the powerful effect of
a. modeling.
b. learning sets.
c. cognitive mapping.
d. punishment.
661. Through modeling of their parents, children often learn which of the following?
a. emotions and personality traits
b. fears and anxieties
c. attitudes and bad habits
d. all of these
662. Research suggests that children will usually model what parents
a. say and not what the parents do.
b. do rather than what the parents say.
c. wish their children would do.
d. tell older siblings to do.
663. Billy’s parents beg him not to smoke, but his parents smoke themselves. If Billy continues to smoke,
he has been influenced by
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a. modeling.
b. the paradoxical intention.
d. counter conditioning.
664. Studies of modeled aggression suggest that

a. the viewing of TV aggression does not have any significant effect on children’s behavior.
b. children tend to be calmer after observing aggression on television due to the cathartic
effect.
c. physical punishment by parents has little modeled effect on a child’s aggressiveness.
d. children who watch a great deal of televised violence will be more prone to behave
aggressively.
665. Regarding children’s exposure to the media, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Today’s children and young adults do spend more time in the classroom than they do
engaged with various media, including television, video games, movies, the Internet,
music, and print.
b. By the time the average American has graduated from high school, she or he will have
“witnessed” thousands of murders and countless acts of robbery, arson, bombing, torture,
and beatings in the media.
c. G-rated cartoons average 10 minutes of violence per hour.
d. Experiencing media violence does not invariably “cause” any given person to become
more aggressive, but it can make aggression more likely.
666. Typical TV viewers are exposed to a massive dose of media violence, which tends to promote the
development of aggression due to
a. observational learning.
b. increased frustration.
c. positive transfer.
d. negative transfer.
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667. Children have been shown to imitate the violence portrayed in
a. live and televised professional wrestling matches.
b. rap music.
c. video games.
d. all of these.
668. Research findings on televised violence have found that TV violence will
a. cause any child to be significantly more aggressive.
b. make aggressive behavior more likely for many children.
c. increase aggression in the short-term during childhood, but will not affect the children
when they become adults.
d. vicariously lower aggressive urges for many children and adults.
669. Concerning the effects of video game and television on aggression, which of the following statements
is FALSE?
a. The more personalized, intimate experience of video games may heighten the impact of
the violence.
b. By practicing violence against other people, video game players may learn to be
aggressive in real life.
c. The repeated exposure to media violence may desensitize viewers, making them less
likely to react negatively to violence and, hence, more prone to engage in it.
d. Watching media violence has been shown to increase the potential for violence only in
young children and not adolescents and adults.
670. In a recent study, college students either played a very violent, difficult, highly competitive, face-paced
video game (Mortal Kombat) or an easier, less competitive, nonviolent, slower-paced game (PGA
Tournament Golf) and then competed with another student (actually an actor) in a task that allowed
aggression and retaliation to take place. Which of the following students were more likely to aggress
by punishing their competitor?
a. the college students who played Mortal Kombat
b. the college students who played PGA Tournament Golf
c. both groups of college students (Mortal Kombat players and PGA Tournament Golf
players)
d. neither group of college students (Mortal Kombat players nor PGA Tournament Golf
players)
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671. In a recent study, college students played either a violent action game (Conan) or a nonviolent racing
game (Fuel) with both games being equally competitive, difficult, and fast-paced. The college students
were then given the opportunity to aggress against their competitor. Which of the following was one of
the results of this study?
a. The college students who played the violent game were more likely to be aggressive.
b. The college students who played the nonviolent game were more likely to be aggressive.
c. The college students who played the violent game were no more likely to be aggressive
than those who played the nonviolent game.
d. No aggression toward other players was shown by any of the game players.
672. In studies that looked at the association between violent video games and aggressiveness, the
researchers found that
a. the level of violence displayed in the video game was the determining factor in whether
the participants showed aggression when given the chance.
b. the competitiveness, difficulty, or pacing of a game may influence aggression levels just as
much, if not more, than the violent content of the game.
c. the violent video games actually sensitized the players so that they reacted negatively to
the violence shown and were less likely to imitate it.
d. only young children were influenced to imitate the violence with adolescents and adults
not being significantly affected.
673. Violent video games tend to make aggressive behavior more likely because
a. repeated exposure to violence sensitizes individuals, making them more likely to react
negatively to violence.
b. players may learn to be aggressive in real life by practicing violence against other people
within the games.
c. the games arouse an innate aggressive instinct.
d. the games serve as a cathartic outlet for pent-up anger.
674. Research has shown that watching a lot of violence on television may cause us to become
a. sensitized to violence.
b. more anxious when in the presence of violence.
c. desensitized to violence.
d. less violent.
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675. Regarding televised violence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has significantly increased, even as the
sale of violent video games has decreased.
b. Younger children are more likely to be influenced by televised violence because they do
not fully recognize that media characters and stories are fantasies.
c. Experiencing media violence does not invariably “cause” any given person to become
more aggressive but makes aggression more likely.
d. Personality characteristics, family conflict, depression, and negative peer influences are
factors that affect the chances that hostile thoughts will be turned into actions.
676. Seven-year-old Jai is playing his favorite video game in which the hero has to use violence in order to
defeat the villains and save the city. Which of the following is most likely?
a. Jai will not imitate the hero’s actions since he recognizes that the video game story is a
fantasy, not a real situation.
b. Jai will be sensitized to the violence, so that he will react more anxiously and negatively
toward violence since he has seen its destructiveness.
c. Jai will not imitate the hero’s actions because the more personalized, intimate experience
of the video games will lower the game’s impact.
d. Jai will be more likely to model the aggression he has seen in the video game.
677. Regarding televised aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Repeated exposure to media violence may desensitize individuals, making them less likely
to react negatively to violence and more prone to engage in it.
b. Compared to its violent content, the competitiveness, difficulty, and pacing of a video
game have been shown to have much less influence, if any, on the aggressiveness
displayed by the players.
c. In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has declined even as sales of violent
video games have risen.
d. Until further research can more definitively disentangle several issues, the question of
whether playing violent videogames triggers aggression towards others remains
unresolved.
155
678. The long-term effects of experiencing violent media can include all of the following EXCEPT
a. imitation.
b. catharsis of violent thoughts.
c. vicarious traumatization.
d. desensitization to violence.
679. If you want to exercise more, attend more classes, concentrate longer, or read more books, one of the
best solutions would be to
a. attend a Gestalt encounter group.
b. use behavioral self-management.
c. use systematic desensitization.
d. learn and use self-hypnosis.
REF: Behavioral Self-Management-A Rewarding Project OBJ: 6.10.1
KEY: Concept
680. The principles of which of the following have been adapted for use in behavioral self-management?
a. divergent thinking
c. cognitive mapping
d. self-hypnosis
681. Choosing a target behavior, recording a baseline, establishing goals, choosing reinforcers, recording
progress, rewarding progress, and adjusting one’s plan are the steps making up a procedure known as
a. behavioral self-management.
b. top-down processing.
c. cognitive mapping.
d. perceptual habituation.
682. The first step in using “behavioral self-management” is to

a. choose reinforcers.
b. establish goals.
c. choose a target behavior.
d. record two baselines.
156
KEY: Fact
683. In behavioral self-management, the activity you want to change is called the
a. goal gradient.
b. baseline.
d. target behavior.
684. Which of the following is NOT a step in the behavioral self-management program discussed in your
textbook?
a. choose a target behavior
b. record a baseline
c. choose reinforcing and punishing self-statements
d. adjust your plan as you learn more about your behavior
KEY: Fact
685. Which of the following involves listing how much time you currently spend performing the specific
activity or counting the number of desired or undesired responses you make each day?
a. establishing goals
b. recording a baseline
c. choosing a target behavior
d. setting up reinforcers and punishers
KEY: Fact
686. Monica is engaging in behavioral self-management to eat healthier and lose weight. After she chooses
these target behaviors, Monica counts the number of healthy foods and the number of unhealthy foods
she is currently consuming each week. Monica is
a. establishing goals.
b. recording a baseline.
c. adjusting her plan.
d. setting up reinforcers and punishers.
687. In setting realistic goals for gradual improvement on each successive week during behavioral self-
management, it is important to remember the principle of
157
a. extinction.
b. response cost.
c. shaping.
688. Arnold wants to increase the amount of time he exercises. When he reaches his goal for the first day,
he relaxes after exercises and watches an episode of one of his favorite sitcoms while cooling down
and drinking water. He does this after every day of exercise. At the end of the week of successful days
of exercise, Arnold treats himself to a movie. During this behavioral self-management program,
Arnold has set up daily and weekly
a. antecedents.
b. baselines.
c. reinforcers.
d. response costs.
689. Mary wants to increase the amount of time that she studies each night for school. Which of the
following should NOT be a part of her behavioral self-management plan?
a. a recorded baseline
b. weekly goals and an ultimate goal
c. daily reward and weekly reward for reaching goals
d. daily punisher and weekly punisher for not meeting goals
KEY: Application
690. Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in your textbook for changing bad habits?
a. alternate responses
b. breaking up response chains
c. cognitive mapping
d. cues and antecedents
158
691. A strategy for breaking bad habits that involves trying to get the same reinforcement using a new
behavior is known as the strategy of
a. alternate responses.
b. breaking up response chains.
c. cues and antecedents.
d. extinction.
KEY: Fact
692. Rhonda has always gotten people’s attention by acting “silly,” but she wants to get out of this habit.
So, she practices intelligent but interesting “starter” conversations to keep people’s attention. Rhonda
is using which strategy for breaking a bad habit?
a. breaking up response chains
b. cues and antecedents
c. alternate responses
d. extinction
KEY: Application
693. When April is stressed and wants to relax, she has always reached for a glass of wine. However, she
wants to break this use of alcohol as a means of relaxation, so she learns stress management techniques
and now uses them when she feels stressed. April is using which strategy for breaking a bad habit?
a. breaking up response chains
b. cues and antecedents
c. alternate responses
d. extinction
694. When trying to change a bad habit, if a person were to finally discover what is reinforcing an
unwanted response and then remove, avoid, or delay the reinforcement, we would say this person has
utilized the technique known as
a. extinction.
b. modeling.
c. breaking response chains.
d. cues and antecedents.
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KEY: Concept
695. Fatima has developed a habit of taking longer and longer “breaks” to watch TV when she should be
studying. Obviously, TV watching is reinforcing her “break taking.” To improve her study habits,
Fatima could delay reinforcement by studying at the library or some other location a good distance
from her TV. In this way, she will remove the reinforcement for “taking breaks.” This strategy for
breaking bad habits is known as
a. modeling.
b. extinction.
c. shaping.
d. latent learning.
KEY: Application
696. Tomas and Eric have both developed a habit of walking over to each other’s offices when they want to
take a break from their work. However these breaks have increasing gotten longer and louder because
they enjoy talking to each other. Recently both Tomas and Eric have had to take more and more work
home to finish plus getting the “evil eye” stare from the boss several times. Tomas and Eric have
decided to only see each other at lunch and after work and to not go to each other’s offices unless it is
required by office business. By doing this, Tomas and Eric have removed the reinforcement for
“hanging out” at the office and also increased their productivity during working hours. This strategy
for breaking bad habits is known as
a. modeling.
b. extinction.
c. shaping.
d. latent learning.
697. If you scramble the sequence of events that precede an undesirable response, you are
a. extinguishing primary reinforcers.
b. utilizing cues and antecedents.
c. programming alternate responses.
d. breaking up response chains.
698. Most nights Ian comes home from work, turns on the TV, and eats a whole bag of cookies or chips. He
then takes a shower and changes clothes. By supper time, he has lost his appetite. Ian realizes he is
substituting junk food for supper. For instance, he could shower immediately when he gets home or
avoid turning on the TV until after supper. Ian will be utilizing the strategy that involves
a. breaking up response chains.
160
b. cues and antecedents.
c. alternate responses.
d. extinction.
KEY: Application
699. Tina always seems to be a little late for work every morning because she spends so much time drinking
coffee and reading the morning paper that she has to rush through her shower and her selection of
clothes. So, she has decided to get a cup of coffee and drink it while selecting her clothes, then take a
shower, and, if any time remains, she will have a second cup of coffee and read the morning paper.
Tina is utilizing the strategy that involves
d. extinction.
KEY: Application
700. If you try to avoid, narrow down, or remove stimuli that elicit the bad habit, you are breaking this bad
habit using the strategy that involves
701. David is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink in eight months. David has avoided parties
where alcohol is served, found new friends who do not drink and stayed away from bars. Of the
strategies listed in your text for breaking a bad habit, David is using the one involving
KEY: Application
702. Brandon wants to cut down on smoking. So, he removes ashtrays, matches, and extra cigarettes from
his house and office, keeping them only in the car. Of the strategies listed in your textbook for
breaking a bad habit, Brandon is using the one involving
161
KEY: Application
703. The Premack principle states that

a. primary reinforcers are the best rewards.
b. secondary reinforcers are the best rewards.
c. things you like to do can act as rewards.
d. the entire response must be completed before rewards are most effective.
KEY: Fact
704. The idea that a high frequency response can be used to reinforce a low frequency response was
proposed by
a. Olds.
b. Skinner.
c. Wolfe.
d. Premack.
REF: Behavioral Self-Management-A Rewarding Project OBJ: 6.10.3 KEY: Fact
705. Requiring a resistant child to eat half of each of the foods on his dinner plate before receiving a
favorite dessert is an example of
a. generalized reinforcers.
b. punishment.
c. the Premack principle.
d. the partial reinforcement effect.
KEY: Application
706. If you watch television every night and want to study more, make it a rule not to turn on the set until
you have studied for an hour. Then, lengthen the requirement each week. Using the television watching
as a reinforcement for studying is an example of
a. latent learning.
b. the Premack principle.
d. the law of association.
KEY: Application
162
707. Juan likes to play video games, but he also needs to increase his exercise time. So, he decides to only
play a video game after he has exercised for 30 minutes. Using video game playing as a reward for
exercising illustrates the use of
a. the Premack principle.
b. latent learning.
d. the law of association.
708. Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies is known as

c. self-recording.
709. Self-recording is important in managing your own behavior because

a. you cannot learn anything without rewards.
b. simply knowing that you are reaching a goal is rewarding.
c. you need to know when you are over-rewarding yourself.
d. you need to apply the Premack principle.
KEY: Concept
710. The key to any self-management program is
a. self-recording because it provides feedback.
b. social support because it provides positive reinforcement needed.
c. punishment because it helps you decrease the unwanted behavior.
d. adjusting your schedule because it is important to be flexible.
KEY: Concept
711. Which of the following involves a simple tally of response frequencies that can help you break
undesirable behavior patterns and provides feedback about your progress in developing desirable
behaviors?
a. cognitive mapping
b. cumulative charting
c. self-recording
163
712. In a self-management program, self-recording

a. provides feedback and lets you know if you are reaching your goal.
b. involves setting goals and readjusting them.
c. is only effective if extra rewards are utilized.
d. is only effective if the Premack principle is utilized.
KEY: Concept
713. Regarding self-recording, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Self-recording works because people tend to react to being observed, even when they are
the ones watching their own behavior.
b. When one uses self-recording, he or she is more likely to engage in desired behaviors and
less likely to perform undesired behaviors.
c. Record keeping can be motivating as one begins to make progress.
d. In self-recording, one should use a chart that records the number of times the behavior
occurred, where it occurred, the time it occurred, and one’s feelings about the behavior.
714. A “behavioral contract” is a(n)

a. system of self-management.
b. new type of service contract.
c. use of higher order conditioning.
d. illustration of the Premack principle.
KEY: Fact
715. A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply is known as
b. higher order conditioning.
c. a behavioral contract.
d. self-recording.
KEY: Fact
716. Ginger has been procrastinating on finishing her dissertation. So, she and her fiancé draw up a formal
agreement in which she states that she will meet weekly deadlines on the number of pages she will
complete and the rewards she will receive, such as eating out at her favorite restaurant, and the
consequences she will incur, such as chores she hates to do. Ginger and her fiancé are utilizing which
of the following to help Ginger finish her dissertation?
164
c. a behavioral contract
d. self-recording
KEY: Application
717. Greg has not been making any progress toward his weight loss for the past six months. So, he and his
wife draw up a formal agreement in which he states that he will meet weekly weight loss goals with
the rewards for meeting these goals listed and the consequences he will incur if he does not meet his
weekly goal. Greg and his wife are utilizing which of the following to help Greg lose weight?
c. a behavioral contract
d. self-recording
718. Which of the following instances would be the most effective use of mild punishment in a behavioral
contract?
a. A person wanting to lose weight sends money to a political candidate he detests if he does
not meet a specific loss of weight by a weekly weigh-in.
b. A person uses a metal cigarette holder with a tip that is heated by the burning tobacco to
make smoking unpleasant.
c. A person records the feedback of those around him in order to change his outlook and
mood.
d. A person has to spend an hour studying before he can watch a half hour of TV.
KEY: Application
TRUE/FALSE
1. Learning is a change in behavior caused by maturation and practice.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

KEY: Fact
2. Events that precede a response are called antecedents, while the effects that follow a response are
called consequences.
165
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
KEY: Fact
3. In Pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder (food) placed on the dog’s tongue was the conditioned
stimulus.

4. Every time Mac’s dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because the dog
associated the sound with the food. In this example, the dog’s salivation to the sound of the can opener
would be the unconditioned response.

5. Psychologist Joseph Steinmetz found that people with autism, obsessive compulsive disorder, fetal
alcohol syndrome, and schizophrenia show unusual eye blink conditioning.

6. Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by pairing images that evoke good feelings with
pictures of their products.

7. Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in stimulus
generalization.

8. Three-year-old Jake ran up to the neighbor’s new lab puppy. The puppy barked loudly and playfully
jumped up on Jake, knocking him down. Although Jake was not hurt, the experience did frighten him.
The next time he saw the lab puppy, he hugged his mother’s knees and began to cry. Regarding the
development of Jake’s fear of dogs, this puppy served as the conditioned stimulus.

166
9. Developing a fear of sharks after watching a movie that depicts “man-eating sharks” would have to
take place through vicarious classical conditioning.

KEY: Application
10. In Thorndike’s law of effect, events critical for conditioning occur before the response.

KEY: Concept
11. A reward will reliably increase responding, while an operant reinforcer will increase responding only
occasionally.

12. The concept of response chaining helps explain how the entire sequence of events necessary to prepare
a meal is reinforced by the final dining experience.

KEY: Concept
13. You are a very good bowler now, but you did not start out that way. Your father reinforced you for each
small improvement you made over several months through a process known as shaping.

KEY: Application
14. Your dog jumps up on you when you get home; and you eliminate this behavior by ignoring the dog
when it jumps on you. The ignoring of this response would be an example of operant extinction.

KEY: Application
15. Negative reinforcement is a type of punishment that decreases the behavior it follows.
167
16. Food, water, pain reduction, sex, and brain stimulation are all considered to be primary reinforcers.

KEY: Concept
17. Using a computer or playing a musical instrument can occur in the absence of obvious, tangible
reinforcers, such as a food reward, because of the adaptive value of feedback.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

18. Continuous reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than partial reinforcement.

19. Jamal works for a department store that pays him $50 for every three bicycles he assembles; thus,
Jamal is on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

20. We pick up phones that are ringing, but rarely answer phones that are silent, which illustrates the
concept of stimulus control.

KEY: Concept
21. A child calls his black cat “Binkie” but does not call other black cats this name, which illustrates
operant stimulus discrimination.

22. Tommy’s mother slaps his hand as punishment when he tries to sneak his third before-dinner cookie;
therefore, we can expect Tommy’s cookie-sneaking to completely disappear.
168
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
KEY: Application
23. Tyler’s a 12-year-old child who is frequently punished by his father, often lies about his whereabouts
and stays at a friend’s house rather than going home. Tyler is demonstrating avoidance learning.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

24. Frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

KEY: Concept
25. If you have ever learned your way through the various levels found in many video games, you have
developed a cognitive map of the video game.

26. Compared to learning by rote, discovery learning produces a better understanding of new problems.

KEY: Concept
27. In Bandura’s classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated all of the models, whether
live, filmed, or cartoon.

28. In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has declined even as sales of violent video games
have risen.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

29. A strategy for breaking bad habits that involves trying to get the same reinforcement using a new
response is known as the strategy of cues and antecedents.
169
30. The Premack principle states that activities you like doing, such as watching television, can serve as
reinforcers for activities that you want to increase, such as studying more.

REF: Behavioral Self-Management-A Rewarding Project OBJ: 6.10.3 KEY: Fact
COMPLETION
1. Classical and operant conditioning are the two types of __________ learning.
ANS: associative
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect?

2. The effects that occur after a response are called __________.
ANS: consequences
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect?

3. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the food is referred to as the __________ response.
ANS: unconditioned
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

4. If you classically conditioned a person to yawn when he or she hears the word “psychology,” the word
“psychology” would be considered the __________ stimulus.
ANS: conditioned
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

5. The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two
events is known as the __________ view.
ANS: informational
170
6. After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is
referred to as a(n) __________.
ANS: spontaneous recovery

7. Little Armondo is afraid of dogs. He also shows a fear of other furry animals, such as cats and rabbits.
Armondo is exhibiting stimulus __________.
ANS: generalization

8. Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this
tune is always associated with a character being in danger. This illustrates a(n) __________, or CER.
ANS: conditioned emotional response

KEY: Application
9. A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections. Although the
child has never received an injection, he responds fearfully when a needle is brought near him. His
reaction is an example of __________ classical conditioning.
ANS: vicarious

10. The type of learning that is also known as instrumental learning and involves voluntary responses
being emitted by the animal or person is called __________ conditioning.
ANS: operant
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons

171
11. You go through a series of steps in making a six-tier wedding cake with the “oohs” and “ahhs” of the
wedding guests and your payment being the reinforcement for the numerous steps you completed in
this example of __________.
ANS: response chaining
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons

12. Sara wears the same bracelet to class each time she has a major test. She believes that wearing this
piece of jewelry will assure her an A just like she got on the first test when she was wearing the
bracelet. Sara is exhibiting a(n) __________ behavior.
ANS: superstitious
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons

13. The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final
desired response is referred to as __________.
ANS: shaping
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons

14. If you wear sunglasses to escape the glare of the sun, then you are wearing the sunglasses because of
__________reinforcement.
ANS: negative

15. When Erica broke her curfew, her parents took away all of her phone and car privileges for a week.
Erica’s parents are using negative punishment, also known as __________.
ANS: response cost

172
16. A tangible secondary reinforcer, such as money, gold stars, or poker chips, that can be exchanged for
food, lodgings, and other necessities would be referred to as a(n) __________ reinforcer.
ANS: token
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure?

17. Regarding programmed instruction, the most complex serious games, which allow students to explore
an imaginary situation or “microworld” and to learn to solve real-world problems, are called
educational __________.
ANS: simulations
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure?

18. You are being paid for each 100 square feet of drywall you install. You are being paid on the type of
partial reinforcement schedule known as __________.
ANS:
fixed ratio
FR

19. In a psychology class, the students have to turn in a topic report every two weeks. Typically, they get
in a writing frenzy a couple of days before the report is due; then they do not write anything until right
before the next due date. This pattern of responding illustrates the partial reinforcement schedule
known as __________.
ANS:
fixed interval
FI

20. Whether we drive our car across an intersection depends on the traffic light being red or green, which
illustrates the principle of __________.
173
ANS: stimulus control
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Stimulus Control-Red Light, Green Light

21. Young children may temporarily call all men daddy, much to the embarrassment of their parents,
which illustrates operant stimulus __________.
ANS: generalization
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Stimulus Control-Red Light, Green Light

22. When the frequency of a response is decreased due to the onset of an unpleasant event or aversive
situation, this consequence is known as __________ punishment.
ANS: positive
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior

23. The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on their timing, intensity, and __________.
ANS: consistency
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior

24. You have just broken up with your boyfriend. You are sitting at a table with friends when you see him
enter the restaurant. He has not seen you yet, so you duck into the ladies room. You are exhibiting
__________ learning.
ANS: avoidance
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior

25. The type of learning that involves higher mental processes, such as understanding, knowing, or
anticipating is called __________ learning.
ANS: cognitive
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning

174
26. Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement
is provided is known as __________ learning.
ANS: latent
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Cognitive Learning-Beyond Conditioning

27. Skills, such as dancing, tying your shoe, or playing a guitar, are most easily learned through
__________ learning.
ANS: observational
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say

28. Watching a great deal of televised violence can cause a person to be less likely to react negatively to
the violence because they have become __________ to the violence.
ANS: desensitized
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say

29. Choosing a target behavior, recording a baseline, establishing goals, choosing reinforcers, recording
progress, rewarding progress, and adjusting one’s plan are the steps making up a procedure known as
__________.
ANS: behavioral self-management
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Behavioral Self-Management-A Rewarding Project

30. A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply is known as a(n)
__________.
ANS: behavioral contract

ESSAY
175
1. Explain the importance of antecedents and consequences for learning, and then compare and contrast
classical and operant conditioning, including the role of antecedents and consequences, the type of
response, the role of the learner, the nature of the learning, and the learned expectancy for each.
ANS:
Answer will include that understanding associative learning begins with noting what happens before
and after a response. Events that precede a response are called antecedents. Events that follow a
response are consequences. Classical conditioning is based on what happens before we respond. In
classical conditioning, an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response is linked with one that
does. In operant conditioning, learning is based on the consequence of responding. A response may be
followed by a reinforcer, or by punishment, or by nothing. Regarding the type of response made in
each type of learning, a classically conditioned response is reflexive-like and involuntary, while
responses learned through operant conditioning are spontaneous and voluntary. The role of the learner
in classical conditioning is passive, and the response is elicited automatically, while in operant
conditioning the learner is active and instrumental in gaining his or her reinforcement and voluntarily
emits a response. Regarding the nature of learning in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus
becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with the unconditioned stimulus. In operant
conditioning, the probability of making a response is altered by the consequences that follow it. From
an informational view, one comes to expect the unconditioned stimulus (US) to follow the conditioned
stimulus (CS) during classical conditioning, whereas the expectancy in operant conditioning is that a
response will have a specific effect.

REF: What Is Learning-Does Practice Make Perfect? | Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing
Pigeons OBJ: 6.1.4 / 6.1.5 / 6.1.6 / 6.4.1 KEY: Concept
2. Explain how the classical conditioning of an eye blink came to be used as a diagnostic tool, and list the
various conditions that have been diagnosed using it.
ANS:
176
Answer will include that one exciting possibility is that eye blink conditioning may be useful for
distinguishing locked-in individuals from those with more severe brain damage and even severely
brain-damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state.
Patients who are at least minimally conscious can be conditioned and may recover some mental
functions, while patients in a vegetative state likely cannot be conditioned or recover. Currently, some
minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed and are not offered appropriate therapy. Eye blink
conditioning may also help make earlier diagnoses. For example, psychologist Diana Woodruff-Pak
noticed disordered eye blink conditioning in a patient six years before other tests showed any signs of
dementia. Eventually, these people with dementia suffered major declines in memory, judgment,
language, and thinking abilities. More clinical applications may be developed since the details of eye
blink conditioning, including which brain areas are involved, are now fairly well understood.
Psychologist Joseph Steinmetz and his colleagues found that people with autism show unusual eye
blink conditioning. So do people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, and
schizophrenia. This relationship now gives doctors another way to diagnose such disorders as well as
to learn more about them.

3. Using behavioral terms, explain why advertisers might pair a “party scene” with a product, such as a
soft drink; and explain why many stores carry imitations of nationally known products and place them
right beside the more well-known products.
ANS:
Answer will include that when advertisers pair images, such as a party, which evoke good feelings
with pictures of their products, they are using higher order conditioning. In this type of conditioning,
the advertisers’ product (a conditioned stimulus) is paired with a well-learned conditioned stimulus
(the fun of the party). They hope that the consumer will learn, by association (classical conditioning) to
feel good when he or she sees their product. Stimulus generalization explains why many stores carry
imitations of nationally known products. For many customers, positive attitudes that were formed
through conditioning with the real products tend to generalize to the cheaper knockoffs.

OBJ: 6.2.4 / 6.2.7 KEY: Application
177
4. Mitzi is extremely afraid of cats because she was badly scratched by one when she was younger. Abby
is also afraid of cats, although she has never been scratched by one. However, Abby’s mother is
deathly afraid of cats.
(a) Explain the way that Mitzi developed her phobia, using the US, UR, CS, and CR.
(b) Explain the way Abby most likely developed her phobia.
(c) Describe how all of these women, including Abby’s mother could overcome their phobias.
ANS:
Answer will include the following:
(a) Mitzi’s conditioned emotional response (CER) occurred through direct classical conditioning, in
which the cat was a neutral stimulus until it was paired with the pain from the scratches (US). This fear
of pain is an unconditioned response (UR). The cat became a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being
paired with pain (US) and now can cause a conditioned response (CR) of being fearful of cats.
(b) Abby’s conditioned emotional response most likely occurred through vicarious (secondhand)
classical conditioning in which she learned to be afraid of cats by watching her mother’s fear responses
to cats.
(c) Mitzi, Abby, and Abby’s mother can overcome their phobias through a therapy called systematic
desensitization. Each person would be gradually exposed to the feared stimuli, while she remains calm
and relaxed.

KEY: Application
178
5. Your friend tells you that “negative reinforcement is a type of punishment.” Explain why your friend is
VERY WRONG about these concepts by giving the definition and an example of each of the following
concepts: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative
punishment.
ANS:
Positive reinforcement occurs when a pleasant or desirable event follows a response and increases the
frequency of the response occurring. Being praised for a behavior would be an example of positive
reinforcement. Negative reinforcement also increases the frequency of response because making the
response removes an unpleasant event. Thus, negative reinforcement increases responding by ending
(negating, or taking away) discomfort. For example, if you have a headache and take an aspirin, your
aspirin taking will be negatively reinforced if the headache stops. Likewise, a rat could be taught to
press a bar to get food (positive reinforcement), or the rat could be given a continuous mild shock
(through the floor of its cage) that is turned off by a bar press (negative reinforcement). Either way, the
rat will learn to press the bar more often because it leads to a desired state of affairs (food or an end to
pain). Many people mistake negative reinforcement for punishment. However, negative reinforcement
increases responding, while punishment decreases responding. Positive punishment decreases the
likelihood that the response will occur again by initiating (adding) discomfort. Spanking or scolding a
child for his or her misbehavior would be examples of positive punishment if the misbehavior
decreases. Punishment also occurs when a reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed. This
second type of punishment is called negative punishment or response cost. Examples of negative
punishment would include privileges, money, or other positive things being taken away for making a
particular response. The best-known form of response cost is time out, in which children are removed
from situations that normally allow them to gain reinforcement. When your parents put you in time out
by sending you to your room, they denied you the reinforcement of being with the rest of your family
or hanging out with your friends.
PTS: 12 DIF: Moderate REF: Operant Conditioning-Ping-Pong Playing Pigeons

6. Describe three ways in which conditioning techniques can be used to help people learn how to
conserve energy resources.
ANS:
179
Answers may vary but will include some of the following: One approach involves changing the
consequences of wasteful energy use and polluting. For example, energy taxes can be used to increase
the cost of using fossil fuels (response cost). On the reinforcement side of the equation, rebates can be
offered for installing insulation, or buying energy-efficient appliances or cars, and tax breaks can be
given to companies that take steps to preserve the environment. Recycling is also more effective when
entire families participate, with some family members (usually Mom, of course) reinforcing the
recycling behavior of other family members. Feedback is also important. Environmental psychologists
have long known that a lack of prompt feedback is a major barrier to conservation. When families,
work groups, factories, and dorms receive feedback, on a weekly basis, about how much they recycled,
they typically recycle more. New tools, such as ecological footprint calculators, make it a lot easier for
individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption. With growing public concern
over global warming, many people are now calculating their individual carbon footprint, which is the
volume of greenhouse gases individual consumption adds to the atmosphere.
PTS: 9 DIF: Difficult REF: Operant Reinforcers-What's Your Pleasure?

7. A teacher wants her students to study steadily across the semester. What kind of schedule of
reinforcement could she put her quizzes on in order to produce a steady rate of responding, and explain
why this schedule would be more successful than the other schedules of reinforcement?
ANS:
Answer may vary, but will probably include the use of pop quizzes that would put the students on a
variable interval schedule in which they would not know the day of the week that a quiz might occur
and would have to study each night before the class. A variable interval would produce a steadier rate
of responding as opposed to the scheduled quizzes, which are on a fixed interval schedule and tend to
result in students studying only the night before the scheduled quiz. Thus, instead of the student
studying only once every two or three weeks on a fixed interval schedule, they would be studying at
least two or three times per week with a variable interval schedule. Interval schedules are usually used
for tests, rather than ratio schedules, since tests must occur after a passage of lecture time.

8. Describe three problems that occur as punishment increases in severity.
ANS:
180
Answer includes the following three problems. Because punishment is aversive (painful or
uncomfortable), people and situations associated with punishment tend, through classical conditioning,
to become feared, resented, or disliked. A second major problem is that aversive stimuli encourages
escape and avoidance learning. In escape learning, we learn to make a response in order to end an
aversive stimulus. Avoidance learning is making a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort.
For example, children who run away from punishing parents (escape) may soon learn to lie about their
behavior or to spend as much time away from home as possible (avoidance responses). A third
problem with punishment is that it can greatly increase aggression. Generally speaking, punishment is
painful, frustrating, or both. Punishment, therefore, sets up a powerful environment for learning
aggression. When spanked, a child may feel angry, frustrated, and hostile and will be more likely to hit
another child. The danger is that aggressive acts may feel good because they release anger and
frustrations. If so, aggression has been rewarded and will tend to occur again in other frustrating
situations. Several studies have found that children who are physically punished are more likely to
engage in aggressive, impulsive, antisocial behavior.
PTS: 9 DIF: Moderate REF: Punishment-Putting the Brakes on Behavior

9. Discuss the research regarding the effect of violent video games, including the results of recent studies,
the reasons why video games may increase the probability of aggression, and why violent media
affects younger children differently than adolescents and adults.
ANS:
181
Answer includes that today’s kids can experience more gore in a day through television and video
games than most people used to experience in a lifetime, even during military combat. Many reviews
have concluded that violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children and young adults.
Unfortunately, much of the early research may have led to overly strong conclusions. For example, in
one earlier study, college students played a violent (Mortal Kombat) or nonviolent (PGA Tournament
Golf) video game. Next, they competed with another student (actually an actor) in a task that allowed
aggression and retaliation to take place. Students who played the violent game were much more likely
to aggress by punishing their competitor. However, these two games differed not only in their degree
of violence, they also differed in degree of competitiveness, difficulty, and pace of action. A more
recent study compared a violent action game (Conan) and a nonviolent racing game (Fuel) that were
equally competitive, difficult, and fast-paced. In a subsequent task, college students who played the
violent game were no more likely to be aggressive than those who played the nonviolent game. In
other words, it is entirely possible that the competitiveness, difficulty, or pacing of a game influences
aggression levels just as much, if not more, than the violent content of the game. Until further research
can more definitively disentangle these issues, the question of whether playing violent videogames
triggers aggression towards others remains unresolved. Violent media may increase the probability of
aggression because it teaches people how to be more aggressive in real life. Another possibility is that
repeated exposure to media violence may desensitize people, making them less likely to react
negatively to violence and, hence, more prone to engage in it. Either way, according to clinical
psychologist Christopher Ferguson, experiencing media violence does not invariably “cause” any
given person to become more aggressive. At best it can make aggression more likely. Many other
factors, such as personality characteristics, family conflict, depression, and negative peer influences,
also affect the chances that hostile thoughts will be turned into actions. In recent years, the violent
crime rate among youth has declined even as sales of violent video games have risen. However, none
of this is to say that we should be unconcerned about the long-term effects of experiencing violent
media, including imitation, desensitization, and vicarious traumatization. This is especially true for
younger children, who are more likely to be influenced because they don’t always fully recognize that
media characters and stories are fantasies. In fact, the more personalized, intimate experience of video
games may also heighten their impact.
PTS: 12 DIF: Difficult REF: Modeling-Do as I Do, Not as I Say

182
10. Select a behavior that you would like to increase or decrease; describe how you would set up a
behavioral self-management program for this behavior; and explain why self-recording is so important.
ANS:
Answer will include the seven steps in the behavioral self-management program and the importance of
self-recording. The seven steps consist of the following: (1) Choose a target behavior, such as
increasing the number of hours to spend studying. (2) Record a baseline, that is, record how much time
you currently spend studying, such as 25 minutes a day. (3) Establish realistic goals, daily and weekly.
For example, increase study time to 40 minutes per day or establish a weekly goal of five hours of total
study time. (4) Set up a daily reward for reaching goals daily and one for reaching the weekly goal. For
example, watching a favorite TV show might be a daily reward, while going to the movies might be a
weekly reward. (5) Keep accurate records of the amount of time spent each day on the desired activity
or the number of times you make the desired response. Recording one’s progress is important as a
source of feedback and motivation. (6) Reward your successes honestly. If you meet your daily goal,
collect your reward. If you fall short, be honest with yourself and skip the reward. Do the same for
your weekly goal. (7) Adjust your plan as you learn more about your behavior. Overall progress will
reinforce your attempts at self-management. Even if a person has difficulty giving and withholding
rewards, self-recording, which involves keeping records of response frequencies, can make a
difference all by itself. This is because people tend to react to being observed, even when they are the
ones watching their own behavior. In general, when people systematically (and honestly) observe
themselves, they are more likely to engage in desired behaviors and less likely to perform undesired
behaviors. So, it is important to keep track of the number of times that one exercises, arrives late to
class, eats vegetables, smokes a cigarette, studies, watches TV, or whatever behavior one is interested
in changing. A simple tally on a piece of paper will do, or one can get a small mechanical counter like
those used to count calories. Record keeping helps break patterns, and the feedback can be motivating
as a person begins to make progress.

OBJ: 6.10.1 / 6.10.3 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)
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Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning

2. Abstract “book learning” would be considered a form of

4. Learning is best defined as

7. Psychologists define learning as

8. Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

15. Cognitive learning involves

19. The two types of associative learning are

21. Unlocking the secrets of associative of learning begins with noting

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

22. Events that occur just before a response are called

29. Classical conditioning is based on

30. An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n)

32. In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

42. Operant conditioning is based on

43. Learning by consequences occurs during

53. Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

54. Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

70. The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

88. Eye blink conditioning can be accomplished with individuals in

96. Classical conditioning occurs when the

101. In higher order conditioning, the

104. Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

111. In terms of the informational view, classical conditioning occurs when we

119. What is meant by the statement, “Classical conditioning is a reversible process”?

125. The reappearance of a previously extinguished response is known as

138. The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

144. In its simplest form, classical conditioning depends on

145. Which of the following is a dependable, inborn stimulus-and-response connection?

147. Classical conditioning tends to involve

160. A phobia is best interpreted as a

162. Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

169. A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

171. The technique of using systematic desensitization involves

188. In which type of learning do we associate responses with their consequences?

189. Operant conditioning is also known as

191. The law of effect was proposed by

192. In Thorndike’s law of effect, events critical for conditioning

197. Operant conditioning focuses on how

206. The learned expectancy in classical conditioning is that the

207. The learned expectancy in operant conditioning is that the

208. Operant conditioning involves which of the following?

210. Responding is reliably increased by

216. B.F. Skinner is known for studying

217. A Skinner box is also called

220. In terms of the informational view, operant conditioning occurs when we

226. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

231. Reinforcement is most effective when it

243. Superstitious behaviors are

247. Human superstitious behaviors can be partially explained by

252. The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

262. Extinction in operant conditioning involves

274. Negative attention seeking will develop in some children because

280. Negative reinforcement occurs when a response

283. What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?

299. Negative reinforcement and punishment

308. In its most basic form, response cost can be described as

317. Which of the following is an example of response cost?

322. Associative learning is to primary and secondary reinforcers as cognitive learning is to

323. Feedback is the key component of

326. Primary reinforcers are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

329. Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

330. Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

337. Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?