Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
A MASTER'S THESIS
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
1964
Approved by:
LD
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'
^ , ^ L TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
CULTURE 3
Water 7
Commerce 6
Agriculture 10
Religion 12
Books 13
Calendar II4.
Arithmetic I6
THE CITY 20
ARCHITECTURE 28
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 88
LITERATURE CITED 89
INTRODUCTION
I
A.D., and the last date of the Classic period is 909 A.D. Ref-
Mayas built and abandoned this city during the Classic era and
Their great cities had been abandoned for seven centuries. The
some 4000 Mayan books and images. De Landa ' 3 conduct in Yucatan
brought about his recall to Spain and his book was written for
lished work in English of the ruins of Maya. The two works en-
in two vol^lmes,
of which one day was spent at the Middle American Research Insti
assistance.
CULTURE
the Mayan Indians emerged from barbarism and began the formation
plus all the states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan. The
for each of these questions, but definite proof has evaded all
searchers.
specialization.
that Uaxactun is the oldest Mayan city since other cities have
own property in his own name. Land was measured in units called
was allotted a piece of land for its dwelling. The area of farm
The nobility lived within the cities while the common people
ing the priests and the common people. A few occupations, such
built the houses of the nobility and had to work on their plan-
3 million persons.
gang could not move more than 60 tons of material per day. This
example, contains approximately I4., 000, 000 cubic feet of fill and
If we can assume that one 100-man work team could move and
place 1000 cubic feet of material per day, it would take i|.000
Water
plenish ground water. Throughout the entire Mayan area the rain
ing water was a major problem for the Mayas. In the Peten Lake
region the valleys were once lakes and at Uaxactun and Tikal
land area north of Rio Bee the Chenes (well country) and Puuc
rivers.
'
i ,
""
Commerce
inland and must have been an item of trade. The cacao bean was
the universal currency. Slaves were an item of trade to Tobasco
Cities that had salt deposits under their control had a ter-
rific economic advantage in that they could "fix" the price of
two countries.
Yucatan shorter stone roads link various cities. Since the Mayas
gest that this market had a wood and thatch roof system instead.
Agriculture
Usually new land was selected each year as second year crops
from the same field did not yield well. Cultivated ground was
allowed to lie fallow for a period of 6 to 10 years. The clear-
The milpa system is still used in the forest areas where the
limestone ledge and thin soil covering rule out mechanical im-
sod, they had to move to regions still forested which they could
been one of the reasons for the abandonment of the great cities.
the Mayas. The only plant known that will cross with maize,
Americas.
form a hole in the ground into which a few seeds were placed.
occasion.
boiled with ground maize to make a cereal. Prom the cacao seeds
a margarine was made which was used in a large number of Mayan
12
Religion
lieve that St. Thomas had brought the gospel to the new world.
pyramids which had impressive stairways and had very few rooms.
The priests probably used the chambers to impress the lay people
and to set them apart from themselves. The people were spec-
tators rather than participants in religious ceremonies. One
can imagine the throngs in the courts and plazas watching the
had preached in the new world. In addition, the Mayan word used
were invited. The house and grounds were swept clean and puri-
fied so that all evil was driven out before the ritual began.
•'
- > 1.
Books
% >- ,--. ^
,
M
library in Dresden, Germany. The second codex is in Paris and
Calendar 1
the science of time and basic mathematics, the Mayas far out-
work. Should the reader desire to know the Spinden date, he need
and fixed lines of sight, the Mayas recorded time based upon the
equinox, the planet Venus, and lunar cycles. Tables were de-
vised for the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.
time is 300 p.m., using elapsed time (3-1/2 hours after noon).
Our year is 1961^., which is current time. The Mayas would refer
would they call it 196i4. because the year would then be complete.
unlucky.
new moon.
Leap year was not used in connection with the solar year.
The priests and astronomers were aware of this error and worked
out corrections which were projected for many years. The solar
calendar was used by the rulers to set dates for the annual
The ritual or sacred year was used to record the birth date
month positions are under various patron gods and their symbols
(called glyphs) are used as basic numbers as well as to depict
Mayas. They were aware that the revolution of Venus was slightly
less than 58ij- days (583.92) and that five Venus years equalled
eight solar years. To correct this error, four days were dropped
three hundred years, eight days were dropped. Had this system
been continued until the present day, the error would be less
Arithmetic
veloped during the five hundred years before the Christian Era.
Europe during the Middle Ages. The Mayas were using the zero
far earlier than the Hindus and about seven centuries before
the dot (.), dash (-), and zero sign.^ Numbers above nineteen
were read according to their placement in vertical columns. In
reading the column from the bottom up, each ascending position
added.
third by 3^0 (l8 times the second order), and in all orders above
;^^
&
10 iz »i 14
• •••
J5 \(o n >8 J9
ZO 30(b
8485
w
the third order, the unit progression is multiples of twenty, *•
one tun (360 days). In the same manner 20 tuns equals a katum
like head figures (based on the gods of the ritual year) repre-
THE CITY
noblemen. The common people used the cities for religious pur-
Each city has a plan all of its own dictated by the regional
purposes.
^
1, The Motogua River valley at the base of the Yucatan
Peninsula ,
^
The most important cities along the Motogua River are Copan
and Quirigua, with Copan being the "Mother City". Along the
Usumacinta River we find two cities where influence does not fol-
'
%. E. D. Pollock and others, "Mayapan Yucatan Mexico.
p. 26I4..
22
The low hills country of Yucatan is known as the Puuc. The true
the Puuc region was of a much later period than the Peten area.
It now appears that Dzibilchaltun dates to the pre-Chrlatlan era
have been some 3-1/2 miles long at one time) ; Uxmal 1/2 by 3/^4-
lesser importance.
itself would account for the vast complex of groups, each located
on the stunmit of a hill with the main group on the summit of two
acropolis are grouped around open courts and plazas with a cause-
does not have the overall appearance of order that exists in the
acropolis.
autumn equinoxes. ; / - ,• i
A.D. and the city was occupied for at least I4.25 years. The
The temples are all located upon lofty pyramids. They are ap-
tall. .
in the Peten area and that one is at Tikal. * Here the ball
court is not a predominant feature of the city as it is in the
of the ballgames.
1
tains rising about 900 feet above the valley floor. From arti-
facts found in this area (which belong to the pre-ceramic phase),
astronomers and priests was held. And since Copan has so many
beautifully carved altars, stelae, and a spectacular hiero-
glyphic stairway, it became the city most frequently used to de-
feet wide. This stairway defines the south border of the raain
feature. The game was played with a rubber ball with the object
being to drive the ball through a ring placed high on each wall,
halfway between the opposing sides. Hands were not allowed to
touch the ball. The ball was maneuvered with hips or knees.
The gaiae was in some way bound up with their religion. At the
time of the Spanish conquest it was the most important game in
Yucatan.
the city. The acropolis is more than 100 feet above the river
and drops abruptly to the channel. The river also washed away a
part of the east side of the acropolis and one can assume that
On two hills, one due west and the other due east of Copan,
are two atone monuments. One is dated 5^9 A.D, ; the other in-
cludes this date along with two other dates. These atones are
the center of the arts of the Classic period and one of the
from about 500 to 900 A.D. Judging by the size of the city and
space and the feeling of space must have been a keen desire of
ARCHITECnJRE
thatch. Four or more posts were sunk Into the ground. A wood
roof system and side wall frame were attached to the main posts
and the entire frame covered with twigs or thatch. The houses
is found the earliest known Mayan masonry. The floor was built
upon a low masonry platform, one course high, which was plas-
was perishable, but remains of these house mounds have been ex-
cavated.
eral fill material. The outer core was covered with large cut
stones x^ith header courses tailed into the fill. The entire !
the core. During the final years of this period, the quality of
ing stones become smaller. Some are laid with headers into the
core and some as veneer only. Following this mixed period, the
facing atone was laid vertically against the core. The facing
Palenque the stone walls were laid up with larger stones com-
struction.
which let in more light than the small doors would allow. i
Window openings were not common and the relatively few windows
n\
for plaster, stucco, mortar, and later for concrete. Lime mrrl,
open kilns and mortar was derived from burnt oyster shells. The
usual brick is about 2" thick, 10" long, and 7-1/2" wide. One
bers of ten-foot width and less are far more common. In all
niques of walla and vaults vary greatly with the period of de-
relatively close together, built within the same zone and at ap-
their vaults and for lintels. Sometimes wood beams were laid
and completely covered with masonry to create flat ceilings. So
far as is known, only three vaults exist where stone was used
for the vault ties and all of these are in Palenque.^ The under-
ground aqueduct (culvert) as well as the tomb and stairway ceil-
break the monotony of the uniform surface and may well have been
upon the mounds, while temples having only one to four rooms
were erected on top of the pyramids. These smaller structures
were probably dedicated to various gods and served religious
architects, etc.
ance. When measured exactly, the angles are rarely true, room
wall) and the area above the spring line (the vault zone).
Throughout the Peten, including the Chenes and Puuc, the ratio
between bearing wall and vault zone is about 1:1, although Late
and south buildings are visually parallel, while the east and
ball court.
the other at Labna. The arch at Labna is by far the most famous.
Illustrations generally show only its east face which does not
the arch from east to west one enters a court yard bounded on
four sides by ruins of what was once the Nunnery, though much
smaller than the one at Uxmal. The west facade of the arch has
in Classic times.
The arch at Kabah was the entrance to the city. This arch
apart.
one of the most refined Mayan buildings. The facade has a pro-
portion favoring the vault zone over the side wall in the ratio
of about B'h' The frieze, which covers the entire area of the
which is ij.00 ' long, 90' wide and 23' above a very broad terrace
some 600' long, 500' wide and i^O ' high.
The building is only one room wide and is broken into three
aces. The roof comb could be either a solid or pierced wall and
its primary purpose was to add height, decoration, and mark the
wall. A seemingly popular theory that the roof comb was pri-
The high roof comb, when added to the high side walls, gave
the Mayas a very large surface for decoration and they took full
mouth, and noses have the same general overall appearance, but
the arch at Labna shows thatch dorFier roofs over the two niches
lief carved into a square surface and the second type was three-
of corn (maize) . The individual ears are cut and fitted into
continuous bands.
five feet above the floor and makes a 270-degree turn as it rises
up to the observatory floor. Head room is nonexistent and it is
the tower and three others leading from the Palace to subter-
within the temple some 75 feet above the ground level and con-
tinues down through one landing to the Ruz Tomb 80 feet below
being incised into the floor. -^ While cleaning the central cham-
ber, one floor slab was found Kith three plugged holes at each
end. Apparently no one had noticed also that the walls were
door slab was removed and the tomb was viewed for the first
The burial chamber is a room about 10' wide, 30' long, with
a ceiling 22' high. On the floor was a richly carved stone slab
7' X 12' and 1' thick. ^ This slab was lifted and a crypt di-
rectly below contained the remains of a man, evidently of high
There was no gold in the crypt. The buried man had a jade
''Charles Gallenkamp,
"Maya, The Riddle and Rediscovery of
a Lost Civilization," p. 128. Also an interview with Mr. Ruz
at Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, February 26, 196l\..
ornament in each hand and one in his mouth; his shoulders and
Jade beads. His face was covered with what is the now famous
centered on the wall of the center chamber and the other two
glyphics. •'
They cover a series of dates embracing a period of
rubble, large stones, and were faced with stone and usually
creating a more complex pattern. When viewed from the top, the
huge headpieces, etc., makes one wonder how they could have
ited to the remains of house mounds which indicate that the con-
day houses favor a rounded end wall. The simplest type house
had only one room with walls of vertical saplings lashed to-
struction, but would have a small kitchen built a few feet away
from the house. The finest houses were essentially the same ex-
Some of the houses that have been excavated and studied were
The roof frame is built upon four posts which are sunk into the
ground and the exterior wall is placed outside the main posts.
Two cross beams are lashed to the main posts and longitudinal
poles are attached to the ends of the cross beams. Upon this
system, an "A" frame was constructed to support the purlins and
thatch.
vary from twelve to thirty years for grass and six to fifteen
years for palm leaves.-^ Fireplaces with chimneys were not used.
One or two small fires were used within the house for cooking
and the smoke filtered out through the roof. The smoke from
%. E, D. Pollock, "Mayapan
"May£ Yucatan Mexico," Pig. 6a.
^Robert Wauchope, "Modern Maya Houses," p. II6.
these fires lodged in the thatch and protected it from insects
and rodents.
stew. The opposite end of the house was used for sleeping and
but there must have been a system, especially for the larger
centers. A few refuse dumps have been found near dwellings, but
these in most cases would not solve the problem. Today in vil-
dogs, and pigs to dispose of all refuse. Possibly this was true
that design was not fired by some central power. Symbolism and
glyph figures were almost universal, but even here regional dif-
own desires.
iors, lacking windows and often cross ventilation, were dark and
damp.
the murals at Bonampak being the most famous. Even in the very
interior walls could not have been properly seen with the rela-
view them.
space
treads
The Mayas were master stone masons and when one considers
that their work was executed without the aid of metal cutting
KEY TO PROOTNCIATION
Acanceh Aw-ken-kay
Cenote See-no-tee
Chac Chawk
Chenes Gh'en-eez
Chlchen Itza Che'e-chen Eet-zah
Chultune Chowl-toom
Coban Ko-bahn
Copan Ko-p'ahn
Dzibllchaltun Zeb-beel-chowl-toon
Kobah Ka-bah
Mani Maw-nee
Maya Maw-ya
Mayapan My-ah-pon
Motagua Mo-tfeih-qwa
Mulchic Mool-chic
Palenque Pah-len-kee
Peten P'eh-ten
Piedras Kegras Pee-yeh-dras Neh-graa
Puuc Pook
Quintana Roo Kin-ta-na Roe
Quirigua Keer-ee-gwa
Sacbe Sa'wk-bee
Sayil Sy-ye'el
T'ho Ta-h'o
Tikal Tee-kahl
Tulum Too-loom
Uaxactun Wah-sho'ck-toon
Usumacinta Oo-soo-ma-se'en-tah
Uxmal Oo'ah-mahl
Xlapak Shla-pawk
PLATE I. Map of Classic Maya
PLATE II
lOUTH RAVLHE
NOtTU UVtNE
PLATE III. Plan of the City of Copan (c. 600 A.D.).
PLATE III
.
BIBBOGLTraiC
STAIRWAY
STIUCTUIB 32
*'
PLATE IV. Plan of the City of Palenque.
Seventh century.
5T
PLATE IV
PLATE V. Cross Sections through Corbel Vaults.
PLATE V
V ^^ L
P I G. 3 F I G. 4
SCALE IN FEET ? f .
PLATE VI. Temple of Seven Dolls end Labna Vault.
r^^
F I O. I F I G. 2
FIG. 3 FIG. 4
PLATE VII. Photographs of Vault Types.
PLATE VII
F I G. 2
F I G. I
F I G. 3
PLATE VIII. Interior Views of Vaulted Chambers.
PLATE VIII
F I G. 1
F I G. Z
PLATE IX. Interior Views of Vaulted Chambers.
PLATE IX
F I G. I
F I G. 2 F I G. 3
PLATE X. Exteriors.
PLATE
Fl G. I
&J^^
•
••-v;:V::
IT ,.„...
Fl e. 2
FIG. 3
PLATE XI. Examples of Roof Combs.
PLATE %\
f?r?rTirr?rrfrTrTTnTF3
L-r^ '
^ ' Jii-n * -v- '
,:
F I G. Z
F I e. I
PLATE XII. Governor's Palace, Uxmal.
n
P L /^ T E XH
FIKTEHiHE
F I G. Z
F I G. i
F I e. 3
PLATE XIII. Temple of Inscriptions, Palenque.
PLATE XIII
F I G. I
F I G 2 .
F I G. 5 \ SCALE IN FetT P ,
8 ,
'6 ^^ ^ 2^
(perspective from point "a")
F I e. 4
(inscription incised in stone floor)
PLATE XIV. Temple of Inscriptions, Palenque.
PLATE XIV
NSIDE STAIRWAY
LANDING
RUZ TOMB
F IG. 2 FIG. 3
PLATE XV. Arch at Labna.
PLATE KV
mhs^
,'-j- \. ^
F I G. I
F I G. Z
F I G. 5
PLATE XVI. Examples of Classic Puuc Proportions.
PLATE KVI
F I G. I
.t:^^^
F I G. 2
PLATE XVII. Pyromids and Tower.
PLATE XVII
FIG. I
F I G. 3
^
PLATE XVlll
F I 6. I
F I G. 2
PLATE XIX. Architectural Details.
PLATE y.lX
Fl G. I Fl G. Z
;:: \\v
is
I Wis3iiaHiicliTi
,.n<.,iri.....,.,,,i.»- .'.:,, .;..,...
i!ii*?^"''.V.-f:^-.-.:'!
.••\-.<'-u.-' I.-/'.. v..--.--.:-...«».i--
F I G. 3 F I G. -^
F I G. 6 F I G. 7
88
ACKNOWLSDGBflSKTS
place names.
work.
?9
LITERATURE CITED
Hay, C. L., and others. "The Maya and Their Neighbors." Salt
Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1962.
by
AN ABSTRACT OF
A MASTER'S THESIS
MASTER OP ARCHITECTURE
1964
The Classic period of the Mayan civilization spans the
years from 300 A.D. to 900 A.D. The area includes virtually
government.
would include:
astronomical observations.
books in appearance.
In this culture the wheel was developed for pull toys for
the children, but was never applied to vehicles which man could
ligious processions.
and the common people, who were mostly farmers. The latter were
food, salt, and game and devoted time to the building of the
the farmland.
The true arch form was unknown to Classic Maya, but this