2 eet ce Ce, ACTION POTENTIALS Most neurons use just one type of signal, the action potential (AP), to send information along the axon of the cell. APs in the Nervous system are the basis for “wet Sensation, every memory, every thought, every impulse to act in the environment. An action potentials a large, brief change in V,, that is propagated along an axon, sometimes over a long distance, without decre- ment. Once initiated, the AP travels along the plasma membrane, producing the same tise and SS Me same rise and fi ‘Scanned with CamScanner“sie APs petit avoids ‘pation ofan AP depends on three key les ‘is = Ath trtsport (ioe oftonc antes senna Taro ag TA re ‘Sgoskes scm aaa 11 This cketrachomicl gation drives ions eros ura when on seein ‘naing the mena permeable toe Sui nie erent ang lvl Aen sll se, vo esa voltage-gated ion channel, ‘ So-shamel aul dhs oe reponse we of the AB General Properties of Action Potentials peepee arena Sofie males sera Sesser al ad ae ee feasts aap and eosin en ‘kpoltiation und the membre potetal ret ‘omer nde ponte snd then pills repolre o poeta ee Vs Te any pet of an pepe then Vetus nore sow oso ‘irate “To illustrate the general features of an AP, we might pass shore pulses of depolarizing curentseross the membrane ofa neuron (Figure 5-16). These pulses produce ony passive depolarization until the ekerent ‘kvered i strong enough to depolrize the membrane ‘ois threshold potential, whereupon an AP is triggered, | Ath depolartaation brings the membrane amos, but fot quite thretol, tere may be an bot, now Prepac extation ale Toe reponse, which the gning of an AP that ed at Before ts ie vn ret as un The hil AF the intensity of imuat- ingen hat st slat to binge enbrane ithe threshold potential an eit an AF. Alou ‘ost neon ave resold potentiate beeen —30 ‘ad 80 igo aay coset ae ee potent, because the threshold depends on rea events in the immediate past, which can mod {este meme Wel cone ik tie ‘history when we dese reactor eros da lagi he cl ethan sly aie larization. 7 nae Joc the thesbold potential is reached, the AP mes that is, the event becomes self ‘The Physical Basis of Neuronal Function Te ms) Fur 5-16, Aceoon pecan aon ta ‘Sagnaterot ince pla See ona ‘ebro fee on it omeping pn ‘festa pen sr or sce Theres na ‘hier simul produced which spose’ On surat Sgro sche wera At Statler rages iV eed rch ‘Grornca and Taedael cave saees he roa dn cee eee eee eee Sete eg oes tuating and V. continues to become more inside- he interior continues io is, pay leche, Deak of $10 nV tn 90 oN The very The very brie period ‘hen Vis inside-poitive elle the evershoot (see gure S16) Tminsmmalin neon, seu APs? ‘SBI la liseond oreo, abou many ieriebrte species, APr cin st 10-—or even 100— snlcons nhs pes fect celine Festina Cgc Abc slong ar ala sscond ee Figure 12 ‘After the peak, V,, plummets to its original inside~ ‘ogaive sate and eis beyond. The vansient perl ‘en Ve sore nepve tan Vg felled the a} jeshoot For short tine aaa hore lores {Giger ater AF During his evo, the elisa Dery asc styler dig {an AP or immediately afterward, no APis triggered and heel i ald eu the mere Pee f simulations dete late an AP maybe FFstimuation is deliver gt as gas the stinalas ie more intense Han. Buu but the amplitude ofthe AP ray be smaller han ‘Scanned with CamScanner 13134 Physiological Processes: ° oie cn Figure 5-17 During nd ater on A he earn is ‘refactor podaing nate AP) Record changes in Tr invent othe pf oral ever oa mera, Timing and magne of exch simul ae sho er Ihe VatacesIneace the scond simul wae ta odited no A nesig it twa elnre ing te {Bao reactoy peri ace 2» rngesh- a second tins as teu ig an AP oa he veal was leeds ie nd ie scond AP vassal nding that Second sma nas ered ing te elie react pid When theo stl thre Seared by a salient on itv bth somal Sled stl produced nomal sled AP ace 3) Te ure othe change n membrane excably dug the ‘oto paid. During he ssl cy pri a, theneuron anna be exe produce author AB ‘eu of hw stg the sure Durie lathe ‘reactor puro rage shaded se), xc eed (isthe hess ated so sooner simul ae eed tereach ete Over ine, membrane ec urs to rms ugha. hl i ate ™ od. The rie ela Slee ree pela esos ‘one property of APs does not apply. SE une ingots he Bushs tntited, continues to completion, independent of how much presuue split the tiggering lever. The fuss anal ‘one phenomenon, he an AB On the ether hand if nl the eer pressed el thet, ety the econ Tish ate prea de an no Te levers pred eee Eee ts cer large, sficent to evoke 30 AP dug rareered howe normal, but song stimuha m ee gel eton tn pers Nees Gas el re crete ple * ‘fa neuron is stimulated by a series of subthreshold deploy progesey decree Pr np te nmane plan! palo areata ey ine ons rear epee ‘do steed tn AP an whens fran aba ont gre :8). The dover he tof Ihcrue the nea of he simlatng caret, geaterthe increase i tes potential Ths da {Sha of extable merry, calla soem ice by tine-dpecotchanes nthe my me Iran hal respond to depolanatin Comer ensty gure $18 | whe neon sects sibel sil of soul eresing nese fro pe ‘toss Mi gimonttr clad memmoten ne Sipe anlar masngcun weg ined in neray wat pedo sro, wih ie ‘es fi on dee i a) ore ota tte he eho wr cle othe est pot ‘epost que pe nh caret le teint. When tera he sili coe increased more sow he teray ace och tres! became oer inc bag tee {he simulating cant ov stints Sesh roach ine ‘Scanned with CamScannererate pe i Toncresponse $19 Intl cm comodaete Fee se Sit race sees attoaert eens a Fa ike snus hapa Sel gee cea ceo SERPS Te rape leet Bee ty Chas setromwe E Accommodation determines how individual neu | rons respon (0 input whether they are contnwonsy tive or produce only busts of APs, When they are -Simuited eontinnousy bya current of constant inten- ‘Sy, some neurons accommodate rapidly and generate nly one or two APs atthe beginning ofthe stiles pend (Figure 510), These neurons are sai to have Phasie response Other neurons accommodate nore ily and fie repeatedly although with gradually ‘creasing frequen, in response 10 a prolonged on stant sintlas (Figure 5-19). These neurons ae said - folave a toni response, This ifference mong neu- rons plays a hey roe i how sensory neurons transit infomation ee Caper 7), Ta edution thee a that Aoeny of APs tht aly een in © oon dig end ia l | the creasing distance betwen APs in Figure 5-190, 1s | ee pation. “Ionic Basis ofthe Action Potential slr spate of an AP api parce the pla membrane. We aoa hat thi rain doen nan vad Na erent eased ‘The Physical Basis of Neuronal Function lyase lange Increase in Na comdctance (6) {igor 30) Aho oy sand 1K" oe tence) sr yeti, dg the mg pose the AP ene mc er tha Bo Mea ay nan Xf doa al of the one erent rss the eae ard Ni cent wich nan pte vd he ein Tha Ava, reaches i peak, Va se thot ths ne it mete omtwand Kereta marl Nv eaent cing the met vepolaie bck tard. Tse tnenes the polenta for Na Pras, tn Nati, igure $-20 An acon petals cased by rarient Ferg nic conductances cron the memvane Fees shove the conductances a5 they change ‘Bertime The dad ne show the tenga elation ‘enwcen Vand the condctanes they po. The AP in thatgee fed tac in part ovr rea qui giant ‘mons ote phases ing pase, ches ARE ded neon he let an pends onan ates ing a tall pase hich gis at the etic ‘BShoatine on the niga depends on bth a Sop x ees ngs andanaferhnperpoizaon, which os Pentti cated some ime. Te decease Pecisdut natn of Na" channels, wheres the Ie ee icaused by oplonzaton When igh, See ot may otic fon Sigh re arc hat tal ge, increases ay Freestone dl sho creases bu with lower slve ‘Scanned with CamScanner