Surface Integrals

Surface Integrals
Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics,

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 1 / 31

Surface Integrals
1 Surface Integrals of scalar Fields

Surface Area
Formulations
2 Surface Integrals of vector Fields

Oriented Surfaces
Formulations
The Divergence Theorem

Surface Integrals of scalar Fields
Surface Integrals

Surface Area
Formulations

Oriented Surfaces
Formulations

Review of the Definite Integral
b−a
i) divide [a, b] into n subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width ∆x = n
ii) choose sample points xi∗ in these subintervals,
n
P
iii) form the Riemann sum f (xi∗ )∆x
i=1
Rb n
P
iv) take the limit f (x )dx = lim f (xi∗ )∆x
a n→∞ i=1

Surface Integrals of scalar Fields Surface Area
Surface Area
Consider the surface r (u, v ) = x (u, v ).~i + y (u, v ).~j + z(u, v ).~k, (u, v ) ∈ D.
Divide D into subrectangles Rij and let (ui∗ , vj∗ ) be the lower left
corner Rij .
The part Sij of the surface that corresponds to Rij is called a patch.
Let ru∗ = ru (Pij∗ ), rv∗ = rv (Pij∗ ).
Surface Area
Each patch Sij can be approximated by the parallelogram determined by

the vectors ∆uru∗ and ∆vrv∗ with area |(∆uru∗ ) × (∆vrv∗ )| = |ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v
so an approximation to the area of is
m P
P n
|ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v .
i=1 j=1
Definition
ZZ
A(S) = |ru × rv |dudv .
D

Let S be r (u, v ) = x (u, v )~i + y (u, v )~j + z(u, v )~k, (u, v ) ∈ [a, b] × [c, d].
i) divide S in to patches by dividing [a, b] into m subintervals [xi−1 , xi ]
and dividing [c, d] into n subintervals, each of equal length.
ii) choose sample points Pij∗ in each patch,
m P
P n
iii) form the Riemann sum f (Pij∗ )∆Sij
i=1 j=1
RR n
P
iv) take the limit f (x , y , z)dS = lim f (xi∗ , yi∗ , zi∗ )∆Sij .
n→∞ i=1
S
Surface Integrals of scalar Fields Formulations
Formulations
In our discussion of surface area, we made the approximation
∆Sij ≈ |ru∗ × rv∗ |∆u∆v .
Therefore
ZZ ZZ
f (x , y , z)dS = f (x (u, v ), y (u, v ), z(u, v ))|ru × rv |dudv .
S D

Formulations
Any surface with equation z = z(x , y ) can
r be parameterized 2
x = x , y = y , z = z(x , y ) and rx × ry = 1 + (zx′ )2 + zy′ . Therefore, if
the surface S is given by z = z(x , y ),
the projection of S onto Oxy is D,
then
ZZ ZZ r
2
f (x , y , z)dS = f (x , y , z(x , y )) 1 + (zx′ )2 + zy′ dxdy .
S D
z z = z(x , y )
O
y
x D

Example
RR 4y

Evaluate z + 2x + 3 dS, where
S
y
S = (x , y , z) | x2 + 3 + z
4 = 1, x , y , z > 0
O
B y
x A

Example
RR
Evaluate x 2 + y 2 dS, where S = (x , y , z) |z = x 2 + y 2 , 0 6 z 6 1 .
S
−1 O 1 y
x
Surface Integrals of vector Fields
Surface Integrals

Surface Area
Formulations

Oriented Surfaces
Formulations

Surface Integrals of vector Fields Oriented Surfaces
Oriented Surfaces (Two-sided Surfaces)

Let S be a surface. At every point, there are two unit normal vectors − →n
−
→
and − n .
If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector at every such point so
that it varies continuously over S, then S is called an oriented surface.
There are two possible orientations for any orientable surface.
Conversely, S is called a nonorientable surface.
z
−
→
n (x , y , z) TCI
sa m
st
O y
hu
x i

S is an oriented surface with

unit normal vector ~n,
a fluid with density ρ(x , y , z)
and velocity field ~v (x , y , z)
flowing through S.
Problem: Evaluate the mass of
fluid per unit time crossing S.


flowing through S.
The mass of fluid per unit time crossing Sij is approximated by
~ · ~n)∆(Sij ).
(ρ~v · ~n)∆(Sij ) = (F


flowing through S.
The mass of fluid per unit time crossing Sij is approximated by
~ · ~n)∆(Sij ).
(ρ~v · ~n)∆(Sij ) = (F
ZZ ZZ
~ · ~ndS =
F ~ (x , y , z) · ~n(x , y , z)dS.
F
S S

Definition
~ = P(x , y , z)~i + Q(x , y , z)~j + R(x , y , z)~k is a continuous vector field
If F
defined on an oriented surface S with unit normal vector ~n, then the
surface integral of F ~ over S is
ZZ ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy := ~ · ~ndS.
F
S S
~ across S.
This integral is also called the flux of F


ZZ ZZ
S D


ZZ ZZ
S D
~ = ru × rv = (A, B, C ).
Let S be given by r (u, v ), then a normal vector is N


ZZ ZZ
S D
~ = ru × rv = (A, B, C ).

A B C
If N ⇈ n, then n = |ru ×rv | , |ru ×rv | , |ru ×rv | Therefore,
ZZ ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = (AP + BQ + CR)dudv .
S D


ZZ ZZ
S D
~ = ru × rv = (A, B, C ).

A B C
If N ⇈ n, then n = |ru ×rv | , |ru ×rv | , |ru ×rv | Therefore,
ZZ ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = (AP + BQ + CR)dudv .
S D
If N ↑↓ n, then
ZZ ZZ
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = − (AP + BQ + CR)dudv .
S D

Surface Integrals of vector Fields Formulations

(
S : z = z(x , y ),
If P = Q = 0 and
(x , y ) ∈ D


(
S : z = z(x , y ), ~ = (−z ′ , −z ′ , 1).
If P = Q = 0 and ⇒N x y
(x , y ) ∈ D
Formulations
If (−
→
\ RR RR
n , Oz) < π2 , then Rdxdy = R (x , y , z (x , y )) dxdy .
S D
If (−
→
\ RR RR
n , Oz) > π2 , then Rdxdy = − R (x , y , z (x , y )) dxdy .
S D
Remark: ZZ ZZ ZZ
I= Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy .
S S S
| {z } | {z } | {z }
I1 I2 I3


Example
RR
Evaluate z x 2 + y 2 dxdy , where S is a half of the sphere
S
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z > 0, with the outer-pointing normal vector.
−
→
n (x , y , z)
O y
D : x2 + y2 ≤ 1
x

Example
RR
Evaluate ydxdz + z 2 dxdy , where S is the surface
S
y2
x2 + 4 + z 2 = 1, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 is oriented downward.
−
→
n (x , y , z)
O y

Example
RR
Evaluate x 2 y 2 zdxdy , where S is the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , z ≤ 0
S
and is oriented upward.
O y
−
→
n (x , y , z)
x

Surface Integrals of vector Fields The Divergence Theorem
Ostrogradsky-Gauss Theorem (The Divergence Theorem)
ZZ ZZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = + + dxdydz.
∂x ∂y ∂z
S V

Ostrogradsky-Gauss Theorem (The Divergence Theorem)
ZZ ZZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = + + dxdydz.
∂x ∂y ∂z
S V
Example
Evaluate the following integrals, where S is the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
with outward orientation.
RR RR
a. xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy b. x 3 dydz + y 3 dzdx + z 3 dxdy .
S S


Example
Evaluate the following integrals, where S is the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
with outward orientation.
RR RR
a. xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy b. x 3 dydz + y 3 dzdx + z 3 dxdy .
S S
z
−
→
n (x , y , z)
O y
Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui

x Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 22 / 31

If S is inward oriented, then
ZZ ZZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = − + + dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
S V
If S is not closed, then we use the ”close off” technique.


If S is inward oriented, then
ZZ ZZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = − + + dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
S V
If S is not closed, then we use the ”close off” technique.
Example
RR y2
Evaluate ydxdz + z 2 dxdy , where S : x 2 + 4 + z 2 = 1, x , y , z ≥ 0, is
S
oriented downward.
z
−
→
n (x , y , z)
O y


Example
RR
Evaluate x 2 y 2 zdxdy , where S is the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , z ≤ 0
S
and is oriented upward.
z
O y
−
→
n (x , y , z)
x

Example
RR
Evaluate y 2 zdxdy + xzdydz + x 2 ydxdz, where S is the boundary of the
S
domain x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ x 2 + y 2 which is outward
oriented.
z
O y
Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui

x Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 25 / 31

Example
RR
Evaluate xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy , where S the boundary of the domain
S
(z − 1)2 6 x 2 + y 2 , a 6 z 6 1, a > 0 which is outward oriented.
z
−
→
n
a
y
a−1 O 1−a
x

Stokes’ Formula
Z
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
C
ZZ
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
= − dydz + − dzdx + − dxdy ,
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
S
where the orientation of S induces the positive orientation of the boundary

curve C shown in the figure.

Stokes’ Formula
Example
R
Evaluate ~ · d~r = R Pdx + Qdy + Rdz, where
F
L L
~ (x , y , z) = (x + y 2 )i + (y + z 2 )j + (z + x 2 )k,
F
L is the triangle ABC , A(1, 0, 0), B(0, 1, 0), C (0, 0, 1) oriented

counterclockwise as viewed from above.
z
C 1
B y
O 1
A
Stokes’ Theorem
Example
R R
Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate F · dr = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz. In each
C C
case C is oriented counterclockwise as viewed from above.
1 F (x , y , z) = (x + y 2 )i + (y + z 2 )j + (z + x 2 )k, C is the triangle with
vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
√
2 F (x , y , z) = i + (x + yz)j + (xy − z)k, C is the boundary of the part
of the plane 3x + 2y + z = 1 in the first octant.
3 F (x , y , z) = yzi + 2xzj + e xy k, C is the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16, z = 5.
4 F (x , y , z) = xy i + 2zj + 3y k, C is the curve of intersection of the
plane x + z = 5 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 9.

Relation between Surface Integrals of scalar and vector Fields

ZZ
[P(x , y , z) cos α + Q(x , y , z) cos β + R(x , y , z) cos γ] dS
S
ZZ
= P(x , y , z)dydz + Q(x , y , z)dzdx + R(x , y , z)dxdy ,
S
where n = (cos α, cos β, cos γ) is the unit normal vector of S.

Relation between two kind of Surface Integrals

Example
Let S be the part of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 that contained in the
cylinder x 2 + x + z 2 = 0, y ≥ 0. S is outward oriented. Prove that
ZZ
(x − y )dxdy + (y − z)dydz + (z − x )dxdz = 0.
S
z
1
y
−1 O 1
x

Surface Integrals

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Surface Integrals

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Surface Integrals

Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui

School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics,

Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 1 / 31

1 Surface Integrals of scalar Fields

2 Surface Integrals of vector Fields

Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 2 / 31

1 Surface Integrals of scalar Fields

2 Surface Integrals of vector Fields

Dr. Xuan Dieu Bui Surface Integrals I ♥ HUST 3 / 31