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    Algebra

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    rajakishore mohapatra

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    INFOSTUDY’S LINEAR ALGEBRA Me MARKS WISE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON PREVIOUS PAPERS 24% ‘OF MARKS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA > PRPRTRRE dim ) eRe \) INFOSTUDY PUBLICATIONS | i Third Th (is) BE INFORMED BE LEARNED Aa < \ 4 CHAPTER 1 : VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE. 4.4. VECTOR SPACE .......... 1.2, VECTOR SUBSPACE........ 1.3. ALGEBRA OF SUBSPACES . 1.4. LINEAR COMBINATION. 1.5. LINEAR SPAN. 1.6. LINEAR SUM OF TWO SUBSPACES KEY POINTS ........-...05 ASSIGNMENT - 1.1 ASSIGNMENT - 1.2 ANSWERS . CHAPTER 2 : BASIS AND DIMENSION 2.4. LINEAR DEPENDENCE . 2.2. LINEAR INDEPENDENCE 2.3. BASIS OF A VECTOR SPACE ...... 2.4. DIMENSION OF A VECTOR SPACE. .. . 2.5. _ FINITE DIMENSIONAL (FINITELY GENERATED) VECTOR SPACE. ....26 2.6. MAXIMAL LINEARLY INDEPENDENT SET .... 27 2.7. DIMENSION OF A SUBSPACE . 28 2.8 HYPER SPACE... 32 2.9. QUOTIENT SPACE. +32 2.10. DISJOINT SUBSPACES..........0.....0.00005 i +33 2.11, VECTOR SPACE AS A DIRECT SUM OF SUBSPACES. -.33 2.12 COMPLEMENTARY SUBSPACES. . KEY POINTS ........... ASSIGNMENT - 2.1... ASSIGNMENT - 2.2...... ASSIGNMENT - 2.3.... ANSWERS ... CHAPTER 3 : LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS. +58 3.1, HOMOMORPHISM OF VECTOR SPACES OR LINEAR TRANSFORMATION. 3.2. ISOMORPHISM OF VECTOR SPACES. scat (vy) 3.3. LINEAR OPERATOR... 6-0-0000 eee 3.4. ZERO TRANSFORMATION 3.5. IDENTITY OPERATOR . 3.6. NILPOTENT OPERATOR . a 3.7. ALGEBRA OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS... 3.8. PRODUCT OF TWO LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS 3.9. RANGE SPACE OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION. 3.10. NULL SPACE OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION. . 3.11. NON-SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION. 3.12. SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION... . 3.13, RANK AND NULLITY OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION. 3.14. RANK- NULLITY THEOREM H 3.15, MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION . 3.16. CHANGE OF BASIS......... 3.17. INVARIANT SUBSPACES. 3.18. LINEAR FUNCTIONALS. 3.19. BIDUAL SPACE OR SECOND DUAL SPACE. 3.20. REFLEXIVITY . 3.21. ANNIHILATOR OF A SUBSPACE . KEY POINTS ..... ASSIGNMENT - 3.1 ASSIGNMENT - 3.2. ASSIGNMENT - 3.3. . ANSWERS........ ge2eee: 102 106 110 411 m 114 115 15; 15 116 119 19 120 AA MATRIX ccs: 42. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX. 4.3. HERMITIAN AND SKEW HERMITIAN MATRIX. . 44. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX .. 4.5. UNITARY MATRIX. . 4.6. DETERMINANT. . 47. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX 4.8. INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX. 4.9. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OF DETERMINANTS. 4.10. ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS .........0.0e00e0 0 2 (vi) 4.11. ELEMENTARY MATRIX. . 7 = 124 4.12, ROW-ECHELON FORM OF A MATRIX 121 4.13. TRACE OF A MATRIX, 2121 4.14, RANK OF A MATRIX. . 122 4.15. NULLITY OF A MATRIX +122 4.16. NORMAL FORM OF A MATRIX . 25 122, 4.17. SQUARE BLOCK MATRIX . 26123, 4.18. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS : 124 4.19. CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION AND EIGENVALUES. 129 4.20. BIGENVECTORS.........0..0.00005 130 4.21. PROPERTIES OF EIGENVALUES . 2131 4.22. CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM . +133 4.23. MINIMAL POLYNOMIAL et Hh 4.24, DIFFERENT MATRICES AND THEIR EIGENVALUES i +++ 136 4.28. REDUCTION TO DIAGONAL FORM... 0... c ecco ec ee cece eee 138 4.26. SIMILARITY OF MATRICES... vs 139 4.27. DIAGONALIZATION OF MATRIX . ile eesti +140 4.28. DIFFERENT MATRICES AND THEIR DIAGONALIZABILITY ........., 142 4.29. SCHUR'S LEMMA... 2.0... occ cec cece cece cece e eee 143 4.30. ORTHOGONALLY DIAGONALIZABLE ... 143 4.31. UNITARY DIAGONALIZABLE .... . 143, 4.32, NORMAL MATRIX 143 4.33. SOME IMPORTANT MATRICES. 145 4.34. DETERMINANT OF SOME PARTICULAR MATRIX. 153 4.35, PRIMARY DECOMPOSITION THEOREM 155 4.36. GERSCHGORIN THEOREM AND GRESCHGORIN BOUNDS. +156 4.37. JORDAN CANONICAL FORMS. -. 187 4.38. COMPANION MATRIX. ..... - 161 4.39, RATIONAL CANONICAL FORM - 163 KEY POINTS... - 169 ASSIGNMENT - 4.1 =. 207 ASSIGNMENT - 4.2... 224 ASSIGNMENT - 4.3. . 217 ASSIGNMENT - 4.4... = 225 ANSWERS... . - 229 (vii) CHAPTER 5 : INNER PRODUCT SPACE 231 5.1. INNER PRODUCT SPACE .... - 231 5.2. NORM OF VECTOR ... 232 5.3. NORMED VECTOR SPACE 232 5.4. CAUCHY SCHWARZ INEQUALITY ......- 2 284 5.5. ORTHOGONAL VECTORS AND ORTHOGONAL COMPLEMENT. - 234 5.6. ORTHOGONAL SET, ORTHONORMAL SET AND COMPLETE ORTHONORMAL SET (ORTHONORMAL BASIS). . . 5.7. GRAM-SCHMIDT ORTHONORMALIZATION (ORTHOGONALIZATION) PROCESS. ......6. 062000002 0ee seers 236 5.8, ORTHOGONAL TRANSFORMATION 240 5.9. ORTHOGONAL SUBSPACES 241 5.10. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINEAR ALGEBRA. wees BAR 5.11, PROJECTION ......0.. 0200 e eee cece eee es 2A2 5.12. BILINEAR FORM. .......-0.-0200c0eeee eee ee ners 7 = 246 5.13, QUADRATIC FORM AND ITS CANONICAL FORM. 249 5.14. HERMITIAN FORM = 250 5.15. THE ADJOINT OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION - - 252 5.16. ADJOINT OPERATOR. ........... 252 5.17. SELF-ADJOINT OPERATOR. 5.18. BESSEL'S INEQUALITY . 5.19. MINKOWSKI INEQUALITY . 6.20. PARSEVAL'S IDENTITY . ‘ 521, LEAST SQUARE SOLUTION OF Ax + 255 KEY POINTS... . - 256 ASSIGNMENT 5.1. ASSIGNMENT 5.2. . ANSWERS MISCELLANEOUS ASSIGNMENT... - 278 = 284 = 284 ANSWERS... 02-62 00e ee ect eee cesses e+ 290 1291 (ili) LINEAR ALGEBRA VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 j CHAPTER - 1 (VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE) INTRODUCTION This section introduces the concept of vector space. A vector space is a collection of objects called vectors, which may be added together and multiplied by numbers, called scalars. These operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain axioms. Historically, the first idea Teading to vector spaces can be tracked back as far as the 17" century's analytic geometry, matrices, system of linear equations and Euclidean vectors. 1.1. VECTOR SPACE Let (F, +; .) be a field, The elements of F are called scalars. Let ¥ be a non-empty set whose elements are called vectors, Then V is a vector space over the field F (denoted by VIF) if (@) There is an internal composition in V called addition of vectors which is denoted by ‘*' such that for this composition V is an abelian group, ie, @ — v,+¥,€ Vforally, ve ¥ (i) v,+¥,=¥,+v,forally, 6 V (ii) (+ v,) +, =v, +, +y,) forall (iy) Ban element 0. V such that v + 6 vector é () — Toevery vector ve V, there exist ©) — There 1s an external edmpositio multiplicatively, ie, oy € Viforal scalar multiplication. (©) The two compositions, ie, Salér multiplication and addition of vectors satisfy the following conditions: OG. +y,) =O. p40. v, 00 FandY v,,v,6 ¥ (ii) if.) v =O, .v + 0). VV Oy Oy € Fand ve V Gi), v= 0,. VO, 0,6 ve V (iy) TeysvVve V, 1 © Fand 1 is the unity of the field F. General Properties of a Vector Space: Let V(F) be a vector space and 0 be the zero vector of V. Then, @a.0=0Vaer (i) 0.v=00 vey (ii) Oy) = (av) Vae FV ve V (iv) (Ov =-(om) Woe Eve ¥ () Ofv,—v,) = Ov, - Ov, VE Fv, EV (i) @. v= 0=> either &= 0 orv=0 ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 Theorem 1.1.1. Let V (F) be a vector space. @ Ifo, B © Fandv isa non-zero vector of V, then ow = By => a= B (i) Ifv, v, € Vand ais a non-zero element of F, then Ov, = Ov, => v, =v, Example 1.1.1. Show that the set of all elements of ype a+bV2-+c Y3;a,b,c€ O form a vector space over the field Q under usual addition and scalar multiplication of real numbers. Solution: Given, V ={a+bV2 +c V3 la,b,ce Q). Let x= a, +bV2+6N3. Y= A, + BND +6, VB5a4 Dj s€ 0 ,D 0 € Q Then the addition and scalar multiplication is defined as. ty = (a;ta;)+(b,+b,) V2 -+(c, +¢,) V3 and ax = (aa,) + (ab, 12 +1 Under Addition (Internal Composition) 4, Closure: Let x,y eV. Then x+y=(a, +oN2+6,¥3) + (a+b l2+e,¥3) =a. +25) i ayli-wesepBev [ob ,.0).4p:b),€, € Q => 4, +44,0, thet Ql *, closure property holds in V. A “Assoviativty: Let x,yand2€V, here GB 3; ay by ce QO Then x+(y+2)=(, +12 +6, V3) arb, V3)+ (a, +bV2-+c, V3] =a, +hl2+6 AB J+ ast as), 40,2 +(e, +05) VBI) =O, +0, +a)+G +O, 4D)N2+6 He +e) V3 = (a+) $a) ++ )+b,W2+(6,+e)+e) V3=(ety)+2 ++ Associative law hotds in Q) + Associative law holds'in V A, — Existence of identity: Let xeV, ic, x=atbJ2+c ¥3 a,bceQ 0+0/2 +40 V3 ev (040124045) +(at+bV2+e V3) =O+a)+O+bN2+0+0 ¥3 =atby2+eV3 Similarly x40=x +.0+x=x=x+0 0+ 0V2 +043 is the additive identity in V. A, Existence of Inverse: Let 8€V , ie, x=a+bV2+c Y3.a,b,ceQ Then ~x=(-a)+(~bW2+(-0) VSeV (vab,ceQ => -a,-b,-ce Q) LINEAR ALGEBRA VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE a7 HL M, M, Now x+(-) =(a+bV2+¢ V3) +(Ca)+(bW2 +0 ¥3) =(at+-a))+0+(BW2+(c+-<)) 43 =0+042 +093 ~0 Similarly, (—x) +x =0; oe xt(-x) =0= (x) +x eo x=(-a)+(bW2 +c) V3 is the additive inverse of x = a+ bV2 +043 inv. Commutativity: Let x,y ¢V, Then x+y = (a, +b, V2 +0, ¥3)+(a, +b, V2 +0, V3) = (a, +4,)+(b, +b, V2 + (c, +¢,) V3 =(@; 44) 10,40 N9+(6, +) V3 (commutative law holds in Q) : = (a, +b,V2 +c,¥3)+ (a, +b,V2 +¢,¥3) = y+x v- Addition is commutative Under Scalar Multiplication (External Composition) Let Q&Qand xEV Then @x=oa+by2 +c ¥3) (01) 2.) V3. (a,ae Q > aaeQ; etc) . Vis closed under scalar multiplication ‘Scalar Multiplication and addition: . } Let @,BeQ and xeV Then (a+ f)x=(ar+ BXa+bV2+e B Byes =(@+ B)a+ (a+ BbV2+(at BV = (aa + fa) +(ab + BbyV2 + (ac + Bc) VE = (aa + abs/2'+ atc V3 )+ (Ba + Bov2 + Be V3) =ata+i2+c ¥3)+farb\2+e3) = ax + Bx Hence; (a + B)x = ax+ Px V a, 8 € QandVxeV Let ae Q and x, yeV Then OXY) = Al(a, +b,V2 +63) +(@, +b,V2 +6,V3)] =A, +4,)+(b +b N2+(, +6031 =[a(a, +4,)]+[a(b, +d,)WW2 +[a(c, +¢,) V3 = (Qi, + Ga) + (0b, + Ob, V2 + (atc, + a0,)N3 = (aa, + ab, V2 + ac,N3) + (aa, + ab, V2 + a¢,¥3) = ala, +bV2+¢13)+a(a, +b,V2+c, 13 )= ax + ay oe ay LINEAR ALGEBRA VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER -1 Hence, A(x + y) = Gx+ ay Y @ EQ and VxyeV M, Let @, B= Qand xeV Then (GB )x = (@B)La + bV2 + V3) = [@)a]+[(aBybW2 +{(@B)c] V3 =[a(fa)] + (ee BbyW3 + far Bey} V3 = at a+ Bol2 + Be V3\= al Bla+bV2 +c V3)\= ale) Hence, (GB )x = a( Bx) V a, fhe O and xeV M, — Let 1 be the unity element of Q and xe V. Then Lx = a+ bV2 +0 V3) =(1.a)+(.b)v2 + (ey V3 zat pl24e ‘Ba =x Hence, V is a vector space over Q. Example 1.1.2. Let R° be the set of positive real numbers:.Define the operations of addition and scalar ‘multiplication as follows: utveuy Vinve R! and au=u', V we Rand ae R ‘Show that Ris a real vector space (vector splice ove R ) Solution: R= 9 s L —— Anternal Composition) : (K+) 18 an abelian group Closure : Since product of two positive real numbers is a positive real number, Ris closed w.rt. “+” A, Associativity: (u + y) + w = (uy).W and w+(otw) = u.(v.W) Since (u.v).w = u(v.w) (in real numbers) 2 uty = whe) Nadyw RE A, Existence of Identity: For each Ue R’, there exists YER” such that ut Also L+u=1u=u_ 31 is the additive identity. . Leip A, Existence of Inverse: For each ue BR’, there exists —€ RY such that w+ u L i and = + w Lp. is the inverse of u & u A, Commiutativitys wiv = uy and y+ u= va Since uy = viny.3, wey = vt Hi. Scalar Multiplication (External Composition) Suppose we R° andae R Then au =u (Clearly we R*," ue Randa R) = Forwe R’ anda€ R, awe R* => R’ is closed with respect to sealar multiplication. HL Scalar multiplication and addition of vectors LINEAR ALGEBRA ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - ‘Scalar multiplication is defined by au=u*, W we Rand GER. It satisfies the following properties: M, lunu'mu My afut+y) = (uty) = ur)" = Also, autraveul"+v"=u! v' (By definition of +') atu ty) mu +av, Wae Rand uveR™ (atb)(w=u"” (By definition of scalar multiplication) =utu’ =u" +u° = au + bu Hence, (a+b)u=autbu V a,b € Rand vue Rt te My (ab) mu" and a(bu)=afu!) =e" =v (abju = a(bu) ¥ ab €R and V we R* Hence, R’ is a vector space over R. IMPORTANT REMARKS: — Remarkel: 4 field K can be regarded as a vector spaceiover any, subfield F of K. If F is any field, then F itself. is a vector space over the field F. a For example:- if C is the field of complex numbérs did R is the field of real numbers, then © is a vector space over R because Ris a subfield of € biit Beis not a vector space over € as R is not closed with respect fo scalar multiplication (2€ Rand'3+4iE C but (3+4i)2 € R). Similarly, R is vector space over B as well as over, Q.and.Q, is vector space over but not over R and C Remarks-2: The set of all ordered:n-tuples' whose entries coming from field K over a field F forms a vector space, where either F=K o Fis subfielilof K. For examples- C'(C), CXR), CQ), R'(R), RXQ), Q"(Q) are vector spaces. Remark-3: Let V be the set of all m x n matrices with entries from an arbitrary field K, then V forms a vector space aver the field F, where either F=K or F is subfield of K. For example:- @ The set of all nxn complex matrices forms a vector space over field C , over field Rand over field a. (i) The set of all nn real matrices forms a vector space over field Rand over field © but not over field C 7 Remark-4: Let S be any non-empty set and let K be any field, Let V be the set of all functions from S to K, i.e. fff: 8 > K}. Let the sum of two elements fand g in V be defined as follows. +2) () =f) + 6) VXE S. VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 Also, let the scalar multiplication of an element f in V by an element c in F(F-field) be defined as Sollows: (A) (3) = of &) Vx S. Then V forms a vector space over F, where or F is any subfield of K. For example:- @ V= ff \f: [0.1] > C is vector over field C , over field ® and over field Q. GW) V = fF: [0.1] > By} is vector over field R and over field Q but not over field C. PRACTICE SET - I Exercise 1, Show that the set of all real valued continuous (differentiable’or integrable) functions defined on the interval [0, 1] forms a vector space over the field of real numbers. Exercise 2. Which of the following set is/are vector space over field: of real numbers? (@) Set of all real convergent sequences. @) Set of all real divergent sequences. (©) Set of all real convergent sequences which converges to 2. (d) Set of all real convergent sequences which converges to a rational number. Exercise 3. Let V be the set ofall pairs (x, y) of real numbers; anid let F be the field of real numbers. Define 6, ¥) + Bp ¥) = % + Xp O), CC, y) = (Gk OAs V; with these operations, a vector space over the field of real numbers? Exercise 4. Let V be the set of all pairs (x, y) of real. numbers, and let F be the field of real numbers. Examine in each of the following cases-whether Vis,a vedtor space over the field of real numbers or not? ) Gy) + Gp ¥) = HEY + Y)elsy) = el x, lel». O) &Y+ Gyr) =F XY ti) eb y) = (0,0). CO GY) + ley y) = @+3, Y*Y) C6») = (Cx, cy). @) Oy) + by Ys) = by) and eC, ¥) = (cx, cy). Exercise 5. Let R be the field of real numbers and let P, be the set of all real polynomials (of degree at most n) over the field R, Then prove that P, is a vector space over the field R. 1.2, VECTOR SUBSPACE Definition. Let V be a vector space over the field F and let W & V. Then W is called a subspace of V if W itself is a vector space over F with respect to the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication in v. Note: Let V(F) be any vector space. Then V itself and the subset of V consisting of zero vector only are always subspaces of V. These two are called improper subspaces. If V has any other subspace, then it is called a proper subspace. The subspace of V consisting of zero vector only is called the zero subspace, : VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE Theorem 1.2.1. The necessary and sufficient condition for a non-empty subset W of a vector space V(F) to be a subspace of V is that Wis closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication in V, ie. OV ww, € Ww, tw, W Gwe Wandae Fo a.we W Theorem 1.2.2. The necessary and sufficient condition for a non-empty subset W of a vector space V (F) to be a subspace of Vif 0, Be Pandw, w, € W => cw, + Bw, © W. Example 1.2.1, Let V be the (rea) vector space of al functions from W into R. Which ofthe following sets of functions are subspaces of V? (Wall f such that f(x*)=[f (OP (ii) all f such that f(0). Saas (iii) all f such that 3) = If €5) (iv) all f such thatf (1) =“. (v) all f which are continuous f Solution: Let Walfev: f°) =[f@P) Let f,g be any two members of W. Then f(x*)=[fQ)T and g(x*)=[g@oY’. Let abe R, Then (af + bg x?) = Caf (x?) + (bg (x?) sap (a) + be?) = al SYP + ble) Also ((af +bg\(x)I" = Caf (x) + bg (= @ LF? Kb Ag? + Qabf (x)g(x) Now (af +bg\(x") is not necessarily equal fo laf +bg\x)l. Thus af + bg is not necessarily a member. of W. Hence Wis not a subspace of V. 4 nf (0) = f 0) and g(0)= g(). Let a,be R. aft) * ba(l) = (af + bg) (1) ‘€ W. 3) over R? (a) all & such that a,+3a,=a, @) alle such that a, = af (c) all @ such that aja, = 0 (@),all such that a, is rational Exercise 6. Suppose, X = {(a, b, c,d) € R' 2b <6 = 4}. = f(a, b, 0, d) € Risa =b +c} and Z= f(a, b, c,d) € RY: b = 0, c = d}. Which-of the above subsets of the vector space RY over R is/are subspace(s) of R‘? a. Is (a Xonty ©) Xandz OXYandZ @Xanaz Exercise 7. Let V be vector space of all n Xn real matrices over field R. Then which of the following sets are subspaces of V? 7 (@) The set of upper triangular matrices (0) The set of lower triangular matrices (©) The set of scalar matrices (@ The set of diagonal matrices (@) The set of tridiagonal matrices OD The set of all non-singular matrices @ The set of all singular matrices (h) The set of symmetric matrices @ The set of skew symmetric matrices @) The set of all matrices having determinant equal to 1 (8) The set of all matrices having trace equal to zero (D The set of all matrices having trace not equal to zero, Exercise 8. Define a real valued function B on R?X R? as follows. If'u = (x, x, W = (ip yy) belong to R? define Blu, w) = x,y, ~xpy— xy, + 437, Let vy = (1, 0) and let W = {v © BR’: B (vy v) = 0}. [ 2 j LINEAR ALGEBRA VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 Then W (CSIR UGC NET DEC-2018) (@), is not a subspace of ® @). equals {(0, 0)} (0) is the y axis (@). is the line passing through (0, 0) and (1, 1) 1.3, ALGEBRA OF SUBSPACES 1. The intersection of any two subspaces W, and W, of a vector space V(F) is also irsubspace of V(F). 2. The union of two subspaces is a subspace if and only if one is contained in the other. 1.4, LINEAR COMBINATION Definition. Let V(F) be a vector space. If vy Vp. ¥, € V, then any vector, v *04,¥,+ Ov; 4... + Ot,y, where Gy, Oy «1, &, € F is called a linear combination of the vectors Vy Vy..:i Vy : 1S. LINEAR SPAN Definition, Let V(E) be a vector space and S be any non-empty subset of V, Then the linear span of Sis the set of all linear combinations of finite elements of § and is denoted by L(S) Thus we have L(S) = (Oty, + OV, yy: Up Opn EF And Vey nV, © SP Theorem 1.5.1. The linear span L(S) of any subset S of a vector: Space V(F) is a subspace of V generated by S, te, LS) = (8). : Note- Suppose S is a non-empty subset of @ vector. pale V0). ‘Then a vector ve V will be in the subspace of V generated by S if it can be expressed as «@ Tinear ‘combination over F of a finite number of vectors belonging to S. Z . Theorem 1.5.2. Let S be a subset‘of @ vector. space V, @ The set span (S) is a subspace.of V.which contains S. (i) If Wis any subspace of V containing S, then Span (S) < W. Remark J: Span(S) is the intersection of all the subspaces of V containing S. Remark 2: If in any casé we are to prove that L(S)=V, then we shall only prove that Vc L(S) because L(S) L(S) = V. Example 1.5.1. The subset containing a single element (1,0,0) of the vector space V (F) generates the subspace which is totality of the elements of the form (a,0,0). Example 1.5.2. The subset {(1,0,0), (0,1,0)} of VF) generates the subspace which is the totality of the elements of the form (a,b,0). © 10> VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTE! Example 1.5.3. The subset S={(1,0,0), (01,0), (0,0,1)} of Vy(F) generates or spans the entire vector space VE) ive, L(S) = V. Solution: If (a,b,c) be any element of V, then (a,b,c) = a(10,0) + b(0,1,0) + (0.0.1). Thus (a,b,c) eL(S). Also L(S) GV. Hence, L(S) = V Example 1.5.4, Let V be the vector space of all polynomials over the field F. Let S be the subset of V consisting of the polynomials fos firfas-~ defined by f, =x" n=0,1,2,... then V = LS). 4.6. LINEAR SUM OF TWO SUBSPACES Definition. Let W, and W, be two subspaces of the vector space V(F). Then the linear sum of the subspaces W, and W, denoted by W, + Wa is the set of all sums w, + w, sich that wie Wwe W, Thus, W/+W, = (w+ w,: Ww, Wy Ww, 6 We}. Theorem 1.6.1. If W, and W, are subspaces ofthe vecior space VF), then OW, +h, isa subspace of VF). (i) WW, =, ie, LWW, J=W,+ Wy, Theorem 1.6.2. If, T are subsets of V(F), then show that, MSCT>LS CLD. FY).L (SY T) = LS) +L). (iii) Sis a subspace of VerL(S)=8, Gy) L((S)) = LOS). Example 1.6.1. (Modular Law) Let Wy:W; and W; be subspaces of a vector space V such that W, ow, + By eK ‘The intersection of any two subspaces W, and W, of a vector space V(F) is also a subspace of V(F). The union of two subspaces of a vector space is a subspace-iff'ane-is contained in another. The linear span L{(S) of a non empty subset S of a veelorapace, Kis a subspace of V generated by S. The set span(S) is a subspace of V containing S. Span(S) is the intersection of all subspaces of V containing S, Linear sum of two subspaces W,and W, i-g,, WW, isials6a subspace. SOLVED QUESTIONS: FROM PREVIOUS PAPERS Example 1. Let V,,V., be subspaces of a vector space V.Which of the following is/are necessarily a subspace vvvVVY fv? (CSIR UGC NET JUNE-2012) OVAV, ) V,LV, i V,4¥, = {e+ y:2eVayev,} @) V,/V, = {ee V, and xe V,} Solution: (a, ©) For option (a), Let V, and V, be subspaces of a vector space V. Clearly, Oe V, and Ve V.. Hence, 0¢ V, AY,. Now,letuvE V, AV, Then, u,ve V, andu,y Vs. Further, since V, and V, are subspaces. For any scalars a,be'F ,au+ bv eV, and au +bv € V,. Thus, au + bve V AV, Therefore, V, AV, is a subspace of V. Hence, option (a) is correct. For option (6), V, UV, is subspace iff V, ¢V, or V; © V, Hence, option (b) is incorrect. For option (c), Since, V, and V, are subspaces, Oe V, and Qe V,. Hence, 0=0+0 belongs to V, + V;, Now, suppose uveV+V,, Then, u=u, tu, and v= v,+v, where, wv, €V, and us,v,€ Vy Then au + by = (au, + by,)+ (aug bY) Vi +V, £5 (aus, +b) € Viola +bv4)€ Vs) a ay | LINEAR ALGEBRA ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 1 ise nse a nai emarmeonracamsssntssimanel Thus, V/+V, is a subspace of V Hence, option (c) is correct. For option (@), VAV,= ( €V, and x ¢ V,jas 0 V,and0€V, But 0 € VW, So, V)1V, cannot be a subspace, (".’ Additive identity does not belong to V,\¥,) ‘So, option (4) is incorrect Example 2. Which of the following are subspaces of te vector space R’? _“ (C$IR UGC NET JUNE-2015) @ {(x.y.2):x+ y= 0} O{(x.yz)ixny= =o () {(xy,2):4+ y=1} @ {(x.y,2) Solution: (a, ) For option (a), Clearly, S, = {6 y, 2) x+y = 0} is a subspace of R’. “x+y = 0 a linear condition and (0, 0, 0) passes through For option (b), Similarly, x—y = 0s a linear condition and'(B, 0,0) passes throtigh i, Thus {(x,9,2):x-y=0} is a subspace of For options (c) and (d), since the zero vector (0,0,0) does not belo tothe Riven sets. So, options (c) and (d) are incorréci.. °° 6° =; Example 3. Which one of the followitig ta asubipace ofthe vector space R? (AM MaA-2014) (a) {6s,y, 2) R sx 2) 0, 2x ¥ 32 0} ©) ts y, 2) © RY: Ix + By + he ~3 = 0, 2= 0 © {ye Ri :x20,920}% () {0 y, 2) € Rsx-1=0,y = 6} Solution: (a) f Take W, = {(%, 9, ER? :x 4 2y =0, 2x + 32=0} Leta, Be R andr, Yy 2), Oy yy 2) € #.% ¥2y, = 0, xj #32, = O.and x, + 2y, = 0, 2x, + 32, =0 els 2)" Bley Yo #9) 7 (Gt, + Br, Oy, + By, cz, + Be,) Consider (etx, + Bx,) + 2(oy, + By,) = axe, + 29,) + B6x, + 2p,) = a/0) + B(O) = 0 Also, 2(0; + x.) + 3(a2, + Bz,) = C2, + 32,) + B(2x, + 5z,) = a(0) + BQO) = 0 > Wey Yn 2) + Bly yy 2) € W, W, isa subspace of R’. For subset W, = (xyz) € R? :x20,y>0} Take (x, y,2) € W,, 0=-1 As Os, ¥, 2) = (2%, ¥,-2) 6 Wy W, is not a subspace of ® ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 Also as zero vector (0,0,0) does not belong to the sets, given in options (b) and (d), So, options (b) and (d) are incorrect. OR The only subspaces of the vector space’ are zero subspace, lines passing through origin and planes ‘passing through origin, (a) is a subspace because It is a line passing through origin. ‘Subsets given in (B), (o) and (4) are not subspaces as its lines doesn't passes through origin. Example 4. The set V ={(x, y) €® :xy2 0), is: (GATE-2004) (@) a vector subspace of 7 (©) not a vector subspace of B’ since every element does not have, an inverse in V (©) nota vector subspace of B’ since it is not closed under scalar multiplication (@) nota vector subspace of R since itis not closed under vector addition Solution: (d) (1-2) € Vand 0,9 ¥ But (-1,-2)+ 0, = (LIEV CO CYQ od HBB E VV a, Be € => Visa subspace of vector space Mzo(C) over € => Vis a vector space over © For option (b) at a-[? i Leta, Be ©, that. oA + BB = =AeW. LINEAR ALGEBRA ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER -1 Now ite] © ~ oe lt 0 Here y+ =-1+()=-2#0 | suew Thus Ae Wae Cade W => Wis not closed wrt, scalar multiplication and hence is not a vector space over C. For option (c}, : Asin (a), 0A + PBEV VO,BEC Inparticular, as RS C, 500A +PBE VV O,BER = Visa vector space over R. For option (@), Let fe | oni af "| with ay, + Ty, =Oand' hy 4 1 mi ban a ry Rss pr -[ 7B a Atay, + Bday Ay + By, Now aia, + Ply + Wan, + Boy = Ga, + pois + Ey 4 iby = Ga, + Bly + iy + BB, (aR e R >a=a and B=\)=a6,,+%,)+ BO) +b) = a0) + BO)=0 204+ BBE WV A, Be W 0B R= Wis avector space over R. Hence options (a), (¢) and (d) are correct; 1 i i | i 210 i Example 6, Let M be the vecton’space al matrices and let A=|Q 2 0 which of the Be 0 0 3 i following are subspaces of M? 6. (CSIR UGC NET JUNE-2011) ' (@) {XeM:XA= AX) oN (0) {Xe M:X+A=A+X) i (©) (XM :trace (AX) =0) (@) (Xe M det (AX) =0} f Solutions (abe) 3 ey 210 ‘Misa vector'space of all 3X3 real matrices and A=|0 2 0 003 For option (a): 5) = (K€ M: XA = AX} Let X, YES, 0, BER (OX + BY)A = AXA + BYA = GAX + BAY= A(X + BY) => aX +BY S, VOB ER and X,Y € S, > S, is subspace of M ‘So, option (a) is correct. For option (b), S,=(XEM:X+A4=A4 +X} | LINEAR ALGEBRA ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER-1 | cepetons cnn ssh tesaRe a SST nomen Let X,Y ES, 0, BER (aX + BY) +A=4 + (OX +BY (as addition of matrices i commutative) > aX+ BYES, Va € Rand XY € S, > S, is subspace of M. ‘So option (b) is correct. For option (c), S,= (XE M= trace (AX) = O} Let X, YES, a PER trace (A(X + BY)) = 01 trace(AX) + B trace(AY) =0+0=0 GX +BY ES, Vu BE Rand X,Y € S, = S, is subspace of M. So, option (¢) is correct. For option (4), S,= (XE M| det(AX) = 0} 100) fo oo Ye take, X=|0 0 o10 0 oot 00 10 0 o| avs|o 20 00 0 0 3 det(AX) = 0 and det(AY) = 0 > KY 8; But AX + AY = A(X +1) 21 0/f1 0 0 =|0 2 ojfo 1 ols! 0 0 3004 > S, is not closed under addition. S; isnot vector subspace So, option (d) is incorrect. 36 tii ‘VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT - 1.1 NOTE: CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION L Let V be set of all 3-tuples of the form (x, y, 1) with addition defined as (%, ¥p I) + Gy Yy I=, Xz 349» 1) and sealar multiplication defined by © sp yp 1) = (kp On ) whete 6 Re XY Xo Yo R. Which of the following is incorrect? (a) V is not vector space over B. (0) Vis abelian group up giti (6) Additive Identity of V is (0, 0, L). (@ Vis not abelian group.dinde: Let V be a vector space of all real numbers R over R. Which of the following’ is vector subspace of V? @) CR) RR) (©) QR) TR) Let ¥ be the vector space of all 2 * 2 matrices over which A’= A, (@) ts a subspace of V - (©) is not a subspace of V as itis not closed w,p.t. vector additi (c) is not a subspace of V as it is not closed &i d (@) Both (b) and (c) Then the set W, convisting of all matrices A for @) Sx 45x41 () a? +) Let Rix] be the vector: sp Req? (a) W= (f: f@).has.negati () W= {f:f¢-2) = Op OW = {F568 = 09)) NOTE: MORE THAN ONE OPTION MAY BE CORRECT Which of the following is not a vector space? OO over Rism (6) C over (2) ® over© (2) B over R Which of the following(s) is/are not vector space(s)? @ V=(a,¢ RB} overR @) V=Uf sf 10d) B and fix) = 0 only at finitely many points in [0,1]} over B © 2 f :[0,1] > BR and fhas local extrema only at x=1/2} over R (@) None of the above 10. UL. 22, VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE CHAPTER - 1 Which of the following set of vectors x = (XX,,X,) in R is/are not subspace(s) of ’ over R? (@) All x such that x, = 0 or x,= 0 (®) Allx such that x,+2x, =1 (6) Allx such that x, = x, #0 (@) All x such that x, + 2x, #1 Let L be the real vector space of all bounded continuous real-valued fictions defined on the closed interval [-1,1]. Which of the following set(s) in L is/are subspace(s) of L over field R? (@) All fuck that (0)-0 (®) All fsuch that f(0) # 0 (©) All fuck that f(x) 0 for all x {-1,1] (@) All fsuch that f(x) $ 0 for all xe (-1,1] If W, and W, are subspaces of V, then which of the following is/are trie?“ (a) W, 3 W, is a subspace of V (0) WOW, isa subspace of ¥ (o) W, + W, is a subspace of V @) W, 2 W,is not a subspace of V If M, and M, are subspaces of a linear space L(F), then (@) M,+M, =(M,UM,) OM +MyeeM\UM,> (©) M, 4M, is also a subspace (@) My+M, is'nol a subspace IW, Wynn W, are subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space V and W, WC W,Cuc Wg Then which of the following is/are not correct? . (a) We (Jw, isa subspace of V 0) W= (YW, is a subspace of ¥ (YS, spans W,, then S=JS, spans ¥ (@) None of the above is correct ; ASSIGNMENT - 1.2 NOTE: CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION L Let § be a set of all matrices of the form [" 1 with addition defined as 1 ‘a l)fe1]fare 1 7 al = and scalar multiplication defined by kx| [ wt ‘| [i oral ene ued [i KER, ab,od € R. Which of the following is incorrect? kal here 1a)” (a) Additive identity of Sis [ 4 (b) Additive identity of Sis not : a (6) Sis vector space over R. (@) Sis not vector space over R. Consider the set of all real valued functions f defined on [0,1] such that fi) fl /)=0 (i) {84 (iit) f(x) =f @) (vO) = JQ) Then the correct statement is (a only () ts vector space over R @) only () and (jv) are vector spaces over (c) only (i), (iti), (iv) are vector spaces over R (@) all-are vector spaces over R Which of the following subsets are subspaces of P (the vector space of all real polynomials over 8)? (a) {pe P: degree of p=4} () {pe P: degree of p23} ( (pe P: degree ofp $4 and p@)=1) > (@) None of these Which of the following is not a vector subspace of the vector space of polynomials with real coefficients over field R? (@) W consisting of all polynomials divisible by x @) W ={p(de V: p= 0} (} W=(p(xeV: pla) = p(l-a),ae R} (@) W consisting of all polynomials with integral coefficients Let V be a vector space of all 2x2 real matrices over field B and W be a subset of all matrices having determinant zero, then (a) W will be subspace of V (6) W cannot be subspace of V (©) W may or may not be subspace of V (@ None of these Let ¥ =} (R) be vector space. Which of the following is subspace of V? (@ {(ab,c)eVla2b2 0} ® ((a,b,c)eVla+b>c) (©) {(a,b,c)eV la? +b? +c? 20) Y ((a,b,c)eV la? +b? +0721) 10. u. VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE If W, and W, are subspaces of vector space V over field F and W, is the subspace spanned by vectors Vi YaeaYy Lp Vprdy @ Wey then (@W,>W, (1) WS ¥, OW,2", (@) None of these IFW, and W, are subseis of vector space V over field F and W, is the subspace Spanned by vectors vy Yen vy vpund, & Wy then @W,=W, OW,SW, OW, 20, (@) None of these Let $=((1, 2, 3),(1, 0,-1)}. The value of k for which the vector (2,1,K)’belongs 10 the linear span of Sis @i O-1 2 wo Given the vectors a = (I,2,3), B = (3,1,0), 7 = (2,1,3} and-S =(-2,3,6): Consider the following. (@) Y isa linear combination of a and B é Q) 6 isa linear combination ofa and B Which of the statements given above is/are correct?” (@) I only oo @)2 only (©) Both I and 2 (d) Neithet nor 2 The condition on a, b, ¢ so that:the-vector.% = ©) © BR’ belongs to the space generated by = 2, 1,0). %," (yl, 2) and x; (0, 3, A) over field R, is (a) a-2b-4e % (a~b+2c=0 (©) 3b-4e (2a 4b~ 3c =0 NOTE: MORE THAN ‘ONE OPTION MAY BE CORRECT 12 13, Which ofthe following is/are vector space(s)? @ V=(pa)=q)+ax+ 44,2" a, Rj over R ® W=( fs £01] 9 Rand fhas a local maxima at x=1/2} over R (DM = (Lai 10, €R} over R @ V* tf fis real ~ valued function) over R Which of the following sets are subspaces of the vector space C(a,b) of alll real ~ valued continuous functions defined on the open interval (a,b) over field R? (@ (fe C(a,b): {)=1) Oo) {re cvao((3)) -oh © (Fe C(a.d): f° fond = 0} (@) All of the above VECTOR SPACE AND SUBSPACE 14, Let S,=(AeM,,, (C) |A® = A} and S, ={AEM,,,, (C) 1° =A}. Then which of the following isfare correct? (@ 8, and S, both are subspaces of M ye, (©) over C but not over B, (®) S, and S, both are subspaces of M yy, (C) over but not over C. (0) S, isa subspace of My», (6) over € whereas S, is subspace over R. (@ Neither S, nor S, is subspace over C. 15. Which of the following sets is not subspace of C(a,b) (vector space. ofl oftall real valued continuous function defined on open interval (a,b) over R) ? (a{f € Cla,b): lim, f(x) =0) ©) {fe Cla,byPlim, FQO= | (© (fe Cab): lim, f@)=2} @) Allof the above 2 16. Let V(F) be vector space and W,W, be subsets of V(F):Then which of the following is/are false? (@) If W, OW, is subspace of V(F), then W,, and Ware subspaces of V(P) (0) If WM, is subspace of VO), then W, and Wate subspaces'of VIF) (0) If Wy. W,is subspace of V(F), then W, arid W, are subspaces: of V(F). (@ IW, W, is subspace of V(F) and WoW; on. W, 0, = Ofor each I a-y=0 LINEAR ALGEBRA BASIS AND DIMENSION 20+ 3B =0,B+y=0 On solving, we get, A= 0,B =0,y=0 = {(1, 2, 0), (0, 3, 1), (-1, 0, 1)} is linearly independent 2.3. BASIS OF A VECTOR SPACE Definition: A subset 8 of a vector space V(F) is said to be a basis of VF), if (@ —Sconsists of linearly independent vectors. (i) 8 generates V(F), ie., 1(S) = V, ie, each vector in V is a linear combination’ of afinite number of elements of S. ’ Examples (The set {(1,0,0),(0,1.0), 0.0.19} is a basis of V = R? over Rand is called standard Basis of ®? (ii) ‘The infinite set 1, % Xs .0uX" an} iS a basis of the vector space Fi] of polimomials over the field F. The vector space F[x] has no finite basis. If we take any finite'set S of polynomials as a basis of F[x], then we can find a polynomial of degree greater than that of each’of them: Such a polynomial cannot ‘be expressed as a linear combination of the elements of S°- F (iil) The set {B,| 1 i, j Sn} is basis of V = M,,,(R)-over.B; where B, represents the nx n matrix whose 9" entry is I and all other enteries are zero. < Remark: A set of vectors having zero vector is always. linearly dependent set. So it cannot be a basis of vector space. Thus zero vector cannot be an element of a basis of vector space. Note: Basis of zero subspace is empty set and itis regarded as linearly independent set, Definition (Ordered Basis): Let V(E) be.a vector space of dimension ‘n’. Then any ordered n-tuple {vp¥y of vectors of V is called an orderéd basts of VIF), if the set {v,,v,,...v,J is a basis of V. For example: If V=R, then its standard basis i (¢,,€.€3}={(1,0.0), (0,1,0), (0.0,1)}. Here each of triplets {e3,€25€1}5 {€1€,,€)} and {e,,€,5€5) are three different ordered basis of R 24. DIMENSION OF A VECTOR SPACE Definition: The minber of elements in any basis of a vector space V(F) is called the dimension of the vector space V(F) and is denoted by dim V. Example (i) Dimension of vector space R’ over R is equal to 3 (ii) Dimension of vector space F[x] over field F is infinite, (@ii)Dimension of vector space M,,,,(R) over Ris n’. Remark: There may be more than one basis of a given vector space V over field F but dimension of given vector space is always fixed. So we can conclude that any two bases of vector space V over F have same number of elements provided dimension of V is finite. BASIS AND IMENSION 24,1, DIMENSION OF A DIFFERENT VECTOR SPACES Set VeP.{GD=(coletion ofall polynomials with i degree $n with Lavidyty-28) | MAEM (BIA | Vo(AEM, 1A Field YORE) | VMllD | coepfciensfomfield | over F isommane | estensmmeri Gohcre Rand F | matisjover F | — mars} over 1 yt emai | ty : Eeare | DiniTion | Dini Din(=T Pmaccs | RRO fDi =nTID KeCAPR | Dim=In | Din=2n" | Dimi =20T) Dinard | Dini M=nrl) K-C&F-Q. | Dim(¥)=00 | Dim(V)=00 Dim(V)=00. Dim(¥)=00 KeRarec | Nota ‘Not @ ‘Nota ‘Not a vecior space | vectorspace | vector space yweiorspace | _vectorspace marR | DintVion | Din(ion’ | Dimon Din(Dientxt V2 | Dim Mmnt-t VE KREFHQ | dim(ymco | Dim(V=00 Dim(V)=00 = Dim(y=00 Taare | Nova Nora Nota Nora vector space | vectorspace | __ vector space vector space $OarR | Noa | Nora Nota Nota vector space | vector space | __vectorspass vécirspaée | _vectorspace | vector space Femara | Dinan | Dino” | Din TH TTS pniyjnco | Dnt DE | Dim(Poni-D3 25. FINITE DIMENSIONAL (FINITELY GENERATED) VECTOR SPACE Definition: The vector space V(F) is Said to, be finite dimensional or finitely generated if there exists a finite ‘subset S of V such that V-= L(S). The vector space V,(F) of n-tuples is a finite dimensional vector ‘space. Note: If there exist no finite subset which generates V, then V is called infinite dimensional vector space. Examples: () The vector spacé R’ over the field of real numbers is finite dimensional. Gi) The vector space F [x of all polynomials over a field F is not finite dimensional. There exists no finite subsets S of Fx] which spans F[x]. Thus the vector space F[x] of all polynomials over a field F is infinite dimensional. Existence Theorem: There exists a basis for each finitely generated vector space. Replacement Theorem: If V() is a vector space which is generated by finite set of vectors V;,V_ 0 V, then any linearly independent set of vectors in V contains not more than ‘n’ elements. Extension Theorem: Every linearly independent subset of a finitely generated vector space V(F) can be ‘extended to form a basis of V. LINEAR ALGEBRA BASIS AND DIMENSION Result: The replacement theorem and its corollaries contain a wealth of information about the relationships ‘among linearly independent sets, bases and generating sets. For this reason, we summarize here the ‘main results of this section in order to put them into better perspective. A basis for a vector space V is a linearly independent subset of V that generates V. If V has a Anite basis, then every basis for V contains the same number of vectors. This number is called the dimension of V and V is said to be finite-dimensional. Thus if the dimension of ¥ is n, every basis of V contains exactly n vectors. Moreover, every linearly independent subset of V contains not more than n vectors and can be extended to a basis for V by including appropriately chosen vectors. Also, each generating set for V contains atleast n vectors and can be reduced to a'basis.of V by. excluding ‘appropriately chosen vectors. The Venn diagram in figure depicts these relationships. oe \ Linaty ua Remarks: Let V be finite dimensional vector space over F . By using Existence theorem and Extension theorem we can conclude the following: @ IFS be subset of V such that cardinality of S >dimension.of V then S is linearly dependent set but converse need not be true. For example. Let S= {(0,0,0) , (0,1,0)} be linearly dependent subset of V= R but card(S)#dim(V) Gi) IFS be.subset of V such that cardinality of § r. + Let V be a vector space over F, let W, and W, be its subspaces. Then dim W,0.W,)

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