EE354 SIMULATION LAB REPORT

Experiment 1
Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled and Controlled Rectifier
1.1 Aim:
To design and implement Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled and Controlled rectifiers,
and simulate them with R and RL loads.
1.2 Software Used:
MATLAB R2022b
Blocks used:
AC Voltage Source, Diode, Thyristor, Series rlc branch,Voltage measurement, Current
measurement, Display, Scope, Continuous RMS, Mean, DC voltage source, Pulse Generator.
1.3 Circuit Diagram:
Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier:

1.4 Theory:
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It is done
by using a diode or a group of diodes. A half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier
that only allows one half-cycle of an AC voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-
cycle. Half-wave rectifiers are used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage, and only require a
single diode to construct.
Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier:
This rectifier comprises of an AC source, a diode and a load. The diode gets forward biased
during the positive half cycle of the AC source, and the circuit conducts. During the negative
half cycle, the diode becomes reverse biased and blocks current.
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier:

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This rectifier comprises of an AC source, a Thyristor/SCR and a load. The key difference here,
is the presence of the thyristor/SCR, which conducts only when gate pulses at a firing angle
α are applied to it. The SCR automatically turns off when its voltage is reverse biased for a
period longer than the SCR turn off time and its current falls below holding current.
1.5 Theoretical Calculations:
For an R load, average output voltage and current for a controlled half wave rectifier are
given by:
Vo,avg = Vphase √ 2(1 + cosα) /2π = Vm(1 + cosα) /2π
Io,avg = Vo /R
Where α is the firing angle of the thyristor. For uncontrolled rectifiers, the thyristor is
replaced by a diode, and α = 0.
Considering an AC source with RMS voltage of 230V and a resistive load of 10Ω;
For a single phase half wave uncontrolled rectifier Vo = 103.53V ; Io = 10.35A
For a single phase half wave controlled rectifier with α = 30◦
Vo = 96.6V ; Io = 9.66A
1.6 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with R load:
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with R load Circuit

Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with R load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Diode - 1
4 Voltmeter - 2
5 Ammeter - 1

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Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with R load waveforms

Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 103.53V 103.1V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 10.35A 10.31A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated values accurately match the theoretical values. As the load
is resistive in nature, the output current is in phase with output voltage. From the output
voltage and current waveforms, it can be deduced that the diode gets forward biased during
the positive half cycle of the AC source.
1.7 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load Circuit

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Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 1
5 Voltmeter - 2
6 Ammeter - 1

Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load waveforms

Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 103.53V 100.8V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 10.35A 10.08A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated values approximately match the theoretical values. As the
load has an inductive component, the output current is lags the output voltage. This causes
the diode to conduct till output current reaches zero, thus making the output voltage
negative in this time period. Once the output current becomes zero, the diode stops
conducting, and output voltage also returns to zero.

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1.8 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load and Freewheeling Diode
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling diode Circuit
Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling
diode

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 2
5 Voltmeter - 2
6 Ammeter - 1

Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling diode
waveforms
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Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 103.53V 103V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 10.35A 9.853A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated output voltage is nearer to the calculated voltage, while
the simulated output current is farther from the calculated current. The addition of the
freewheeling diode shows a sudden cut off of output current in the rectifier circuit as the
source AC supply becomes zero volts, as the lagging current starts flowing through the
freewheeling diode rather than the rectifier circuit.
1.9 Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RLE load
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RLE load Circuit
Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RLE load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 2
5 DC Voltage Source 100V 1
6 Voltmeter - 2
7 Ammeter - 1

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Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RLE load

Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 103.53V 156.1V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 10.35A 5.605A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated output voltage follows the same waveform shape as the RL
load, with the differences being that its voltage is always positive, and when the output
current falls to zero, the diode stops conducting, and the output voltage becomes 100V.
1.10 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R load
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R load Circuit

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Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Thyristor 10mH 1
4 Firing angle 30◦ -
5 Voltmeter - 2
6 Ammeter - 1

Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R load

Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 96.6V 96.25V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 9.66A 9.625A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated values accurately match the theoretical values. As the load
is resistive in nature, the output current is in phase with output voltage. It can also be seen
that after the gate pulse is applied to the thyristor, the output voltage and currents start
rising and mimicking the uncontrolled rectifier output waveforms.

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1.11 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load

Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load Circuit

Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Thyristor - 1
5 Voltmeter - 2
6 Ammeter - 1
7 Firing Angle 30◦ -

Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load waveforms

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Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 96.6V 93.88V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 9.66A 9.388A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the circuit starts conducting once the firing gate pulse is given to the
thyristor. As the load has an inductive component, the output current is lags the output
voltage. This causes the diode to conduct till output current reaches zero, thus making the
output voltage negative in this time period. Once the output current becomes zero, the
thyristor stops conducting, and output voltage also returns to zero.
1.12 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load and Freewheeling Diode
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling diode Circuit
Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling
diode

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Diode - 1
5 Voltmeter - 2
6 Ammeter - 1
7 Thyristor - 1
8 Firing Angle 30◦ -

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Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL load and freewheeling diode waveforms
Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 96.66V 96.11V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 9.66A 9.165A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the simulated output voltage is nearer to the calculated voltage, while
the simulated output current is farther from the calculated current. The addition of the
freewheeling diode shows a sudden cut off of output current in the rectifier circuit as the
source AC supply becomes zero volts, as the lagging current starts flowing through the
freewheeling diode rather than the rectifier circuit.
1.9 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE load
Circuit used for simulation:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE load Circuit

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Components Required:
Components for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE load

Sr.No Parameters Ratings Quantity

1 AC Single phase 230V(Vrms) 1
voltage source
2 Resistor 10Ω 1
3 Inductor 10mH 1
4 Thyristor - 1
5 DC Voltage Source 100V 1
6 Voltmeter - 2
7 Ammeter - 1
8 Firing Angle 30◦ -

Resultant Waveforms:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE load

Observations:

Parameters Theoretical Values Simulation Values

AC Input Voltage (Vin,rms) 230V 230V
Output Average Voltage 96.66V 155V
(Vo,avg)
Output Average Current 9.66A 5.501A
(Io,avg)

It is observed that the circuit starts conducting once the firing gate pulse is given to the
thyristor. Once the circuit starts conducting, it mimics the characteristics of an uncontrolled
half wave rectifier with RLE load.
1.13 Note:
1. Change the frequencies in the required blocks to 50Hz.
2. The measurement box can be unmarked in the diode parameters block.

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3. The firing angle can be set in the pulse generator block.

1.14 Conclusion
The design of single phase half wave rectifiers, both controlled and uncontrolled, with R, RL,
RL with freewheeling diode, and RLE loads were implemented successfully in MATLAB using
Simulink. The output waveforms for voltage and current were obtained in each case, and a
comparison between theoretically calculated and simulated output parameter values was
also performed.

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