| A J HUSTLING y STUDENTMUSIC LESSONSJesson1 —IMPBESS}ONISM— Was one of the earliest musical forms that paved the way to this modern era. Impressionism is a French movement in the late Ith and early 20th centuries. The sentimental melodies and dramatic emotionalism of the preceding Romantic Period, whose themes and melody are easy to recognize and enjoy, were being replaced in favor of moods ond impressions. ———~Composers: |. Claude Debussy (1862-1718) + Was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th century. + He was the principal exponent of the impressionist movement and the inspiration for other impressionist composers. + He reformed the course of musical development by eradicating traditional rules and conventions into anew language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color. * Born on august 22, |862 ina small town called st. Germain-en-layein in france. + Composed a total of more or less 227 masterpieces, which include orchestral music, chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets, songs, and other vocal music. + "Father of the Modern School of Composition" + Debussy's mature creative period was exemplified by the following works: String quartet La mer (1905) - a highly imaginative and atmospheric musical work for orchestra about the sea Premiere arabesque Claire de lune (moonlight) - the third and most famous movement of suite bergamasque. + On march 25, 1918, he died of cancer at the height of the first world war in paris. 2. Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) + Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France, to a Basque mother and a Swiss father. + At age |4, he entered the Paris Conservatory, where he was musically nurtured by a prominent French composer, Gabriel Faure. + The compositional style of Ravel is mainly characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style (music that is written in a way that is not based on any particular key) of harmonic treatment. + His works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended chordal components. It demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer, which is the character, ability, or skill of a virtuoso—a person who is exemplary in musical technique or execution. + Ravel's works include the following: Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899) String Quortet (/903)Sonotine for Piano (c.1904) apsodie Espagnole je strongly adhered to the classical form, specifically its ternary structureJESSON 2 —EXPBESSHONISM— The term "Expressionism" was originally used in visual and literary arts. It was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because, like the painter Wassily Kandinsky (|866 - 1944), he veered away from "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music. ‘FEATURES OF EXPRESSIONISM MUSIC ARE AS FOLLOWS: + Ahigh degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems unstable) + Extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very loud) + Constant changing of textures + "Distorted" melodies and harmonies + Angular melodies with wide leaps —— Composers: Arnold Schoenberg (1874 - 1951) * Born on September |3, |874 ina working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria. + He taught himself music theory but took lessons in counterpoint. + His works were greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner as evident in his symphonic poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5 (1703), a counterpoint of Debussy's opera of the same title. + His works include the following: Verklarte Nacht Three Pieces for Piano, op. Il Pierrot Lunaire Violin Concerto Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein. + Although full of melodic and lyrical interest, his music was also extremely complex + He experienced Triskaidekaphobia (fear of number 13). + Schoenberg died on July 13, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, the USA, where he had settled since 1934.This is light, entertaining, cool, and independent of its emotional content. The composition style used by the composer was the seven-note diatonic scale. This period combines tonal harmonies applying with slight dissonance which has a three- movement format like shifting time signatures, complex but exciting rhythmic patterns, as well as harmonic dissonance that produce harsh chords. Composers: |. Igor Stravinsky (|882 - 197!) + Stravinsky was born in Lomonosov, Russia on June I7, 1882. + In his early music, he reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky- Kor sakov. + His first notable composition, "The Firebird Suite (1910)," his skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond anything written by his Russian predecessors. + His musical style added a new flavor to his nationalistic musical style. + The Rite of Spring (1913) was another superb work showcasing his new technique. + Acclaimed works by Stravinsky includes: Ballet Petrouchka (I9II The Nightingale (1914) Three Tales for Children (1917) Pulcinella (1920) Duo Concertant (1932) The Rake's Progress (I?51] + Stravinsky wrote approximately I27 works, including concerti, orchestral music, instrumental music, operas, ballets, solo vocal, and choral music. Concerti or concerto is a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments ‘accompanied by an orchestra, especially one conceived on a relatively large scale. + He died in New York City on April 6, 1971. 2. Sergei Prokofieff (1891-1953) + He was born last 189! in Ukraine. + He combined the movements of music like Neoclassicism, Nationalism, and Avant-Garde composition. + With his progressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, and a resolving dissonance he was uniquely recognized. + In writing symphonies, chamber music, concerte, and solo instrumental music, he became @ productive and prolific composer. + He intendedly wrote a light-hearted orchestral work for children to pacify the continuing government restrictions and disciplinary actions at the time of Avant-Garde composers entitled Peter and the Wolf. + He died in Moscow on March I5, 1953. 3. Bela Bartok (1881-1745)+ Bela Bartok was born last March 25, 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, Hungary (Romania). + Began lessons with his mother and made folk songs transcription. + He opened the way to new modal kinds of harmony and irregular meter + He was a Hungarian composer and pianist, created a distinctive musical style using folk music. + He excelled in instrumental music writing many works for solo piano pieces, six string quartets and other chamber music, three concertos for piano, one for violin and several compositions for orchestras, the reinterpreted, traditional-musical forms like the rondo, fugue, and sonata. He utilized changing meters and strong syncopations in his music style. + The six string quartet is the greatest achievement of his creative life that lasted for full 30 years for their completion. + He combined difficult and dissonant music with mysterious sounds as description of the composition. Approximately 700 musical compositions include concerti, orchestral music, piano music, instrumental music, dramatic music, choral music, and songs. * The concerto for orchestra in 1743, is a five- movement work featuring the exceptional talents of each various soloist in an intricately constructive piece. + In 1940, he left Hungary for the United States. + On September 26, 1945, he died of leukemia in New York City Hospital,Considered as the vanguard of experimentation or innovation period. The existing aesthetic and conventional type of music has been put on to criticize, rejecting the status quo in favor of unique or original elements. Adopting extreme composition within a certain tradition the so- called "Experimental Music”. The new attitude will be altered toward musical movement and it varies in the continuity where the notes being grouped into. Composers: |. George Gershwin + Was considered as a phenomenal composer, a cross-over artist, anda father of. American Jazz. Noteworthy of evidence with his numerous songs, serious compositions remain highly popular in the classical repertoire, and with the mixture of the primitive and sophisticated music which lasted long after his death. + He composed 369 musical works, including orchestral music, chamber music, musical theater, film musicals, operas, and songs. + Among the compositions are the following: Rhapsody in Blue (1924) American in Paris (1928) Porgy ond Bess (1734). + He was fascinated with classical music influenced by Ravel, Stravinsky, Berg, and Schoenberg as well as the group of contemporary that shapes the character of his major works like half jazz and half classical known as "Les Six". *He died last July 4, 1937 in Hollywood, California, USA. 2. Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990) + This notable composer was born in Massachusetts, USA, he commended himself as a charismatic conductor, pianist, composer, and lecturer to his many followers. * On November |4, |743, he was requested to be a substitute for the ailing Bruno Walter in conducting the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in a concert. + Bernstein's compositions for the stage are the key that made people known him. Among these is the musical: West Side Story (1957) American version of Romeo and Juliet, which displays a tuneful, off-beat, and highly atonal approach to the songs. Candide (1956) and the much-celebrated Mass (1971). «His musical compositions total around 90. «He composed the music for the film On the Waterfront (1954). + He was fondly remembered for his television series "Young People's Concerts" (1958- 1973) that demonstrated the sounds of the various orchestral instruments and explained basic music principles to young audiences, as well as his Harvardian Lectures. + He died on October /4, !790, in New York City, USA.JESSON 6 MODERN NATIONALISM + Nationalistic composers and musical innovators were misled in the 20th century music development combined with modern techniques with folk materials. + Prominent Russian composers like Bela Bartok and Sergei Prokofieff who were the neoclassicist infused classical techniques crossing rhythms and shifting meters. + They made extensive use of polytonality that uses two or more tonal centers simultaneously. + In Russia, five highly considered gifted individuals that infused chromatic harmony, incorporated with Russian folk music, liturgical chants in their thematic materials namely Modest Mussorgsky, Mili Balakirev, Alexander Borodin, Cesar Cui, and Nikolai Rimsky Kor sakov. + Erik Satie, a French composer who gave a colorful figure in the early 20th century, specifically avant- garde and modern nationalism.Technology has been a game-changer in music, It has produced electronic music devices such as cassette tape recorders, compact discs and their variants, the video compact disc (VCD), and the digital video disc (DVD), MP3, MP4, digital music players, smartphones, karaoke players, and synthesizers. These devices are used for creating and recording music to add to or to replace acoustical sounds. SLECTRONIC Music The ability of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and loudspeakers to produce different sounds was popularized by 20th- century notable composers. Musique concrete, or concrete music uses the tape recorder. ‘Any sound that the composer will hear in his surroundings will be recorded. These sounds are arranged by the composer in different ways, like playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or reverse. In musique concrete, the composer can experiment with different sounds that cannot be produced by regular musical instruments such as the piano or the violin The first electronic devices for performing music were developed at the end of the |9th century, and shortly afterward, Italian futurists explored sounds that had not been considered musical. |. Edgard Varése (1883 - 1965) + He was born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar) Varése was considered an “innovative French- + born composer." + He pioneered and created new sounds that bordered between music and noise and spent his life and career mostly in the United States. + His musical compositions are characterized by: an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and "organized sound" (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order to capture a whole new definition of sound). * "Father of Electronic Music" + He was also dubbed as the "Stratospheric Colossus of Sound." + He died on November 6, 1965. 2. Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928 - 2007) + Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the realm of electronic music. He was born in Cologne, Germany. «He had the opportunity to work with Messiaen, Schoenberg, and Webern. + Stockhausen drew inspiration from these composers as he developed his style of totalserialism together with Pierre Boulez. + Stockhausen's music was initially met with resistance due to its heavily atonal content with practically no clear + melodic or rhythmic sense. Still, he continued to experimentwith musique concrete. + Some of his works include Gruppen (1957) Kontakte (1960) Hymnen (1965) Licht (Light) + It has led him to dream of concert halls in which the sound attacks the listener from every direction. + Stockhausen's works total around 31. —— Cuance Music Also known as Aleatoric music, refers to a style in which the piece always sounds differently ‘at every performance because of the random techniques of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become a part of the music. Most of the sounds emanating from the surroundings, both natural and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone. |. John Cage (1912 - 1992) + John Cage was known as one of the 20th-century composers with the broadest array of sounds in his works. = Cage was born in Los Angeles, California, USA, on September 5, 1912 and became one of the most original composers in the history of western music. + He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments to attain new sounds and became the "chance music." + In one instance, Cage created a "prepared" piano, where screws and pieces of wood or paper were inserted between the piano strings to produce different percussive possibilities. + Cage became notable for his work The Four Minutes and 33 Seconds (4'33"), a chance musical work that instructed the pianist to merely open the piano lid and remain silent for the length of time indicated by the title.JESSON 8 — AFRO -LATIN N MiUgLC The history of Afro-Latin American music can be traced during the European colonization and slave trade in Africa. Latin America is comprised of different regions such as the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, and Central and South Americas which are of diversified cultures of the European, Moors, Mexicans, and other tribes of Africa African music has a rich and diverse cultural heritage that exist in hundreds of different languages. The music in Africa always has the technique of "Call and Response” in which a person leads by singing a phrase and followed and answered by a group of singers. African traditional music is largely functional in nature, used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations. Others are work related or social in nature, while many traditional societies view their music as entertainment. Sources of influence |. Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with black American music. 2. ApalaisamusicalgenrefromNigeriaintheYoruba tribal style. used to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan 3. Axe is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro- Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso, and is played by carnival bands 4. Jit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums with guitar accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles. 5. Jive is a popular form of South African music featuring a lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug, a form of swing dance. 6. Juju is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the instruments are more Western in origin.g 7. Kwassa Kwassa is a dance style begun in Zaire. In the late 1980s, it was popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the hips move back and forth while the arms follow the hip movements. 8. Marabi is a South African three-chord township music of the 1730s-i960s which evolved into African jazz. Styles: Reggae A Jamaican musical style that was strongly influenced by the island's traditional mento music, as well as by calypso, African music, American jazz, and rhythm and blues. One of reggae's most distinctive qualities is its offbeat rhythm and staccato chords.Salsa Cuban, Puerto Rican,and Colombian dance music. It comprises various musical genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo, and bolero. Samba Brazilian musical genre and dance style. Its roots can be traced to Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions particularly in Angola and the Congo. Basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It has a lively and rhythmical beat with three steps to every bar, making the samba feel like a timed dance. Soca Known as the “soul of calypso." Originated as a fusion of calypso with Indian rhythms, thus combining the musical traditions of the two major ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago. It is a modern Trinidadian and Tobagonian pop music combining soul and calypso music. Were Muslim music of ten performed as a wake-up call for early breakfast and players during Ramadan celebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African and European music styles. Zouk Fast, carnival-like rhythmic music, from the Creole slang word for "party". It originated in the Carribbean Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and was popularized in the 1780s. It has a pulsating beat supplied by the gwo ka and tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played on the rim of the snare drums, a rhythm The Characteristics of Afre-Latin American Music. |. Conversation: "Call and Response". The performance of voice interaction as an answer to the first chant. 2. Improvisation - Non-scripted ways of singing that allow sincere conversations. It is a framework where the artist has freedom in creating musical mood 3. The voice as an instrument - It is the manipulation of a freely controlled piece where they can change the tone of voice, its tempo, the creation of moods, and even changing the range and voice power. 4, The instrument as a voice - the instrument serves as a "singer along with the performer. ———[arin AMERICAN Music The music of Latin America is a product of three major influences-indigenous, Spanish- Portuguese, and African. It is also referred to as Latin music because of the impact on the countries colonized by Spain and Portugal, spanningithelfollowinglareas? a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) - Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; b. CentralAmerica - Belize,CostaRica,£lSalvador, Guatemala, Honduras,and Panama; ¢. Carribean - Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, and Puerto Rico; and d. BrazilBecause of the inter-racial cross breeding and migration, the above named countries were also commonly populated by five major ancestral groups as follows: @. Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the inhabitants of the region before the arrival of Christopher Columbus; b. African descendants from Western and Central Africa; c. European descendants mainly from Spain and Portugal but also including the French, Dutch, Italian, and British 4. Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java e. Mixeddescendantsfromtheabove-namedgroups. Musical Instruments of Latin America A. Aztec and Mayan Instruments |. Tlapitzalli - is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of clay with decorations of abstract designs or images of their deities. 2. Teponaztli - is a Mexican slit drum hollowed out and carved from a piece of hardwood. 3. Concha - a wind instrument usually made from the shell of a large sea snail. 4, Rasp - a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping a stick (or similar object )that has a series of indentations or notches with another stick, creating rattiing effects. 5. Huehueti - is an upright tubular drum used by the Aztecs and other ancient civilizations. It is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing on three legs cut from the base. B. Incan Musical instruments |. Ocarina - is an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four or 12 finger holes and a mouthpiece that projects from the body. 2. Zamponas - or panpipes are ancient instruments from the Andes Mountains of South America. They typically feature bamboo tubes of different lengths tied together either in pairs or more to produce graduated pitches of sound. C. Andean Musical Instruments |. Siku - (panpipe) is originally from the Aymaras of Peru and Bolivia, It is traditionally found all across the Andes, and is the main instrument used in a musical genre known as sikuri. The pipes are made from bamboo tubes, but have also been made from condor feathers, bone, and many other materials. Siku is a split across two rows of pipes. The player must alternate rows with every note in order to play a complete scale 2. Songo, or shallow-walled bamboo - gives louder, more resonant sound than a regular deep-walled bamboo, but is less common due to its fragility. 3. Wooden Tarka - is a vertical duct flute with a mouthpiece similar to that of a recorder. It is used during the rainy season and in tribal ceremonies to mimic bird sounds. It sounds very primitive, soft, and mellow with a rasp in the low range. 4. Quena - is a vertical cane flute made from fragile bamboo. It is used during dry season and has six finger holes and one thumb hole, open on both ends or the bottom is half-closed 5. Charango - is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the size of a ukulele and is a smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute brought by the Spaniards. It produces bright sounds and used in serenades in Southern Peru.lesson 9 -POBULAR MLISIC— Means “music of the populace," similor to the traditional folk music of the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live performances. Pop and Reck Ballads A pop and rock ballad is an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music, as in the Beatles' composition "The Ballad of John and Yoko"and Billy Joel's "The Ballad of Billy.” —— STANDARDS Denotes the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style, Composers: |. Frank Sinatra - also known as "Ol' Blue Eyes,""Chairman of the Board," or "the Voice." His genre was categorized as traditional pop and jazz. He was a successful singer, actor, producer, director, and conductor. His hit single include My Way and Strangers hit single include My Way and Strangers. 2. Nat King Cole - although an accomplished pianist, he owes most of his popular musical fame to his soothing baritone voice, which he used to perform in big band, vocal jazz, swing traditional pop, and jump blues genres. He was the first black American to host his own television show and maintained worldwide popularity over 40 years past his death. Widely considered "one of the most important musical personalities in United States history." His hit songs include unforgettable, Mona Lisa, and Too Young. 3. Matt Monroe - an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers in The international music scene during the |760s. Throughout his 30 - year career, he filled caborets, nightclubs, music halls, and stadia around the world. Among his hit singles were Portrait of My Love, Softly as | Leave You, the James bond theme From Russia with Love, Born Free, which became his signature song, and Walk Away. ——Rock AND ROLL Was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late 1940s to the |950s. It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were the piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instruments. In its classic form, rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars (lead, rhythm), a string bass or bass guitar, and a set of drums that provided the rhythmic patternThis form came during the age of technological change when electric guitars were supplemented by amplifiers and microphones to raise the volume. The style derived its name from the motion of a ship on the ocean, "rock and roll.” Among the original rock and roll greats were guitarist- composer Chuck Berry who wrote such hits as Johnny B. Goode and Roll Over Beethoven: and piano-pounding Little Richard, who combined the passion of gospel music with rhythm and blues. The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the legendary Elvis Presley. Presley's style was the precursor of the British band known as The Beatles, whose compositions further boosted rock and roll as the favorite genre of the times. ‘Disco The 1970s saw the rise of another form of pop music known as “disc Disco music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the establishment of venues for public dancing also called discos. The term originated from the French word "discotheque" which means a library for phonograph records. The disco style had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a steady beat for ease of dancing and accompanied by strings, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers. Superstars of the disco genre include: The BeeGees; ABBA, Donna Summer ("The Queen of Disco"), The Bee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and the Sunshine Band; The Village People; and Gloria GaynorJESSON 10 MUSICAL Epic) TS lu S Staces _so-nonunricisn | Lowman muse | [_nsoreussicisn | __eerssionisn | __worreenmuey k= GLEMENTS EVIDENT IN THE FOLLOWING STAGES OF MUSIC THE MOVEMENT: Pest- remanticism Characterized by chromatic harmonies, programmatic elements, expansive melodies, and lush orchestration. Electronic music Stepped in the later part of the 20th century and was created wholly or in part through electronic means or recording devices such as tape recorders, synthesizers, and/ or computers. Jazz - musical style was developed initially by African Americans in Chicago and New York by emphasizing syncopation and inflected melodies ‘Serialism - developed by the Second Viennese School Sometimes used as a synonym for dodecaphonic Consists of any number of musical constraints that are organized using specific order through manipulation. Indeterminacy Also known as Aleatoric Music is a style that evolved in the mid-20th century which relied on randomness and chance. Impressionism - uses parallel harmonies a non- traditional scale that were also observed in French- style compositions Occurs in the late |?th and early 20th century. Expressionism - a German-style marked by angular melodies, extreme dissonance,irregular rhythmic groupings developed in early 20th Minimalism in Music Characterized by the endless repetition of short melodic patterns, complex cross-rhythms, and the tonal/ modal principles. Neo-romanticism- musical style that returned the tonal principles characterized by heightened emotion. Developed in the late 20th centuryJESSON 11 MUSICAL FORMS— one of the most common musical forms. It’s also called a song form or verse form. Because of its repetitiveness typically featuring an AAA structure. It is the most basic of all the forms in music. An exomple of the strophic form in a folk song would be "Leron Leron Sinta’. A church hymn such as "Amazing Grace" or even a simple nursery tune like “Mary Had A Little Lamb". ‘THroucH-COMPOSED FORM A composition that is entirely continuous It is any large-scale thematic material that is not repeated, and each section sounds like something completely different. Typically, it is featuring the ABCD structure. It's non-sectional and ever ything operates independently of one another. Nothing is repeated, it gives each verse its own unique melody. Most through- composed pieces are quite short, although it is common to hear it being used in some opera works. An example of through-composed music in popular music would be the Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen. The binary form is music with an A and B section. While the material is different in each section, it is closely related. Recognizing a piece of music in binary form requires you to identify where the contrasting material is. Things to look for include changes in rhythm, key signatures, cadences, and other harmonic adjustments. There are two different versions of binary form. This includes: + Simple Binary - the A material is followed by B material that has moved to the subdominant. Example, a piece that starts in C major will conclude in G major + Rounded Binary - the rules mostly remain the same. The difference is that there is more material added to the B section. This material is pulled from part of the A section. Ternary Form The ternary form is defined as ABA structure which means the piece starts with the main theme, goes to contrasting material, and then returns with that exact main theme material to end it. The three sections of ternary form sound appear and sound like complete compositions inthemselves Each of those sections concludes on a perfect authentic cadence, which provides the most closure. The mood is also an important characteristic of a ternary form. The first section might be quick and lively while the B section is quiet and less intense. Composers who use this form put a great deal of effort ensuring that the B section has a well-defined character that allows each section to sound like their own separate compositions. ‘Ronoo Form The rondo form is an ABACA or ABACABA structure. The most common forms are the 5-part and 7-part Rondo. Each section returns to the A section. However, as the sections progress, new material is added in between each A section. Can also be viewed as an extension of either ternary form or binary form. Can also be viewed as an extension of either ternary form or binary form. The additional sections help define it from other forms, especially through-composed which only introduced new material. Examples of pieces that use rondo form include: + Beethoven's Sixth Symphony + Mozart's Eine Kleine Natch Musik * Bach's E major Violin Concerto + Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op. 13 (final movement) firch Form The arch form is an ABCBA structure. It is called "Arch" because the structure of the music moves in this form. There is always a new material in each of the first three sections. Once it reaches the C section, the music simply moves in reverse order. It goes back through the B material and concluding with the main A theme. While those sections playback in the reverse order, they can be varied, They can have changes to rhythm and style as long as the thematic material is the same. This musical form is entirely symmetric. The famous composer who was noted to use "rondo" is Bela Bartok.—MUSIGA ELEMENTS Musical Evement Basic RELATED TERMS Rhythm - beat, meter, tempo, syncopation Dynamics - forte, piano, crescendo, decrescendo Melody - pitch, theme, conjunct, disconjunct ‘Harmony - chord, progression, key, tonality Tone - Color register, range, instrumentation Texture - monophonic, polyphonic, counterpoint Form - binary, ternary, strophic ‘Style - middle age. classic. baroque, renaissance Musical StEMENTS Rhythm Gives structure and pulse of the music. There are several important aspects of rhythm: duration (how long the sound, or silence lasts), tempo (how fast), and meter (how beats are patterned). Usually identifies a piece from another because it suggests the message, experience, history, culture, environment and background of society from which that piece comes. Dynamics Relate to the loudness or quietness of music. Basic terms related to dynamics are crescendo, diminuendo, and accent Name ‘Symbol Meaning piano P soft pianissimo Pp very soft pianississimo ‘PPP very very soft forte f Toud Tortissimo tf very loud Tortississimo Or very very loud mezzo-piano mp moderately soft mezzo-forte mf moderately loud decrescendo | get softer (sing from loud to soft) crescendo get louder (sing from | soft to loud) Melody Focuses on the horizontal or linear presentation of pitch (the word used to describe the highness or lowness of a musical sound) Melodies can be described into conjunct and disjunct. ‘Harmony Opposite of melody. Focuses on the verticalization of the pitch. Thought to be as an art of combining pitches into chords and carefully and usually‘arranged into a sentence like patterns called progression. The dissonance, and consonance are the terms being described in harmony. Other terms that may relate to this are modality, tonality, and atonality of the music composition. Tone color The quality of sound Produces different and unique characteristics that have obviously produced by the singer. Another term for this is timber (tam-ber). Distinct in every singer or instrument. Texture Number of individual musical lines and the relationship of these lines to each other Can be classified into monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic Musical form ‘An order of melodic, harmonic and rhythmic events of a piece. Designates musical division brought to a repetition of melodic material and or the presentation of new yet contrasting material. Forms can be described into strophic, through- composed, binary and ternary form. Style Knowing the unique style traits of particular historical eras can greatly enhance your musical experiences by offering clues about what the composer was trying to express, and what you should listen for when hearing a piece. Musical style is usually described based on its appearance in the world's music history.ART LESSONSJESSON1 GAT MOMEMENT UNDER MODERN ABT "ART MOVEMENT - tendency or style in art with a common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time. —— (MPRESSIONISM Short brisk strokes of bright Colors used to recreate the impression of light on objects. INSPIRATION TECHNIQUE COLOR ORIGIN/ARTISTS. Effects of Short brisk Glowing colors Light Developed in experience upon the strokes of and color to the Europe in the consciousne ss of bright colors picture than with mid-|800 French the artist and the subject matter Art/ Claude Monet audience Auguste Renoir Vividness (clear, bright) Paul Cezanne and immediacy Vincent Van Gogh (important, interesting) of nature and life Post-Impressionism Represented both an extension of impressionism and a rejection of that styjes' inherent limitations. The European artists who were the forefront of this movement continued using the basic qualities of the impressionism such as the vivid colors, heavy brush strokes, and true-to- life subjects. However, they expanded with bold new ways like using geometric approach, fragmenting objects. and distorting people's faces and body parts. and applying colors that were not necessarily realistic or natural. ———~ &XPRESSIONISM Short brisk strokes of bright Colors used to recreate the impression of light on objects. INSPIRATION Subjective (based on feelings or opinions) treatment of thematic materials Gives visual form to inner sensations or emotions: morbidity (incidence of disease), violence, chaos, tragedy and defeat)TECHNIQUE Natural forms and colors are distorted and exaggerated COLOR Heavy black lines, strong colors that define form, sharply contrasting ORIGIN/ ARTISTS Developed in Europe early 1900s Franz Marc Pablo Picasso Henri Matisse Edward Munch Sub-mevements oF expressionism |. Neoprimitivism Incorporated elements from the native arts of the south sea islanders and the wood carvings of African tribes which suddenly became popular at that time. Among the western artists who adapted these elements was Amedeo Modigliani, who used the oval faces and elongated shapes of African art in both his sculptures and paintings. A Russian art which fuses the elements of cubism ‘and futurism with body modification 2. Fauvism Used bold, vibrant colors and visual distortions. Its name was derived from les fauves (“wild beasts"), referring to the group of French expressionist painters who painted in this style. Perhaps the most known among them was Henri Matisse. Highly fashionable, bold use of color, play use of lines and colors. 3. Dadaism characterized by dream fantasies, memory images, and visual tricks and surprises-as in the paintings of Marc Chagall and Giorgio De Chirico below. Anti-art, anti-war, had political offinities with the radical left and was also anti-bourgeois (capitalist). 4, Surrealism Depicted an illogical, subconscious dream world beyond the logical, conscious, physical one, Its name came from the term “super realism." with its artworks clearly expressing a departure from reality—as though the artists were dreaming, seeing illusions, or experiencing an altered mental state. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. 5. Social Realism expressed the artist's role in social reform. Here, artists used their works to protest against the injustices, inequalities, immorality, ‘and ugliness of the human condition Have addressed different issues: war, poverty, corruption, industrial and environmental hazards, and more—in the hope of raising people's awareness and pushing society to seek reforms, Draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working classes and the poor, and who are critical of the social structures that maintain these conditions ABSTRACTIONISM Also called non-objective art or non-representational art, painting, sculpture, or graphic art in which the portrayal of things from the visible world plays no part. All arts consist largely of elements that can be called abstract-elements of form, color, line, tone, and texture. Prior to the 20th century, these abstract elements were employed by artists to describe, illustrate, or reproduce the world of nature and of human civilization—and exposition dominated over expressive function.‘Sub-mevement oF abstractionism L Cubism Highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 19/4. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two- dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modelling, and chiaroscuro and refuting time-honoured theories that art should imitate nature. Cubist painters were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space. Instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted radically fragmented ob jects. 2. Futurism Italian Futurismo, Russian Futurism, early 20th-century artistic movement centred in Italy that emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life. During the second decade of the 20th century, the movement's influence radiated outward across most of Europe, most significantly to the Russian avant-garde. The most-significant results of the movement were in the visual arts and poetry 3. Mechanical style Result of futurist movement. In this style, basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres and cylinders all fit together perfectly and precisely with neatness in their appointed places. 4. Nonob jectivism The logical geometrical conclusion of abstractionism the very term "non-object," works in this style did not make use of figures or even representations of figures. They did not refer to recognizable objects or forms in the outside world. Lines, shapes, and colors were used in a cool, impersonal approach that aimed for balance, unity, and stability, Colors were mainly black ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM” Often use degrees of abstraction: i.e.. they depict forms unrealistically or, at the extreme end, forms not drawn from the visible world (non-ob jective). They emphasize free, spontaneous, and personal emotional expression and they exercise considerable freedom of technique and execution to attain this goal, with a particular emphasis laid on the exploitation of the variable physical character of paint to evoke expressive qualities (e.g, Sensuousness, dynamism, violence, mystery, and lyricism). Uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition. Sub movement of abstract expressicnism Pop art)- art in which common place objects (such as comic strips, soup cans, road signs, and hamburgers) were used as subject matter and were often physically incorporated into the work Optiacal art or optical art- branch of mid-20th-century geometric abstract art that deals with optical illusion. Achieved through the systematic and precise manipulation of shapes and colors The effects of Op art can be based either on perspective illusion or on chromatic tension; in painting, the dominant medium of Op art, the surface tension is usually maximized to the point at which an actual pulsation or flickering is perceived by the human eye Contemporary Art form Installation art - has joined the larger sculptural repertoire, and outdoor settings, both in open natural spaces and in urban environments attracted much interestPerfermance Art Form of modern art in which the actions of an individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. The performance venue may range from an art gallery or museum to a theatre, caf@, bar, or sireet corner. The performance itself rarely follows a traditional story line or plot. It might be a series of intimate gestures, a grand theatrical act, or the performer remaining totally still. It may last for just a few minutes or extend for several hours. It may be based on a written script or spontaneously improvised as the performance unfoldsJESSON 2 5 FHARINO MODERN A P auauace? A broad description on different artworks whose themes spew biting commentaries on socio-political issues of the Country Artists: Pablo Baens Santos Jose Tence Ruiz Ben Cabrera Eugene Vubillo Al Manrique Figurative Art This is one of the most popular art movements, as figurative art is representational, meaning it is derived from real object sources. A visual mix of hues, irony are brought into drama to an otherwise common place or situation. APTISTS? Juan Luna Felix Hidalgo Carlas Francisco Fernando Amorsolo Vicente Manansala Abstract Art Objects from the natural world and also ideas are portrayed using color and form. Artists» Hernando Ocampo Fernando Zobel Napoleon Abueva Conceptual Art Idea is more important than the object. It encompasses site-specific art installations, three- dimensional, assemblages of discards and non-art elements, performance and video art Artists? Mideo Cruz Gabby Barredo Lirio Salvador Mark Ramsel Salvatus Pop-surreal Pep-surreal Underground visual art movement is based on comic books, tattoos, punk music, and other alternative-pop culture themes. Darrel Ballesteros Manuel Ocampo Dondie FernandezDarrel dallesterts Manuel Ocampo Dondie Fernandezital photography is a photography that uses digital cameras to capture images. A digital camera or any device with a built-in camera like your mobile phone, android device or tablet is used with an array of electronic photo detectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The image captured is digitized and stored as a file ready for digital processing, viewing or printing. Photography is the art of creating images by recording light or electronically by means of an image sensor or light sensitive material like photographic film. ———IGITAL CAMERA’ Captures photographs in digital memory. It can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded. It also stores and delete images from memory. Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound Parts oF a digital camera |. Lens - one of the most vital parts of a camera, where light enters through the lens, and this where the photo process begins. This can be either fixed permanently or interchangeable. Also vary in focal length, its aperture and other details. 2. Viewfinder - area on the camera that you look through in order to compose your shot. 3. Mode Dial - allows you to select different options, such as automatic mode, program mode, sports mode or macro mode. 4, Flash - can be sometimes useful to provide a bit of extra light during dim, low light situations. 5. Main Control Dia) - a multi-purpose dial that allows you to perform tasks such os adjusting the value for shooting settings and jumping through playback images. 6. Shutter Button- the button on the camera that is used to snap the picture. It opens and closes the shutter, allowing the necessary light and information to enter the camera. 7. Power Switch - used to power on or power off the camera. When the power of the camera is left on for a prolonged period of time, it switches automatically to the standby mode to conserve power. 8. Cross Key/Multi-Controller Key - directional buttons that allow you to move between menu items, move a magnified display to a different point during image playback. 9. LCD Display - found on the back of the body and can vary in size. For digital compact cameras, the LCD has typically replace the viewfinder completely. For digital single lens reflex cameras the LCD is mainly for viewing photos after shooting. 10. Focus Mode Switch - used to set the focus Il. Erase Button - used to erase unwanted images 12. Flash Button- used to pop up the built-in flash. 13. Play Button - used to play back images you have captured. Pressing the button once displays the last image you captured or showed on the LCD monitor.14, Lens Release Button - when you want to detach the lens, press this button. The lens lock pin retracts when the button is pressed enabling you to turn the lens freely. 15. Memory Card Slot - area/slot where you can insert the memory card for recording images. The type of card usable varies with the camera model. Flash Main Control Dial Viewfinder Shutter Button Power Switch LCD Display Mode Dial Cross Keys Focus Mode Switch Play Button Memory Card Slot Flash Button imeem Lens Release Button Lens THE Types OF CAMERAS USED IN DiciTAL PHOTOGRAPHY |. Point-and-Shoot type camera - Also known as compact camera and is a still camera designed for simple operation. Mostly uses focus lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options and have built-in flash units. 2. Digital Single Lens Reflex type camera - An acronym of DSLR, is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor. A digital type camera that gives the photographer much more artistic freedom and control to select the camera settings to create the desired final image with the preferred visual effects. 3. Pinhole Camera - Considered the earliest camera, it is a closed box with a small hole drilled into one wall. When the light hits the box, the beams enter the hole and the projected image is thes 4, Mobile Phone Camera - A camera phone which is able to capture photographs and often record video using one or more built-in digital cameras which can also send the image over the telephone function. ——@asic Ties ror Taxine Goon Puotocraens |. Choose a good location- An interesting location can sometimes make the difference between a good and great photos. 2. Check that the available background is relatively simple and not too ruckus so that thefocus will be on your chosen subject. 3. Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is usually the most effective for any kind of the subject. ideally, the best light for photos is within the first hour after sunrise and the last hour before the sunset. 4. Avoid taking shots facing the light, as this would make your subject back-lit and most of the details would be lost in a shadow. 5. If you intend to take a posed shot, position your subject where you want in relation to the location, background and source of light. 6. If you intend to take a candid shot, position yourself where you can capture the most interesting, amusing, touching or engaging moment or expression. 7. Take a variety of shots- ranging from far shots showing the surroundings, to medium- distance shots concentrating on the main subject, to tight or close-up shots that focus on details of the subject. You can then choose from among all of these, the best photos. The Main Types of Digital Photegraphy in Use Teday |. Portrait Photography - These are photographs of poised and candid people. 2. Landscape/Travel Photography - These are photos of places. 3, Still Life Photography - These are photos of stationary objects. 4, Wildlife/Animal Photography - These are photos of pets, animals or wildlife. 5. Fashion Photography - is a genre of photography which is devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items.Video Games are played by electronically manipulating images produced by a computer program on a television or display screen. ‘A major component of entertainment. These range from educational games and mind twisters, to building and construction games and to physical interaction by the users (sports, fitness, dance). There are also popular games of strategy, war, science fiction, and mythical words that employ amazingly complex and realistic graphics, motion, sound, and other special effects. VIDEO GAME PLAY ELEMENTS By platform: Conflict - represents a challenge for the player to overcome emerges through procedures and rules in the game thot prevent a player from achieving their goal. Objectives often guide players to these conflict situations. a. Obstacles. These can be in physical or mental form. Physical obstacles could be the length of your Pinball flippers or the bumpers that the ball bounces off of. Mental ‘obstacles can be a missing item to complete a riddle in an adventure game or the challenge of calculating the right numbers in Sudoku. b. Opponents- Other players in a game or computer- controlled enemies. ¢. Dilemmas- These are problematic choices that a player is faced with. It's a strategic decision, where the consequences have to be weighted before proceeding. d, Cooperation and/or competition- With learning games, cooperation is often a better element to use than competition alone. Direct competition with other players can demotivate learners or set up a negative dynamic. In contrast, cooperation between players to overcome a game challenge By mode: |, Player's - Game design calls for players to interact with one another and the game system. Players are voluntary, active participants in the entertainment activity. They partake they consume and are invested in it. They can be potential winners of the activity. 2. Strategy and Chance- Strategy puts control into the player's realm in the form of decisions they can moke that affect By narrative: | Objectives are important for the motivation of your players to engage in gameplay. *Capture. Players have to avoid getting captured or killed while destroying some opponent properties (commonly some form of terrain or units). *Chase. Players have to elude or catch an opponent. *Race. Players have to reach a goal before anyone else does. *Alignment. Players have to align their pieces in a spatial or conceptual configuration. *Rescue or Escape. Players have to get some defined units or items to safety without being compromised *Forbidden Act. Players have to get the opponents to break the rules or to abandon a strategy.-Exploration. Players have to explore unknown game areas. “Solution. Players have to solve a problem or puzzle (sometimes before the opponents solve it). -Outwit. Players have to gain and use knowledge to outwit their opponents. 2. Procedures 0. Starting (How the game is put into play, also leading into on boarding of players) b. Progression (These are the ongoing procedures running during gameplay) c. Special (These are actions that are only available based on other elements and changes to the game state) 4d. Resolving (These actions bring your game to an end) dovstick An input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer Joystick components: |. Pivot - area in which the shaft swivels. A part surrounding the shaft is usually placed her to assist in this; it comes in shapes like cylinders and half- spheres set in a plate that is contoured for smooth movement. 2. Spring - the mechanism most joysticks use for automatically resetting the shaft to neutral. Some joysticks use magnets for this. Thicker and/or larger springs make the reset stronger and movements more affected. A part is often added to secure the spring below the pivot. 3. Actuator - gives the bottom of the shaft more area and precision in pressing the switches. It refer to a shaped enhancement surrounding the bottom of the shaft or the levers on levered micro switches 4, E-ring (also called E-clip) - is a small, flat, curved plate of metal shaped like the letter "E" it is a type of retaining ring(also called a circlip or snap ring) which is a type of fastener. It ‘attaches to the bottom of the shaft, aligning and securing the parts along it. 5. Mounting Plate - the plate of the joystick attached directly and securely to the control panel. This and dust washer are the only two parts of the joystick that need to touch the control panel. 6. Guide/Dust washer /Disk/Cover - specifically shaped hole, like a square or circle, that determines physically where the joystick can be moved. It is generally attached on the bottom of the joystick, restricting the bottom of the shaft. 7. Wire Horness/Microswitch - some joysticks have the microswitches attached to the PCB into which a wire harness (wires aligned along a plug) is inserted instead of having to wire each of the microswitches around the bottom of the joystick. 8. Handle/Top - the held part at the top of the stick which usually comes in 2 shapes: a ball top or tear drop/bat top 4. Shaft/Stick - give users more control over their mobility with a joystick handle designed to meet their needs. 10. Restrictor Gate - is a plate with a specifically shaped hole, like a square or circle, that determines physically where the joystick can be moved. It is generally attached on the bottom of the joystick.Handle / Top T— Stick / Shaft Pivot Guide/Dust Washer/Disk Mounting Plate Spring 5 Restrictor Gate =X ng Dicrtar Pawrine Refers to a technique using a graphics software program to create an artwork that is totally virtual. The canvas, brushes, paints, and other tools are all virtual, existing only within the computer. The finished work is also stored in virtual format, to be shared through cyber space.JESSONS PPMILIPPIME THEATER _ ABD P ———"THE PHILIPPINE THEATER AND PERFORMING ARTS————————— Theater is a major art form that brings together all the other art forms from painting and sculpture to installation art to music and dance to literature and even computer art in a single production. PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association) Founded by Cecille Guidote — Alvarez in 1967, with the vision of a Philippine Theater engaged in the development of people and society. The company use the power of theater as a means of producing plays for empowerment and development, especially of the most disadvantaged sectors of society/those in the margins. Tanghalang Pilipino The resident theater company of the Cultural Center of the Philippines and founded in 1987. Develop and train actors, playwrights, and designers with special emphasis on the production of original Filipino plays. Staging plays from the repertoire of Philippine past and plays in translation from other countries. Tanghalang Pilipino bring the experience of both artists and audience the best of Philippine and global theatre tradition. Repertory Philippines Established by Zenaida Amador and Baby Barredo, a company that not only staged English language plays and musicals but trained actors and actresses as well. The Repertory Philippines productions range from conventional and contemporary classics to serious farces, deep drama, and magnificent musicals One of the multi-awarded theater actress and singer that began her career as a child lead actress in productions of Repertory Philippines was Lea Salonga. From there, she went on to become an International stage superstar in the lead role of Kim in Ms. Saigon. Also among Repertory Philippine achievements was the 1993 staging of the International hit musical Les Miserables in Manila. ‘PHILIPPINE THEATER AND PERFORMING GRouPS-————————— A. TRUMPETS, Triumphant People’s Evangelistic Theater Society (Trumpets) founded by Audie Gemora. First professional gospel theater group that specializes in productions with bible and gospelgospel messages, known for producing quality musical productions. It began in 1780 and found success with its productions such asmJoseph the Dreamer and First Name. 1990 when it begins to mount grand productions originally written musicals with a slant towards good values for children and the whole family. Provides wholesome theoter experience for Filipino youth while also building up the Philippine theater- going public. Audie Gemora Founder of Trumpets He is a stage, television and film actor, singer, recording artist, dancer, host, on-camera & voice talent for TV and radio commercials, director, choreographer. 8. New Voice Company It was founded in 1994 by Repertory alumna Monique Wilson. It was the country’s foremost feminist theater group that deals with contemporary social issues. Its provocative approach has made New Voice one of the most respected theater groups in the country and in Asia It deals with issues such as women's rights, gender equality, sexual harassment, and other relevant issues to the contemporary world. Aspecst of Love (New Voice Company, 2006)- The “aspects” of the title refers to the many forms that love takes in the show: love between couples, bothas romantic infatuation and ‘os married people. Monique Wilson Is a Filipino singer, actress and activist who played Kim during the Original West End production of Miss Saigon after being an understudy, taking over the role when Lea Salonga left for the Broadway production. Founder of New Voice Company. C. Philippine Opera Company (POC) Was founded in 1999 by @ group of dedicated classically-trained singers, led by Karla Gutierrez It seeks to develop performers as well as audiences for classical music performance, both foreign and Filipino, Is the only opera company in the country that produces regular opera productions. ‘Ang Bagong Harana (Philippine Opera Company, 2015)- Features traditional and contemporary Filipino songs by noted composers in different musical genres Karla Gutierrez Operatic Soprano singer. The Artistic Director of the Philippine Opera Company (POC). D. Theater Down South Theater Down South founded in 2007 with Philippine mainstay Michael Williams. It's vision is to widen the reach of stage productions beyond the traditional centers in Metro Manila, and develop a broader audience base, The Princess and The Red Carp- It tells the story about a young Chinese girl, a magical carp, a handsome emperor, a wicked stepmother and a very special golden shoe. Michael Williams Founder of Theater Down South A veteran with more than 30 years’ experience and 100 roles to his name, including a stint in The West End from 1989 to 1991, playing roles in Miss Saigon and The King And |, ——"isuaL ELEMENTS OF A PLAY|. Theatre Types + One of the earliest types is the arena theatre where the audience surrounds the area on all sides. + Another type is the thrust, where the audience is only on three sides of the stage. + Most familiar is the proscenium theatre where the audience is where the audience is only on one side. 2. Scene Design and Stage Settings + Scene design is used to create an environment that helps bring what is described within the script to life. +It includes the use of composition as in art such as line, form, mass, color, repetition and unity ond needs to help use a three-dimensional space but also allow for the movement of actors in the space too. 3. Lighting Design + It provides an overall mood and must be nearly perfected. + The designers must sculpt with the light and create the right shadows, and must make sure that it falls in oll of the right places 4. Costume Design + The costumes worn by the actors have three functions of accenting to show what is most vital in the scenes and the relationships between people, reflecting, of a particular period or era or even the day and the weather or location of the scene, and to revealing, of the characters, their careers, age, social position, or even their physique and health. 5. Properties + The properties of a play include the stage props and the hand props and are used as part of a scene design by the stage designers. + The stage props include furniture, pictures, fireplaces, chairs and tables and various others and the hand props are pens and pencils, cigarettes, glasses and others. (Roles in/a stage|production: |, Producer - In a professional stage production, this is the person who tokes the play from a mere concept to an actual finished presentation 2. Director - The director is the overall artistic coordinator of the entire production. 3. Playwright - For a script intended for stage performance, the writer of the script is more specifically called a playwright. 4. Set designer - The concept and creation of the physical stage setup is the task of the set designer. 5. Lighting designer - Lighting is critical in creating the mood of each scene in the play, high lighting a dramatic moment, signaling the entrance of a character, focusing attention on a specific spot on stage, or even providing the blanket of darkness for set and prop changes. 6. Costume designer - The actors and actresses must look believable in their roles, and much of this is owed to the costume designer and deliberates on the characters’ main attire. 7. Sound designer - the sound designer serves a vital role in creating and enhancing the atmosphere of the performance. 8. Production manager - Coordinating all the complex behind- the-scenes details of staging @ play is the production manager 0. Choreographer - in cases where a play involves dance in certain scenes, a choreographer is included in the production team. \l. Makeup designer - brought in to plan the hairstyles and makeup to complement the costumePHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONSBadminton has its origin in ancient civilization in Europe and Asia. The ancient game Known as battledore (bat or Paddle) and shuttlecock probably originated more than 2000 years ago. Modern badminton can be traced to mid-l7th century British India. It was created by British Military officers stationed there. As popular as it was in the British garrison town of "Poona" or Poonai this game was taken by retired officer who get back to England. It was introduced as a game for the quest of the Duke of Beaufort at his stately home "Badminton' in Gloucestershire, England where it became popular Hence, the origin of the name Badminton. The first Open Tournament was held at Guildford on March 1898. The first major IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (world men's team championships) in 1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased with the addition of the Uber Cup (women's team), World Championships (individual events), Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Junior Championships and the World Grand Prix Finals. Badminton is a new Olympic sport. It was a demonstration sport at the 1772 Munich Olympics. Badminton eventually became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1792. Only the singles and doubles were introduced for the first time in the Olympic Games. Mixed doubles was included in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and badminton is the only sport that has a mixed doubles event in the Olympics. —— BADMINTON EQUIPMENT |. Badminton Racket - rackets can be made from several types of material. A nylon type 2. Shuttle cock - it could be a feather which consist of 16 goose feathers. And the other one is made up of plastic one. 3. Badminton shoes - are designed to give you better traction and grip to stop in time to return a shot. 4. Badminton Attire - A comfortable pair of shorts and cotton or dry-fit t-shirt is sufficient Basic QULES OF BADMINTON |. A game starts win a coin toss. Whoever wins the toss gets to decide whether they should serve as receive first or what side of the court they want to be on. 2. At no time during the game should the player touch the net with the racket or his body. 3. The shuttlecock should not be carried on or come to rest on the racquet. 4. A player should not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock. 5. A serve must carry cross court (diagonally) to be valid. 6. During the serve, a player should not touch any of the lines of the court, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. During the serve the shuttlecock should always be hit from below the waist. 7. A point is added to a player's score as and when he wins rally. 8. A player wins arally when he strikes the shuttlecock and it touches the floor of the opponent's side of the court or when the opponent commits a fault.4. Each side can strike the shuttlecock only once before it passes over the net. Once hit, a player can strike the shuttlecock in a new movement or shock. 10. The shuttlecock hitting the ceiling is counted as a fault. (NJURY PREVENTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT Badminton injuries are either acute, traumatic injuries such as ankle sprains, or are overuse injuries such as impingement syndromes. Both types of injuries can be prevented by using the right equipment, warming up, cooling down and ensuring you are strong and fit enough to compete.JESSON 2 -TABLE TENNIS- Table tennis is a common sport and an indoor activity. This game can be played in singles wherein there are two players competing. This can be played also in doubles wherein there are two teams competing. This sport makes an individual develop speed and agility that promote good body condition. — History Table tennis (or ping pong) had become fashionable in the year of 1880's among the upper classes of England. In the year 1901 John Jacques register then name Ping pong as a trade name in England. The American rights to the name are sold to Parker Brothers. Table tennis was also brought to China via Western settlements. ‘The SQUIPMENT OF TABLE TENNIS |. Ball - The ball that is used in the game is a 2.7 gram, a small celluloid ball that is usually colored white or orange depending on the preference of the player. 2. Rubber, Racket or Paddle - It is another important piece of equipment that is used in hitting the ball back and forth on the table. 3. Table tennis table Included of the list of important table tennis equipment is the table where the game is to be played. The size of the table must be 9 ft. long, 5ft. wide and must be place 30 inches high from the ground. Basic Rules of Table Tennis Scoring and games - Games are played to Il points. Player serves two serves each, alternating. Legal serving - You must throw the ball up straight, from a flat paim, at least 6 inches (l6cm) Equipment Basics - A table tennis racket must be one side black, one side any approved color, Benefits of Table tennis |. It improves hand-eye coordination. 2. It improves reflexes. 3, It's easy on the joints. 4. It burns calories. 5. It's a social sport. 6. It keeps your brain sharp. 7. It improves balance. GuguRY PREVENTION AND Qisk MANAGEMENT The most common table tennis injury is very similar to standard tennis injuries. Sprained ankles, tennis elbow, and Achilles tendinitis are just three of the most frequent table tennis injuries.Table tennis is a non-contact sport but injuries are of ten acquired when athletes suddenly changed position or twisted their body quickly, leading to pulled muscles and other injury problems. Players who do not warm-up properly stretched their muscles before taking to the table also put themselves at a high risk of injury.Temnis is one of the simplest total-body workouts you will be able to get. Playing tennis 2 to 3 times per week also boosts your stamina, coordination, and bone density. Also, we develop flexibility, balance, speed, and agility. ——HisTorv The French adapted the game of handball from Ireland and devised methods of protecting the hands by wrapping them with cords, wearing gloves, ond eventually by using o paddle. The game was first intended to be played on a lawn, but eventually the used on hard surfaces grew in popularity. The name "tennis was probably derived from the French term tenez, which means, “take it and play," The game was first introduced to the United States in 1874. —— Nature oF THE Game Tennis is considered by many to be one of the best forms of recreation. The pace of the game can be set to the individual player's ability. Speed, agility, coordination, and endurance can be developed and indeed are needed to play a good game of tennis. Tennis can be played both indoors and outdoors. There are two separate games of tennis. One is the singles game, which has two participants, one opposing the other. The doubles game, which has four participants, has two players teaming up to compete against another team of two. Mixed doubles are also played. This is when a team has one male and one female member. Sarety/ ETIQUETTE |. Remove all tennis balls from the court before play begins. 2. Be aware of fences, net posts, and other structures on and near the playing area. 3. Close any open gates. 4, When playing doubles, be aware of your partner and racket. 5. When playing doubles, never face your partner when he/she is hitting the ball 6. Never walk on a court when a point is being played. 7. If a tennis ball comes into your court while you are playing, immediately call a let and stop your game. 8. Stop play immediately if someone enters your court. 9, Never hit a tennis ball in anger or at another person. 10, Never jump over the net at any time. Facilities/Equipment. |. Students should check their racket for damage prior to use. Replacement costs will be assessed for racket damage. 2. Each student is responsible for the equipment issued. You must return it at the end of class.3. During class each student is to take one tennis ball and one tennis racket. Students are responsible for returning all equipment (racket and ball) at the end of the class period. Pots/ScorINc A POINT is awarded during a rally when: |. The opponent lets the ball bounce more than once on his/her side. 2. The opponent hits the ball into the net. If the ball touches the top of the net, goes over, and lands inside the boundary lines, the ball is in play. 3. The opponent strikes the boll with the racket more than once, or the partner hits the ball a second time. 4. The opponent touches the net with the racket or any part of the body. 5. The opponent volleys the ball before it crosses the net. 6. The opponent is hit in the body with the tennis ball. Games/Scering 0 point = Love | poin 2 points = 30 3 points = 40 4 points = Game - when the game is tied at 40-40 it is called deuce. - at deuce a player has to win two (2) points in a row to win the game. - the next point won by a player is called advantage. Advantage in for the server and advantage out for the receiver. - If the same player wins the point after advantage is called, that player wins the game. If the other player wins the point, the score goes back to deuce. This procedure continues until one player wins two points in a row. - Opponents change sides of the new after every odd game (I, 3, 5, 7, etc.) - A set is completed when one player wins six and chead by two games. If both players have won six (6) games, a |2-point tie breaker will be played and the set score will be 7-6. - Amatch is won when a player wins 2 out of 3 sets ——— SERVING RULES: |. The server must stand behind the baseline and between the center mark and the side line. 2. The server must hit the tennis ball in the air before it bounces. 3. The server always begins the game on the right side of the court. 4. The serve has to be hit cross-court into the correct service box. The alleys are not included. 5. The serve is called FAULT if: (a.) the server is on or over the baseline at the time of the serve. (b.) the server misses the tennis ball in trying to strike it. (c.) the tennis ball does not land in the proper service court. (d.) the tennis ball hits the net post. 6. The server gets two chances to get their service in. If the server misses the first attempt it is a fault and the server gets a second attempt. if the server misses the second attempt, it is called a double fault. 7. If the server steps on or over the baseline before contact is made it is a foot fault. ‘Serving Order: There is ONE server per game. The serving order for doubles is as follows: Team | has A and 8 as partners and Team 2 has C and D as partners.