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Mechanics of Machines Lab File (Final)
Mechanics of Machines Lab File (Final)
Session-2018
Semester Spring 2020
ME-224 L: Mechanics of Machines Lab
List of abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................................5
Lab Skelton and detailed lab plan.........................................................................................................................................6
Results................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
CQI Psychomotor.................................................................................................................................................................36
CW Course Work
Lab Skelton and detailed lab plan
BSc. Mechanical Engineering (Session – 2018)
4th Semester
Class Timings:
(Lab)
Credit hours: Wednesday 08:00 am – 11:00 pm Section A
1
Wednesday 1:00 pm – 4:00 pm Section B
Course Outline:
Experimental Facilities:
Balancing Machine
Prerequisite
Engineering Dynamics
Recommended Books
1. Mechanics of Machines, Elementary theory and Examples by John Hannah and R.C Stephens
2. Mechanics of Machines, Advanced theory and Examples by John Hannah and R.C Stephens
3. Kinematics, Dynamics and design of Machinery by Kenneth J. Waldron/ Gary L. Kinzal
4. Mechanics of Machines by W.L Cleghorn
5. Theory of Machines and Mechanisms by John J. Uicker, Gordon R. Pennock, Joseph E. Shigley
6. Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery by Charles E. Wilson, J.Peter Sadler
Detailed lab plan
Experiment No. 2 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 3 To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the
same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 4 To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in
the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 5 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 6 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 7 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at equal radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 8 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at different radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 9 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
equal radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 10 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
different radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different
planes.
Experiment No. 13 To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using
displacement diagram with the help of displacement curve for
uniform velocity
List of Program Learning
PLO-02: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
PLO-03: Design/Development of Solutions: An ability to design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design systems, components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PLO-05: Modern Tool Usage: An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling, to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
PLO-06: The Engineer and Society: An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to complex engineering
problems.
4 Simulate an engineering 2
problem by using a software Psychomotor
package.
Psychomotor = 40
Cognitive = 40
Affective = 10
Semester projects = 10
2 Analyze and interpret the results of experiments Cognitive C4 PLO-10 40 Quiz, lab
in written and graphical format. report,
viva,
assignment
s
Spring 2020
1,4
Balancing of single disturbing
Experiment No. 1 mass with single balancing mass
1 22/01/2020 rotating in same plane at equal
radii.
1,4
Balancing of single disturbing
Experiment No. 2 mass with single balancing mass
2 29/01/2020 rotating in same plane at different
radii.
1,4
Experiment No. 3 Balancing of two rotating masses
with a single mass rotating in the
3 05/02/2020 same plane at equal radii
1,4
Experiment No. 4 Balancing of two rotating masses
with a single mass rotating in the
4 05/02/2020 same plane at different radii
1,4
To balance three masses (rotating
Experiment No. 5 masses) with a single mass
5 12/02/2020 (balancing mass) rotating in the
same plane at equal radii.
1,4
To balance three masses (rotating
Experiment No. 6 masses) with a single mass
6
19/02/2020 (balancing mass) rotating in the
same plane at different radii.
1,4
To balance one rotating mass by two
Experiment No. 7 masses rotating in the different plane
7 at equal radii when plane of
26/02/2020 disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Mid Term Quiz 3
8
+Assignment
1,4
To balance two rotating masses by
Experiment No. 9 one mass rotating in same plane at
10 equal radii when planes of balancing
11/03/2020 mass is on either side of the planes
of two disturbing mass.
1,4
To balance two rotating masses by
one mass rotating in same plane at
11 Experiment No. 10 different radii when planes of
25/08/2020 balancing mass is on either side of
the planes of two disturbing mass.
1,4
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating
12 at different radii in the different
26/09/2020 planes.
1,4
Experiment No. 12 To determine a graph of
13 follower displacement against
27/09/2020 angular rotation of the cam
1,4
To draw the cam profile machine
Experiment No. 13 and draw the cam profile using
14 displacement diagram with the help
28/09/2020 of displacement curve for uniform
velocity
3
15 End Term Quiz + Viva
Imitate Follow Does not follow Experimental Able to follow Able to follow
(P1) experimental procedures most often experimental experimental
procedure followed, but procedure with procedure without
occasional oversight little assistance any assistance
leads to loss of
experimental efficiency
Manipulate Perform Does not operate Is tentative in operation Can operate Can operate
(P2) instruments and of instruments and instrumentation instrumentation
equipment, does equipment and and
so incorrectly
equipment with equipment without
little assistance supervision
Receiving Pay Does not listening Listening instructions Listening Listens attentively
(A1) Attention the instructions with less focus instructions with to the instructions
good focus
Responding Participate Cannot answers Answers few questions Answers most of Answers the
(A2) the questions put put up during sessions questions put up questions put up
up during during sessions during sessions
sessions
Valuing Arguing Does not Follow Follows few of the Follows most of Follows the
(A3) the instruction instruction the instruction instruction
effectively effectively
Graded Quizzes
Sample Quiz 1
Best Quiz
Average Quiz
Worst Quiz
Sample Quiz
Best Quiz
Average Quiz 2
Worst Quiz 2
Evidence of Psychomotor Assessment
Psychomotor Assessment (Section A)
Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp
Reg # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total/40
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 10 0 10 10
301 38
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 10 0 10 10
302 33
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 10 0 10 10
304 37
2018-ME-
10 5 8 8 8 8 5 10 8 8 8 8 10
305 31
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 10 0 10 10
306 37
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 0 10 0 10 8 0 8 8 8
307 25
2018-ME-
8 0 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 10 10
308 33
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 10 0 10 10
309 38
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
310 33
2018-ME-
8 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 8 10
311 35
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 10 10
312 40
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
313 33
2018-ME-
5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 5 8 8
314 29
2018-ME-
8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 10
315 37
2018-ME-
5 5 5 0 8 8 8 0 8 8 8 0 8
316 20
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 5 8 5 8 8
317 25
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 8 8
318 37
2018-ME-
10 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 10
319 37
2018-ME-
5 8 5 8 8 5 8 8 0 8 0 8 8
320 28
2018-ME-
10 10 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 10
321 38
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 10
322 38
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 10
323 37
2018-ME- 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 20
324
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
325 32
2018-ME-
10 5 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8
326 32
2018-ME-
8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 10 10 10
327 36
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
329 32
2018-ME-
10 10 8 8 8 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
330 27
2018-ME-
5 5 5 8 5 8 3 0 3 5 3 8 3
331 21
2018-ME-
10 8 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 8 10 10 10
332 38
2018-ME-
5 8 5 8 8 5 8 8 10 8 10 8 3
333 26
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
334 31
2018-ME-
5 10 10 5 10 5 5 10 10 10 10 5 5
335 31
2018-ME-
3 8 5 3 5 8 3 0 3 5 3 3 0
336 23
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
338 33
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 10 10
339 39
2018-ME-
5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
340 32
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 5 8 5 8 8
341 31
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 8 3 8 8
342 29
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5
343 31
2018-ME-
3 3 3 8 3 8 5 8 5 3 5 8 3
344 20
2018-ME-
8 8 5 8 8 5 8 8 5 8 5 8 8
345 25
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
346 33
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 10 8 8
347 35
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
348 36
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10
349 31
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
350 31
Psychomotor Assessment (Section B)
Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp
Reg # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total/40
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 0 8 10 0 10
351 30
2018-ME-
3 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 10
352 33
2018-ME-
8 8 0 3 0 8 0 8 8 0 8 8 0
353 22
2018-ME-
5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 8 5 8
354 28
2018-ME-
8 10 10 8 5 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 10
355 33
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10
356 39
2018-ME-
8 1 8 8 8 8 8 0 5 8 0 5 8
357 23
2018-ME-
8 8 0 8 8 0 10 8 0 10 8 0 8
358 21
2018-ME-
10 10 10 8 8 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 0
359 28
2018-ME-
5 8 5 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8
360 33
2018-ME-
10 10 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
361 35
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
362 34
2018-ME-
8 8 0 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
364 32
2018-ME-
10 5 10 3 10 3 10 10 3 10 10 3 10
366 29
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
367 32
2018-ME-
10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 10 10
368 38
2018-ME-
0 8 10 0 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 10
369 28
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 0 8 0 8 8 0 8 10
370 26
2018-ME-
0 0 8 8 8 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 0
371 23
2018-ME-
8 5 8 8 5 10 10 10 3 10 10 3 10
373 31
2018-ME-
3 8 0 10 8 8 0 10 10 0 10 10 0
374 22
2018-ME-
5 0 5 8 0 5 8 8 0 8 8 0 3
375 20
2018-ME-
8 8 0 8 8 0 8 8 0 8 8 0 8
376 23
2018-ME-
5 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 5
377 33
2018-ME- 3 8 5 3 5 8 3 10 10 3 10 10 5 26
378
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
380 31
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 8 0 10 8 0
381 33
2018-ME-
5 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
382 33
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 5 8 8 5 8
383 33
2018-ME-
0 10 0 10 0 10 8 10 0 8 10 0 8
384 21
2018-ME-
10 10 0 10 0 10 8 10 0 8 10 0 10
385 24
2018-ME-
10 10 5 10 10 5 8 10 0 8 10 0 10
386 32
2018-ME-
10 10 8 8 10 8 5 10 8 5 10 8 10
387 34
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 0 8 10 0 10
389 34
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 10 10 0 10 8 0 10 8 8
390 33
2018-ME-
8 0 8 3 0 10 8 0 8 8 0 8 10
391 22
2018-ME-
10 10 10 10 10 3 8 10 0 8 10 0 3
392 28
2018-ME-
8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
393 34
2018-ME-
8 8 8 8 10 10 0 10 8 0 10 8 8
395 33
Evidence of Affective Assessment
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/33449 1
9/8/20 Mark
Registration Student Lab Semester Total
Quiz+Viva Psychomotor Affective Grade
No Name report Project Weightage
Hafiz
2018-ME-
Muhammad 20.0 38.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 91.0 A-
321
Mudasir
2018-ME- Muhammad
20.0 38.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 91.0 A-
322 Haris
2018-ME- Abdul
20.0 37.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 90.0 A-
323 Wahab
2018-ME- Haris
8.0 20.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 61.0 B+
324 Saleem
2018-ME- Raza
20.0 32.0 10.0 14.0 6.0 82.0 B+
325 Rafique
2018-ME-
Ali Raza 17.0 32.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 82.0 B+
326
2018-ME- Muhammad
20.0 36.0 10.0 14.0 5.0 85.0 B+
327 Usman
2018-ME- Hamza
16.0 32.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 81.0 B+
329 Zubair
Rao
2018-ME- Muhammad
14.0 27.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 73.0 B+
330 Saleem
Iqbal
2018-ME- Muhammad
7.0 21.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 60.0 B+
331 Asif
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Mohtasham 20.0 38.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 91.0 A-
332
Naeem
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Saad 14.0 26.0 10.0 15.0 6.0 71.0 B+
333
Jahangir
Syed
2018-ME- Muhammad
16.0 31.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 80.0 B+
334 Usaib
Bukhari
2018-ME- Muhammad
13.0 32.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 78.0 B+
335 Hassan
2018-ME- Ahmed Din
8.0 23.0 10.0 13.0 6.0 60.0 B+
336 Nawaz
2018-ME- Muhammad
16.0 33.0 5.0 14.0 5.0 73.0 B+
338 Umar Sajid
Syed
2018-ME- Muhammad
20.0 39.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 92.0 A
339 Saleh
Ahmad
2018-ME- Muhammad
16.0 32.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 79.0 B+
340 Hammad
2018-ME- Arsalan
17.0 31.0 10.0 12.0 8.0 78.0 B+
341 Khan
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Abubakar 15.0 29.0 9.0 12.0 5.0 70.0 B+
342
Saeed
2018-ME- Shehbaz
20.0 31.0 9.0 14.0 9.0 83.0 B+
343 Ahmad
2018-ME- Abdul
8.0 20.0 8.0 13.0 6.0 55.0 B
344 Wahab
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Junaid 8.0 25.0 8.0 13.0 8.0 62.0 B+
345
Ahmed
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/33449 2
9/8/20 Mark
Registration Student Lab Semester Total
Quiz+Viva Psychomotor Affective Grade
No Name report Project Weightage
Sarmad
2018-ME-
Sheraz 18.0 33.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 83.0 B+
346
Shoukat
2018-ME- Faizan
20.0 35.0 10.0 16.0 8.0 89.0 A-
347 Ahmad
2018-ME- Fawad
20.0 36.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 86.0 B+
348 Ahmad
2018-ME- Muhammad
13.0 31.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 76.0 B+
349 Abdullah
2018-ME- Sultan
17.0 31.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 81.0 B+
350 Ahmad
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/33449 3
9/8/20 Mark
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/33455 1
9/8/20 Mark
Registration Student Lab Semester Total
Quiz+Viva Psychomotor Affective Grade
No Name manual Projects Weightage
2018-ME- Muhammad
14.0 31.0 10.0 17.0 6.0 78.0 B+
373 Aaraiz Khan
Chaudary
2018-ME-
Muhammad 8.0 22.0 10.0 12.0 8.0 60.0 B+
374
Nouman
2018-ME- Muhammad
6.0 20.0 5.0 16.0 8.0 55.0 B
375 Ahmad
2018-ME- Muhammad
6.0 23.0 9.0 14.0 8.0 60.0 B+
376 Talha Tahir
2018-ME- Muhammad
17.0 33.0 10.0 17.0 6.0 83.0 B+
377 Kashif Iqbal
2018-ME-
Umer Farooq 7.0 26.0 10.0 14.0 8.0 65.0 B+
378
2018-ME-
M.Zohaib 16.0 31.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 80.0 B+
380
2018-ME-
Adnan Sajjad 16.0 33.0 10.0 17.0 8.0 84.0 B+
381
2018-ME- Faseh-Ur-
17.0 33.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 83.0 B+
382 Rehman
2018-ME- Muhammad
18.0 33.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 84.0 B+
383 Mateen
2018-ME- Hamza
12.0 21.0 10.0 16.0 8.0 67.0 B+
384 Maqsood
Syed Ali
2018-ME- Zain Ul
8.0 24.0 10.0 12.0 8.0 62.0 B+
385 Abideen
Naqvi
2018-ME- Muhammad
16.0 32.0 10.0 18.0 9.0 85.0 B+
386 Sufian Sher
2018-ME- Abdul
20.0 34.0 10.0 18.0 9.0 91.0 A-
387 Kabeer Khan
2018-ME- Muhammad
20.0 34.0 9.0 16.0 9.0 88.0 B+
389 Atif Nazir
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Rooman 18.0 33.0 9.0 15.0 8.0 83.0 B+
390
Naveed
2018-ME-
Momin Ali 8.0 22.0 5.0 12.0 8.0 55.0 B
391
Muhammad
2018-ME-
Hassan 15.0 28.0 10.0 16.0 8.0 77.0 B+
392
Zahoor
2018-ME- Muhammad
20.0 34.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 89.0 A-
393 Irshad
2018-ME-
Annas Karim 20.0 33.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 88.0 B+
395
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/33455 2
9/8/20 Od
Course Assessment
Department: Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSK)
1 2018-ME- ABU BAKR 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 18.0 14.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
301 MUJAHID
2 2018-ME- USAMA 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 16.0 14.0 30.0 75.0 75.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
302 ISHTIAQ
3 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
304 SYAM
4 2018-ME- ALI HAMZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
305
5 2018-ME- HAMZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
306 IFTEKHAR
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/obe_result_analytics/print/33449 1
9/8/20 Od
6 2018-ME- HAMZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 6.0 16.0 22.0 55.0 55.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 25.0 62.5 62.5
307 KAMRAN
7 2018-ME- AHMED 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
308 MAQSOOD
8 2018-ME- SHAMAZ ALI 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
309 KHAN
9 2018-ME- VAIZ SAGAR 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
310
10 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 35.0 35.0 87.5 87.5
311 ABDUL
HANNAN
11 2018-ME- MOON ALI 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 40.0 40.0 100.0 100.0
312
12 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
313 ZAIN
ASGHAR
13 2018-ME- HAFIZ 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 12.0 13.0 25.0 62.5 62.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 29.0 29.0 72.5 72.5
314 MUHAMMAD
MUFEEZ
ILYAS
14 2018-ME- ALI RAZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
315 RIAZ
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/obe_result_analytics/print/33449 2
9/8/20 Od
15 2018-ME- AHMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 12.0 22.0 55.0 55.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 20.0 50.0 50.0
316 ALAM
16 2018-ME- TOUSEEF 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 12.0 15.0 27.0 67.5 67.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 25.0 62.5 62.5
317 USMAN
KHAN
17 2018-ME- TALHA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
318 MUSTAFA
18 2018-ME- UMER 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 12.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
319 FAROOQ
19 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 12.0 16.0 28.0 70.0 70.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 28.0 28.0 70.0 70.0
320 HAMZA
20 2018-ME- HAFIZ 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
321 MUHAMMAD
MUDASIR
21 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
322 HARIS
22 2018-ME- ABDUL 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 37.0 37.0 92.5 92.5
323 WAHAB
23 2018-ME- HARIS 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 15.0 23.0 57.5 57.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 20.0 50.0 50.0
324 SALEEM
24 2018-ME- RAZA 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
325 RAFIQUE
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/obe_result_analytics/print/33449 3
9/8/20 Od
25 2018-ME- ALI RAZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 17.0 15.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
326
26 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 36.0 36.0 90.0 90.0
327 USMAN
27 2018-ME- HAMZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
329 ZUBAIR
28 2018-ME- RAO 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 14.0 14.0 28.0 70.0 70.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 27.0 27.0 67.5 67.5
330 MUHAMMAD
SALEEM
IQBAL
29 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 7.0 14.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 21.0 21.0 52.5 52.5
331 ASIF
30 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
332 MOHTASHAM
NAEEM
31 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 14.0 15.0 29.0 72.5 72.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 26.0 26.0 65.0 65.0
333 SAAD
JAHANGIR
32 2018-ME- SYED 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
334 MUHAMMAD
USAIB
BUKHARI
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33 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 13.0 15.0 28.0 70.0 70.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
335 HASSAN
34 2018-ME- AHMED DIN 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 8.0 13.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 23.0 23.0 57.5 57.5
336 NAWAZ
35 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 16.0 14.0 30.0 75.0 75.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
338 UMAR SAJID
36 2018-ME- SYED 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 39.0 39.0 97.5 97.5
339 MUHAMMAD
SALEH
AHMAD
37 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 14.0 30.0 75.0 75.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
340 HAMMAD
38 2018-ME- ARSALAN 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 17.0 12.0 29.0 72.5 72.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
341 KHAN
39 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 15.0 12.0 27.0 67.5 67.5 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 29.0 29.0 72.5 72.5
342 ABUBAKAR
SAEED
40 2018-ME- SHEHBAZ 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
343 AHMAD
41 2018-ME- ABDUL 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 8.0 13.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 20.0 50.0 50.0
344 WAHAB
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42 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 13.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 25.0 25.0 62.5 62.5
345 JUNAID
AHMED
43 2018-ME- SARMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 18.0 14.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
346 SHERAZ
SHOUKAT
44 2018-ME- FAIZAN 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 35.0 35.0 87.5 87.5
347 AHMAD
45 2018-ME- FAWAD 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 87.5 87.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 36.0 36.0 90.0 90.0
348 AHMAD
46 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 13.0 14.0 27.0 67.5 67.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
349 ABDULLAH
47 2018-ME- SULTAN 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 17.0 15.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
350 AHMAD
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Course Assessment
Department: Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSK)
1 2018-ME- ALI RAZA 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 18.0 38.0 95.0 95.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 30.0 30.0 75.0 75.0
351
2 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
352 ABDULLAH
MOBEEN
3 2018-ME- ABDULLAH 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 5.0 16.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 22.0 22.0 55.0 55.0
353 SIAL
4 2018-ME- UMER AZHER 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 14.0 16.0 30.0 75.0 75.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 28.0 28.0 70.0 70.0
354
5 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 18.0 18.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
355 NASIR
SHAFIQUE
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6 2018-ME- ABDULLAH 8.0 P8L.O 80.0 80.0 20.0 14.P O314 85.0 85.0 10.0 P1L0. 100.0 100.0 39.0 P3L9O 97.5 97.5
356 005 0L 0.0 O008 .009
CLO4 PLO05 CLO2 PLO10 CLO3 PLO08 CLO1 PLO09
S Re2g01is8t- ZEESHAN ALI 7.0 7.0 70.0 To70ta. 6.0 14.0 20.0 50.0 To50ta. 10.0 10.0 100.0 T1o0t0a 23.0 23.0 57.5 To57ta.
Student Name Semes Total CLO4 Quiz+ Lab Total CLO2 Affec Total CLO3 Psych Total CLO1
7 rMatEio 0l 0l .l0 5l
r (%) m (%) (%) (%)
-n
#
3N5o7
8 2018-ME- TALHA IRFAN 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 7.0 15.0 22.0 55.0 55.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 21.0 21.0 52.5 52.5
10.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 10.0 10.0 40.0 40.0
358
9 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 12.0 14.0 26.0 65.0 65.0 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 28.0 28.0 70.0 70.0
359 ZOHAIB
10 2018-ME- MOHAMMAD 7.0 7.0 70.0 70.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
360 TAYYAB BIN
BILAL
11 2018-ME- ZAIN SHABBIR 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 35.0 35.0 87.5 87.5
361
12 2018-ME- SAMI UR 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 34.0 34.0 85.0 85.0
362 REHMAN BUTT
13 2018-ME- SAFI ULLAH 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 16.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
364 TANVEER
14 2018-ME- USAMA KHAN 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 14.0 15.0 29.0 72.5 72.5 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 29.0 29.0 72.5 72.5
366
15 2018-ME- AHMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 15.0 16.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
367 SARWAR
16 2018-ME- HAFIZ 7.0 7.0 70.0 70.0 20.0 14.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 38.0 38.0 95.0 95.0
368 ABDULREHMAN
17 2018-ME- USAMA 7.0 7.0 70.0 70.0 12.0 14.0 26.0 65.0 65.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 28.0 28.0 70.0 70.0
369 HAMMAD
18 2018-ME- SYED 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 8.0 17.0 25.0 62.5 62.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 26.0 26.0 65.0 65.0
370 MUSTAFA
SHAHID
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19 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 6.0 15.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 23.0 23.0 57.5 57.5
371 WALEED
KHALID BUTT
20 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 14.0 17.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
373 AARAIZ KHAN
21 2018-ME- CHAUDARY 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 12.0 20.0 50.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 22.0 22.0 55.0 55.0
374 MUHAMMAD
NOUMAN
22 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 6.0 16.0 22.0 55.0 55.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 20.0 20.0 50.0 50.0
375 AHMAD
23 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 50.0 50.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 23.0 23.0 57.5 57.5
376 TALHA TAHIR
24 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 6.0 6.0 60.0 60.0 17.0 17.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
377 KASHIF IQBAL
25 2018-ME- UMER FAROOQ 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 7.0 14.0 21.0 52.5 52.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 26.0 26.0 65.0 65.0
378
26 2018-ME- M.ZOHAIB 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 15.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 31.0 31.0 77.5 77.5
380
27 2018-ME- ADNAN SAJJAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 16.0 17.0 33.0 82.5 82.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
381
28 2018-ME- FASEH-UR- 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 17.0 15.0 32.0 80.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
382 REHMAN
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29 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 18.0 15.0 33.0 82.5 82.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
383 MATEEN
30 2018-ME- HAMZA 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 12.0 16.0 28.0 70.0 70.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 21.0 21.0 52.5 52.5
384 MAQSOOD
31 2018-ME- SYED ALI 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 12.0 20.0 50.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 24.0 24.0 60.0 60.0
385 ZAIN UL
ABIDEEN
NAQVI
32 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 16.0 18.0 34.0 85.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 32.0 32.0 80.0 80.0
386 SUFIAN SHER
33 2018-ME- ABDUL KABEER 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 18.0 38.0 95.0 95.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 34.0 34.0 85.0 85.0
387 KHAN
34 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 34.0 34.0 85.0 85.0
389 ATIF NAZIR
35 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 18.0 15.0 33.0 82.5 82.5 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
390 ROOMAN
NAVEED
36 2018-ME- MOMIN ALI 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 8.0 12.0 20.0 50.0 50.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 22.0 22.0 55.0 55.0
391
37 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 8.0 8.0 80.0 80.0 15.0 16.0 31.0 77.5 77.5 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 28.0 28.0 70.0 70.0
392 HASSAN
ZAHOOR
38 2018-ME- MUHAMMAD 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 34.0 34.0 85.0 85.0
393 IRSHAD
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39 2018-ME- ANNAS KARIM 9.0 9.0 90.0 90.0 20.0 16.0 36.0 90.0 90.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 100.0 33.0 33.0 82.5 82.5
395
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/obe_result_analytics/print/33455 5
9/20/20 report_attainment |
CLO2 Analyze and interpret the results of experiments in written and graphical format
Number
of
Average
Levels of Students
CLOs CLO Attainment Checked in KPI CLO
Learning Achieved
Score
(out of
47)
of
Weight of each Average PLO
PLOs KPI Students
CLO in each PLO Score
Achieved
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33449 1
9/20/20 report_attainment |
(out of
Program Learning Outcomes
47)
PLO05 CLO4 50.0% 47 76.6
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33449 2
9/20/20 report_attainment |
Average CLO Score
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33449 3
9/20/20 report_attainment |
English (/en_US/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33449)
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33449 4
9/20/20 report_attainment |
CLO2 Analyze and interpret the results of experiments in written and graphical format
Number
of
Average
Levels of Students
CLOs CLO Attainment Checked in KPI CLO
Learning Achieved
Score
(out of
39)
of
Weight of each Average PLO
PLOs KPI Students
CLO in each PLO Score
Achieved
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33455 1
9/20/20 report_attainment |
(out of
Program Learning Outcomes
39)
PLO05 CLO4 50.0% 39 78.97
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33455 2
9/20/20 report_attainment |
Average CLO Score
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33455 3
9/20/20 report_attainment |
English (/en_US/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33455)
https://lms.uet.edu.pk/report/html/obe_clo_attainment.report_attainment/33455 4
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku
Campus)
Departme Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSPKri)nted September 08,
Section Course Detail
Semester SPRING 2020
Department Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSK)
Section A
Subject Title ME-224L Mechanics of Machines
Subject Domain Engineering
Subject Knowledge Engineering Foundation
Contact adeelmunir158@gmail.com
CLO1 Conduct various experiments related to mechanics of machines PLO09 Psychomotor 2. Manipulation
CLO4 Simulate an engineering problem using a software package PLO05 Psychomotor 3. Precision
Class Timings
Grading Policy
Quiz+Viva 20.0
Psychomotor 40.0
Affective 10.0
Lab report 20.0
Semester Project 10.0
Page 1 of
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku
Campus)
Departme Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSPKri)nted September 08,
Section Course Detail
Semester SPRING 2020
Department Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (KSK)
Section B
Subject Title ME-224L Mechanics of Machines
Subject Domain Engineering
Subject Knowledge Engineering Foundation
Contact adeelmunir158@gmail.com
CLO1 Conduct various experiments related to mechanics of machines PLO09 Psychomotor 2. Manipulation
CLO4 Simulate an engineering problem using a software package PLO05 Psychomotor 3. Precision
Class Timings
Grading Policy
Quiz+Viva 20.0
Psychomotor 40.0
Affective 10.0
Lab manual 20.0
Semester Projects 10.0
Page 1 of
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku
Course Learning Outcome Attainment Report
CLO2 Analyze and interpret the results of experiments in written and graphical format
CLO2 Analyze and interpret the results of experiments in written and graphical format
Attendance
Roll No Student Name %
22/01 29/01 05/02 12/02 19/02 26/02 04/03 11/03 18/06 25/06 02/07 09/07 16/07 23/07 30/07 06/08
ABU BAKR
2018-ME-301 93.75 P P P P P P P P P P P A P P P P
MUJAHID
2018-ME-302 USAMA ISHTIAQ 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
MUHAMMAD
2018-ME-338 81.25 P P P P A P P A P P P P P A P P
UMAR SAJID
SYED
2018-ME-339 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
MUHAMMAD
SALEH AHMAD
MUHAMMA
2018-ME-340 93.75 P A P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
D HAMMAD
2018-ME-341 ARSALAN KHAN 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
MUHAMMAD
2018-ME-342 93.75 P P P P P P P A P P P P P P P P
ABUBAKAR SAEED
2018-ME-343 SHEHBAZ AHMAD 93.75 P A P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
Attendance
Roll No Student Name %
22/01 29/01 05/02 12/02 19/02 26/02 04/03 11/03 18/06 25/06 02/07 09/07 16/07 23/07 30/07 06/08
MUHAMMAD
2018-ME-390 93.75 P A P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
ROOMAN NAVEED
2018-ME-391 MOMIN ALI 87.50 P P P A A P P P P P P P P P P P
MUHAMMAD
2018-ME-392 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
HASSAN ZAHOOR
MUHAMMA
2018-ME-393 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
D IRSHAD
2018-ME-395 ANNAS KARIM 100.00 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
CQI PSYCHOMOTOR
Convener
Distribution of Grade/Marks and other Outcomes: (adopt the grading system as required)
Reg.No.
1. The students
6) Enhancement: achieved
Comment on thethe required PLO
implementation through proposed
of changes psychomotor, cognitive
in earlier Facultyand
Course
affective
Review Reportsassessment. Inconsistency occurred due to Covid 19 but issues were
7) Outline any changes
resolved by usingintutorials
the futureanddelivery or structure of the course that this semester/
online lectures
term’s experience
2. Assessment ofmay prompt
affective component should be improved for reliable results.
Name: 1. There shouldMuhammad Adeelsession
be one added munirin which studentsDate:
may interact08.09.2020
with the situation when (Course
Instructor)
there is vibration in any machine and methods to remove those vibrations through
balancing
Name: Dr. Shahid Imran Date:
(Head of Department)
Sample Lab Reports
Best Lab
0
Marks=18/2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Findings & Discussion The discussion soundly •The discussion The discussion fair interprets the The discussion may be 10
interprets the findings interprets the findings findings and is connected with incomplete or partially/ not
and is carefully and is connected with other sections of the report such clearly connected to the results.
connected with other other sections of the as the background, problem The connection with other
sections of the report report such as the statement, research questions, sections is vague. •The findings
such as the background, background, problem instruments and results. •The presented are mere repetitions
problem statement, statement, research findings are either fairly of the results without
research questions, questions, instruments discussed or not discussed in appropriate interpretation
instruments and results. and results. •The findings relation to theory and findings of •Implications,
•The findings are are either superficially past studies cited in literature recommendations and
judiciously discussed in discussed or not review. •Implications, directions for future research
relation to theory and discussed in relation to recommendations and directions are not drawn from the research
findings of past studies theory and findings of for future research are fair drawn findings. •Limitations of the
cited in literature review. past studies cited in from the research findings. study are irrelevant
•Implications, literature review. • •Limitations of the study are
recommendations and Implications, relevant and adequately
directions for future recommendations and described.
research are carefully directions for future
drawn from the research research are drawn from
findings. •Limitations of the research findings. •
the study are relevant Limitations of the study
and extensively are relevant and
described. adequately described.
Conclusion The closing paragraph The closing paragraph The closing paragraph attempts to Concluding paragraph is not 10
Provide answers to summarizes and draws a summarizes and draws a summarize but draws a weak apparent
objectives stated earlier clear and well developed sufficiently supported conclusion
conclusion conclusion
Mechanics Presentation/report has Presentation/report has The Presentation/reports had five Students’ presentation/report 8
no misspellings or no more than three misspellings and/or grammatical had 10 or more spelling/ errors
grammatical errors. misspellings and/or errors. and /or grammatical errors.
grammatical errors.
Team work Each group member Most group members Some group members contributed Few group members 10
made contributions to contributed to project to project materials and contributed to project materials
project material and materials and presentations. and presentation.
presentation. presentations.
Interaction Student attendance in the Student attendance in the Student attendance in the lab Student attendance in the lab 10
lab sessions/ meeting lab sessions/ meeting sessions/ meeting with sessions/ meeting with Final
with FYP/semester with FYP/semester FYP/semester project Year /semester project
project supervisor(s) was project supervisor(s) was supervisor(s) was above 60 % supervisor(s) was below 40 %
above 90 % above 75 %
Total Points 18
1
List of Experiments
Experiment No. 2 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 3 To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the
same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 4 To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in
the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 5 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 6 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 7 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at equal radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 8 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at different radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 9 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
equal radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 10 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
different radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different
planes.
Experiment No. 13 To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using
displacement diagram with the help of displacement curve for
uniform velocity
2
LAB SESSION NO 1
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at
equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Main Parts of Balancing Machine
Mounting platform
Suspension and bearings
Shaft and rotating discs
Motor, belt and pulley
Motor speed control unit
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
3
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Commented [MAM5]: Theory should be edited
according to experiment
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single
rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
1 22 60 50 22 60 230
2 25 45 20 25 45 200
3 28 30 60 28 30 240
4 30 45 10 30 45 190
Specimen Calculations
M1 = 22g
R1 = 60mm
R2 = 60mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2 = 22g
6
Comments
In order to balance a single rotating mass with balancing mass at equal radii, there
must have the same values of both masses.
Due to human or systematic errors, we can’t get the true value of mass.
In this experiment, as the plane is same so we have only to balance centrifugal force. Commented [MAM6]: Poor comments, need improvement
7
LAB SESSION NO 2
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at
different radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Main Parts of Balancing Machine
Mounting platform
Suspension and bearings
Shaft and rotating discs
Motor, belt and pulley
Motor speed control unit
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
8
Observations
1 20 60 50 26.67 45 230
2 22 30 40 11 60 220
3 25 45 90 37.5 30 270
4 29 30 60 19 45 240
Specimen Calculations
M1=20g
R1=60mm
R2=45mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2= 26.67g
Commented [MAM7]: Errors in calculations
Comments:
In this experiment, radii of both masses are different but we easily found the
balancing mass with the help of following formula;
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
As we know the plane is same, we have only to balance centrifugal force.
Some systematic error occurs that are responsible for not having the accurate value
of balancing mass. Commented [MAM8]: Need improvements
9
LAB SESSION NO 3
To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Main Parts of Balancing Machine
Mounting platform
Suspension and bearings
Shaft and rotating discs
Motor, belt and pulley
Motor speed control unit
Useful Data
Procedure
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
10
Observations
1 20 60 40 21 60 120 57 60 32
2 22 45 60 25 45 100 79 45 33
3 26 30 110 29 30 80 65 30 54
4 30 45 200 32 45 220 61 45 30
Specimen Calculations
M1=22g
M2=25g
R1=45mm
R2=45mm Commented [MAM9]: Better presentation
Θ1=60ᵒ
Θ2=100ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
= -0.00299
= -0.001965
Now, resultant force Fc is:
Comments:
In this experiment, we use two disturbing masses at same radii in order to balance
the balancing mass. As the centrifugal force have horizontal and vertical
components so we can easily find out the values of mass and angle of balancing
mass.
As we know that the plane is same so we have to perform only static loading not
dynamic loading.
Some systematic minor errors are occurring that can be neglected. Commented [MAM10]: Good comments
12
LAB SESSION NO 4
To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in the same plane at
different radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Main Parts of Balancing Machine
Mounting platform
Suspension and bearings
Shaft and rotating discs
Motor, belt and pulley
Motor speed control unit
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
13
Observations
1 20 60 50 22 45 120 55 60 33
2 24 45 120 25 60 160 54 45 37
3 27 60 170 28 30 200 48 45 43
4 30 30 100 32 60 80 50 60 39
Specimen Calculations
M1=20g Commented [MAM11]: Recheck the table
M2=22g
R1=60mm
R2=45mm
Θ1=50ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
= -0.00276
= -0.001775
Now, resultant force Fc is:
Comments:
In this experiment, we use two disturbing masses at different radii to calculate the
balancing mass. As the centrifugal force having both horizontal and vertical
components so we can easily find out the values of mass and angle of balancing
mass.
As usual the plane remains same so we have only to perform static loading.
Some systematic error occurs that are responsible for not having the accurate value
of balancing mass. Commented [MAM12]: Comments mean your observations durin
15
LAB SESSION NO 5
“To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating in
the same plane at equal radii”.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
16
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass (m) is attached in same plane at a radius
of (r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
17
m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
18
2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:
19
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
1. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
2. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find
the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using
following formulae:
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by
each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the
masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to
force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
20
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r),
such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane
(disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.
21
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
Specimen Calculations
M1=20g
M2=13g
M3=11g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
Θ1=60ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Θ3=180ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
Comments
From above experiment we conclude that when there no changing of the planes of rotation
then all we need is to balance the forces (centrifugal forces) only. Because due to the
sameness of the planes of rotation the couple factor is going to be zero and so there is no
need of dynamic balancing. We also conclude that with the help of balancing we can
reduce noise and vibrations in various machineries and industrial components. The
practical use of balancing of different masses on the same plane is in the bikes where the
reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center of mass to the center of
the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
Commented [MAM13]: Comments are repeating, add more obser
23
LAB SESSION NO 6
“To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating in
the same plane at different radii.”
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
24
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass (m) is attached in same plane at a radius
of (r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
25
m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
26
2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:
27
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
7. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
8. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find
the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using
following formulae:
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
8. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
9. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by
each mass.
10. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the
masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
11. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to
force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
12. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
13. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
28
14. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r),
such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane
(disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius R.
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.
29
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
Specimen Calculations
M1=20g Commented [MAM14]: Presented in good way
M2=13g
M3=11g
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Θ1=60ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Θ3=180ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
Σ𝑉
𝜃 = 180° + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =122.44°
Σ𝐻
Comments
From above experiment we conclude that when there no changing of the planes of rotation
then all we need is to balance the forces (centrifugal forces) only. Because due to the
sameness of the planes of rotation the couple factor is going to be zero and so there is no
need of dynamic balancing. We also conclude that with the help of balancing we can
reduce noise and vibrations in various machineries and industrial components. The
practical use of balancing of different masses on the same plane is in the bikes where the
reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center of mass to the center of
the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels. Commented [MAM15]: Comments are repeatng
31
LAB SESSION NO 7
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at equal radii when
plane of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing mass
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the other disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
32
Observations
1 35 60 50 28 60 300 37 60 184
2 28 45 150 30 45 260 47 45 75
3 33 30 110 46 30 170 39 30 290
4 42 60 80 45 60 200 55 60 320
Specimen Calculations
Θ =100ᵒ
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and L3=300mm
And,
Θ 1= 280ᵒ, Θ 2=280ᵒ
Then, by using formula;
M1+M2=M=30
M1R1L1=M2R2L2
M1= 2 M2
Now,
M1+2M1=30 And M1=20 and M2=10
Comments
In this experiment masses were placed in different planes so dynamic balancing was
used in order to evaluate the balancing mass in the other plane.
Balancing of masses is extremely important in our practical life and is widely used
such as locomotives.
33
LAB SESSION NO 8
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at different radii
when plane of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing mass.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
34
Observations
1 50 30 10 25 60 170 51 45 300
2 42 45 20 26 30 120 36 60 195
3 25 60 30 35 45 210 55 45 160
4 33 30 40 47 60 135 56 45 270
me
Specimen Calculations
Θ =100ᵒ
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and L3=300mm
And,
Θ 1= 280ᵒ, Θ 2=280ᵒ
Then, by using formula;
M1R1+M2R2=MR=
M1R1L1=M2R2L2
M1(30)(100)=M2(60)(200)
M1= 4 M2
Now,
MR=MR1+MR2
SO,
(26)(90)=M1(30)+M2(60) (26)(90)=M2(4)
(30)+M2(60) and 2340=180 (M2)
M2=52
35
Comments
In this experiment there were two disturbing masses at different planes and at different
radii which were balanced by a single mass at different plane. As there were different
planes so dynamic balancing took place along with the static balancing to evaluate the
balancing mass.
There are many applications of the balancing of masses such as in cars engines and
locomotives etc. Commented [MAM17]: Comments should be in practical base
36
LAB SESSION NO 9
To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in different planes at same radii when
plane of balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing masses.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 100 mm
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
37
Observations
1 40 60 90 30 60 160 58 60 29
Commented [MAM18]: Errors in table
9
2 25 45 80 35 45 150 48 45 295
3 33 30 120 30 30 170 32 30 320
4 27 60 60 40 60 190 36 60 345
Specimen Calculations
Ma = 57.62667 g
Comments
From above experiment we conclude that when there is changing of the planes of rotation
then all we need is to balance the forces (centrifugal forces) and couple effects due to
changing of the plane of rotation. Because of the different planes of rotation the couple
factor is going to be included in balancing so due to this there is a need of dynamic
balancing also. We also conclude that with the help of balancing we can reduce noise and
vibrations in various machineries and industrial components. The practical use of
balancing of different masses on the different planes is in the bicycles where the wheels of
the bicycle gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when stationary due to gravity as it
is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of
the center bearing. Commented [MAM19]: Well explained
39
LAB SESSION NO 10
To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in different plane at different radii when
plane of balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing mass
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
40
Observations
1 55 30 60 45 60 150 70 45 299
2 42 45 70 37 30 160 59 60 280
3 35 30 40 27 60 90 45 45 195
4 23 60 80 37 45 200 48 30 320
Specimen Calculations
Fig 10.1 Angular Position of Masses Fig 10.2 Position of Planes Commented [MAM20]: More detailed required
LAB SESSION NO 11
To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different planes
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
43
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Commented [MAM22]: Theory must be customized as per requir
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
44
2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical
method, which are described below:
46
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find
the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using following
formulae:
Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:
Fc= √∑𝐻2 + ∑𝑉2
Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant force with horizontal which is:
∑𝑉
tan =
∑𝐻
The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction, and its angle
from horizontal is (θ+180)
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane
(disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.
49
Observations
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
1 10 30 0 15 30 60 10 30 207 30 30 226
2 10 90 0 12 30 60 21 60 190 60 60 330
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=10g
M2=15g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
R4=30mm
Θ1=0 degree
Θ2=60 degree
L1=4in
L2=8in
L3=12in
Here, (F) is centrifugal force and (Dist.) is distance of masses from reference plane.
Now, using suitable scale the couple polygon is
50
9144md=7.2cm=109728
Md=12g Θd=226
degree And the force polygon is:
30Ma=2cm=300
Ma=10g ΘA=180+27=207 degree So, balancing masses
and angles are:
M3=10g
Θ3=207 degree
M4=12g
Θ4=226 degree
In this experiment there were three disturbing masses and were to be balanced by one
mass in different planes. As these were in different planes, so dynamic balancing is also
done along with static balancing.
There are some errors because the masses are evaluated with the help of graphical
method in which a human can make mistake..
51
Experiment # 12
1. Learning objective:
To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular rotation of the cam
2. Apparatus:
Cams.
Cam analyze machine.
Roller follower.
Demonstration
52
Conclusion:
From the graph of follower displacement we conclude that when there is the uniform
velocity of the follower during the outstroke and the return stroke, so the follower
displacement and angular displacement of the cam give the straight line graph as shown in Commented [MAM26]: Difference between uniform velocity, SH
the demonstration figure. Also from the graph we can see dwell regions. These are the
regions where the velocity of the follower is going to be zero. So we can conclude so much
about cam profile with the help of these types of graphs
53
Experiment # 13
Learning objective:
To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using displacement diagram with
the help of displacement curve for uniform velocity.
Apparatus:
Cams.
Cam analyze machine.
Roller follower.
Procedure:
The procedure is given below,
Comments
With the help of above experiment and some given values we finally developed a
cam profile. Well there are some defects because the profile is handmade so it is not
completely accurate.
Average Lab Manual
Marks=14/20
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING (NEW CAMPUS)
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
Submitted to:
Commented [MAM3]: Late submission
Submitted by:
Findings & Discussion The discussion soundly • The discussion The discussion fair interprets the The discussion may be 8
interprets the findings interprets the findings findings and is connected with incomplete or partially/ not
and is carefully and is connected with other sections of the report such clearly connected to the results.
connected with other other sections of the as the background, problem The connection with other
sections of the report report such as the statement, research questions, sections is vague. •The findings
such as the background, background, problem instruments and results. •The presented are mere repetitions
problem statement, statement, research findings are either fairly of the results without
research questions, questions, instruments discussed or not discussed in appropriate interpretation
instruments and results. and results. •The findings relation to theory and findings of •Implications,
•The findings are are either superficially past studies cited in literature recommendations and
judiciously discussed in discussed or not review. •Implications, directions for future research
relation to theory and discussed in relation to recommendations and directions are not drawn from the research
findings of past studies theory and findings of for future research are fair drawn findings. •Limitations of the
cited in literature review. past studies cited in from the research findings. study are irrelevant
•Implications, literature review. • •Limitations of the study are
recommendations and Implications, relevant and adequately
directions for future recommendations and described.
research are carefully directions for future
drawn from the research research are drawn from
findings. •Limitations of the research findings. •
the study are relevant Limitations of the study
and extensively are relevant and
described. adequately described.
Conclusion The closing paragraph The closing paragraph The closing paragraph attempts to Concluding paragraph is not 8
Provide answers to summarizes and draws a summarizes and draws a summarize but draws a weak apparent
objectives stated earlier clear and well developed sufficiently supported conclusion
conclusion conclusion
Mechanics Presentation/report has Presentation/report has The Presentation/reports had five Students’ presentation/report 5
no misspellings or no more than three misspellings and/or grammatical had 10 or more spelling/ errors
grammatical errors. misspellings and/or errors. and /or grammatical errors.
grammatical errors.
Team work Each group member Most group members Some group members contributed Few group members 8
made contributions to contributed to project to project materials and contributed to project materials
project material and materials and presentations. and presentation.
presentation. presentations.
Interaction Student attendance in the Student attendance in the Student attendance in the lab Student attendance in the lab 8
lab sessions/ meeting lab sessions/ meeting sessions/ meeting with sessions/ meeting with Final
with FYP/semester with FYP/semester FYP/semester project Year /semester project
project supervisor(s) was project supervisor(s) was supervisor(s) was above 60 % supervisor(s) was below 40 %
above 90 % above 75 %
Total Points 14
List of Experiments
Experiment No. 2 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 3 To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in
the same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 4 To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 5 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single
mass (balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at equal
radii.
Experiment No. 6 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single
mass (balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at
different radii.
Experiment No. 7 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the
different plane at equal radii when plane of disturbing mass is
between the planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 8 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the
different plane at different radii when plane of disturbing mass is
between the planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 9 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane
at equal radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 10 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane
at different radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of
the planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the
different planes.
To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile
Experiment No. 13 using displacement diagram with the help of displacement
curve for uniform velocity
LAB SESSION NO 1
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the
same plane at equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy
industrial machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships,
vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case
of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center
of rotation, which is done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a
specific radius and angle. For a system to be in complete balance both force and
couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and couples are need to be
balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of
rotation. The centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and
opposite centrifugal force of balancing mass. The object can therefore remain
stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It
has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels
where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center of
mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at
a radius of (r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing
we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce
any resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both
force and couple to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the
application of any external force or couple, other than that required to support its
weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings
caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added. This is
seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when
stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly
as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise
couple (F*ℓ = C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of
single rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing
masses Following figure illustrates it:
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
Sr. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass Commented [MAM7]: Recalculate the table
No.
21 60 40 21 60 220
15 30 20 15 30 200
16 90 40 16 90 220
26 90 80 26 90 260
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1 = 21g
R1 = 60mm
R2 = 60mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2 = 21g
Comments
One is balanced by a mass with same radii and same mass but placed
180o apart from the rotating mass.
By doing so, we can balance the resultant of the disturbance forces in
the rotating elements.
Centrifugal forces causes the unbalancing.
LAB SESSION NO 2
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the
same plane at different radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
1 21 60 40 14 90 220
2 15 30 20 7.5 60 200
3 16 90 40 24 60 220
4 26 90 80 30 30 260
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=21g
R1=60mm
R2=90mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2= 14g
Comments
In dynamic balancing, in addition to static balancing, moments are also to be
balanced.
Vibration and wobbling are the main disturbances in the system.
Counter weights at specific radius and angles are required to balance
the system.
For the same plane action only centrifugal force are to be balanced. Commented [MAM8]: More technical comments are needed
LAB SESSION NO 3
To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the same plane at
equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
1 28 60 200 32 60 220 59 60 59
2 40 45 120 36 45 110 76 45 335
3 52 30 90 31 30 120 80 30 349
4 48 60 80 56 60 160 80 60 326
Specimen Calculations
M1=28g
M2=32g
R1=60mm
R2=60mm
Θ1=200ᵒ
Θ2=220ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
= -0.00181
= -0.00305
Now, resultant force Fc is:
Comments
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observatio
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=28g
M2=32g
R1=60mm
R2=45mm
Θ1=200ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
= -0.00292
= -0.00305
Now, resultant force Fc is:
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy
industrial machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships,
vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case
of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center
of rotation, which is done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a
specific radius and angle. For a system to be in complete balance both force and
couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and couples are need to be
balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of
rotation. The centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and
opposite centrifugal force of balancing mass. The object can therefore remain
stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It
has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels
where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center of
mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at
a radius of (r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing
we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce
any resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both
force and couple to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the
application of any external force or couple, other than that required to support its
weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings
caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added. This is
seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when
stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly
as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise
couple (F*ℓ = C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of
single rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing
masses Following figure illustrates it:
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation
exerted by each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of Commented [MAM11]: use customized theory
the masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable
scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector
diagram. Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line
parallel to force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4
respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force
in magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation
(r), such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a
plane (disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method
using pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of
180 from the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of
speed control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means
disturbing masses are balanced.
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=20g
M2=13g
M3=11g
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Θ1=60ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Θ3=180ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
Comments
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a
plane (disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method
using pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of
180 from the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of
speed control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means
disturbing masses are balanced.
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=28g
R1=60mm Θ1=200ᵒ
M2=32g
R2=45mm Θ2=120ᵒ
M3=34g
R3=30mm Θ3=60ᵒ
= 0.001182
= -0.00179
Now, resultant force Fc
is:
Fc = √(∑𝑉)2 + (∑𝐻)2 = 0.002144 kg.m
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then
use levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at
a specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at
an angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of
speed control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is
balanced statically.
Observations
1 35 60 50 28 60 300 37 60 184
2 28 45 150 30 45 260 47 45 75
3 33 30 110 46 30 170 39 30 290
4 42 60 80 45 60 200 55 60 320
Specimen Calculations
Disturbing mass = m =
35g Radius = r = 60mm
Θ =50ᵒ
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and
L3=300mm
And,
Θ 1= 300ᵒ, Θ
2=184ᵒ Then, by
using formula;
m2= (m*r*L1)/ r2 * L3
m2=37 g
Now,
m1= (m*r*L2)/ r1
* L3 m1
= 28 g
Comments
Centrifugal forces of the elements mounted to the rotating elements disturbs the
rotating element and causes the unbalancing.
In dynamic balancing we need to balance the forces as well as the moments
produced due to these centrifugal forces.
For different plane we need balance the centrifugal forces as well as the
moments to get the system whole balanced. Commented [MAM15]: Repeating comments
LAB SESSION NO 8
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at
different radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing
mass.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
1 50 30 10 25 60 170 51 45 300
2 42 45 20 26 30 120 36 60 195
3 25 60 30 35 45 210 55 45 160
4 33 30 45 47 60 135 56 45 270
Specimen Calculations
Disturbing mass = m =
50g Radius = r = 30mm
Θ =10ᵒ
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and
L3=300mm
And,
Θ 1= 170ᵒ, Θ
2=300ᵒ Then, by
using formula;
m2= (m*r*L1)/ r2 * L3
m2=51 g
Now,
m1= (m*r*L2)/ r1
* L3 m1
= 25 g
Comments
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
1 40 60 90 30 60 160 58 60 299
2 25 45 80 35 45 150 48 45 295
3 33 30 120 30 30 170 32 30 320
4 27 60 60 40 60 190 36 60 345 Co mmented [MAM17]: Graph should be added
Specimen Calculations
Comments
In forming couple diagram, we need to consider that the system is balanced and
it is only possible if resultant couple is zero.
For different plane we need balance the centrifugal forces as well as the
moments to get the system whole balanced.
Vibration and wobbling are the main disturbances in the system.
Centrifugal forces of the elements mounted to the rotating elements disturbs
the rotating element and causes the unbalancing. Commented [MAM18]: Well explained
LAB SESSION NO 10
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in different plane at different radii
when planes of disturbing mass is on either side of the planes of two balancing mass
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use
levelling screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a
specific value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an
angle of 180 degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not
reciprocate forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced
statically.
Observations
1 55 30 60 45 60 150 70 45 299
2 42 45 70 37 30 160 59 60 280
3 35 30 40 27 60 90 45 45 195
4 23 60 80 37 45 200 48 30 320
Specimen Calculations
3.1643 ×10-3 =
0.045×Ma
Ma = 70.31 g Commented [MAM19]: Error in calculations
Comments
LAB SESSION NO 11
To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different planes
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius
and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation
and put it in the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy
industrial machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships,
vibration can cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case
of a narrow wheel, balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center
of rotation, which is done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a
specific radius and angle. For a system to be in complete balance both force and
couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and couples are need to be
balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of
rotation. The centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and
opposite centrifugal force of balancing mass. The object can therefore remain
stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It
has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels
where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the center of
mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at
a radius of (r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing
we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce
any resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both
force and couple to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the
application of any external force or couple, other than that required to support its
weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the bearings
caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added. This is
seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate itself when
stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate smoothly
as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced: Commented [MAM20]: Theory should be customized
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise
couple (F*ℓ = C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of
single rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing
masses Following figure illustrates it:
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical
method, which are described below:
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
a. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of
mass & its radius of rotation
b. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and
then find the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V)
using following formulae:
c.
d. Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:
a. Fc= √∑𝐻2 + ∑𝑉2
e. Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant force with horizontal which is:
∑𝑉
f. tan =
∑𝐻
g. The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction,
and its angle from horizontal is (θ+180)
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of theseveral masses, as shown. mass and radius of rotation
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the Commented [MAM21]: Write difference between analytical a
exerted by each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of
the masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable
scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector
diagram. Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line
parallel to force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4
respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force
in magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation
(r), such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:
Observations
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
1 10 30 0 15 30 60 10 30 207 30 30 226
2 10 90 0 12 30 60 21 60 190 60 60 330
Θ1=0 degree
Θ2=60 degree
L1=4in
L2=8in
L3=12in
Here, (F) is centrifugal force and (Dist.) is distance of masses from reference plane.
Now, using suitable scale the couple polygon is
9144md=7.2cm=109
728
Md=12g
Θd=226 degree And the force polygon is:
30Ma=2c
m=300 Ma=10g ΘA=180+27=207 degree So,
balancing masses and angles are:
M3=10g
Θ3=207 degree
M4=12g
Θ4=226 degree
Comments: Commented [MAM24]: Comments are missing
Experiment #
1 12
To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular rotation of the cam
2. Apparatus:
Cams.
Cam analyze machine.
Roller follower.
Demonstration:
The displacement diagram when the follower moves with uniform acceleration and
retardation is shown in Fig. 1. We see that the displacement diagram consists of a
parabolic curve and may be drawn as discussed below:
1. Divide the angular displacement of the cam during out stroke ( θ ) into any
even number of equal parts (say eight) and draw vertical lines through these
points as shown in Fig.1
2. Divide the stroke of the follower (s) into the same number of equal even parts.
3. Join Aa to intersect the vertical line through point 1 at B. Similarly, obtain the
other points C, D etc. as shown in Fig. 1. Now join these points to obtain the
parabolic curve for the out stroke of the follower.
4. In the similar way as discussed above, the displacement diagram for the
follower during return stroke may be drawn.
Figure 1
Displacement Diagram
Experiment #
1 13
To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using
displacement diagram with the help of displacement curve for uniform
velocity.
2. Apparatus:
Cams.
Cam analyze machine.
Roller follower.
3. Procedure:
The procedure is given below,
Marks=11/20
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING (NEW CAMPUS) Commented [MAM1]: Marks are 11 out of 20
Submitted by:
Group #6
Ahmad Alam2018-ME-316
Umer Farooq 2018-ME-
Commented [MAM7]: Total marks are 11 out of 20
Findings & Discussion The discussion soundly •The discussion The discussion fair interprets the The discussion may be 5
interprets the findings interprets the findings findings and is connected with incomplete or partially/ not
and is carefully and is connected with other sections of the report such clearly connected to the results.
connected with other other sections of the as the background, problem The connection with other
sections of the report report such as the statement, research questions, sections is vague. •The findings
such as the background, background, problem instruments and results. •The presented are mere repetitions
problem statement, statement, research findings are either fairly of the results without
research questions, questions, instruments discussed or not discussed in appropriate interpretation
instruments and results. and results. •The findings relation to theory and findings of •Implications,
•The findings are are either superficially past studies cited in literature recommendations and
judiciously discussed in discussed or not review. •Implications, directions for future research
relation to theory and discussed in relation to recommendations and directions are not drawn from the research
findings of past studies theory and findings of for future research are fair drawn findings. •Limitations of the
cited in literature review. past studies cited in from the research findings. study are irrelevant
•Implications, literature review. • •Limitations of the study are
recommendations and Implications, relevant and adequately
directions for future recommendations and described.
research are carefully directions for future
drawn from the research research are drawn from
findings. •Limitations of the research findings. •
the study are relevant Limitations of the study
and extensively are relevant and
described. adequately described.
Conclusion The closing paragraph The closing paragraph The closing paragraph attempts to Concluding paragraph is not 5
Provide answers to summarizes and draws a summarizes and draws a summarize but draws a weak apparent
objectives stated earlier clear and well developed sufficiently supported conclusion
conclusion conclusion
Mechanics Presentation/report has Presentation/report has The Presentation/reports had Students’ presentation/report 5
no misspellings or no more than three several misspellings and/or had 10 or more spelling/ errors
grammatical errors. misspellings and/or grammatical errors. and /or grammatical errors.
grammatical errors.
Team work Each group member Most group members Some group members contributed Few group members 8
made contributions to contributed to project to project materials and contributed to project materials
project material and materials and presentations. and presentation.
presentation. presentations.
Interaction Student attendance in the Student attendance in the Student attendance in the lab Student attendance in the lab 8
lab sessions/ meeting lab sessions/ meeting sessions/ meeting with sessions/ meeting with Final
with FYP/semester with FYP/semester FYP/semester project Year /semester project
project supervisor(s) was project supervisor(s) was supervisor(s) was above 60 % supervisor(s) was below 40 %
above 90 % above 75 %
Total Points 11
List of Experiments
Experiment No. 2 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 3 To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the
same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 4 To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in
the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 5 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 6 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 7 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at equal radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 8 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at different radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 9 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
equal radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 10 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
different radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different
planes.
LAB SESSION NO 1
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at
equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of Commented [MAM9]: More theory for
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got: explanation is required
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single
rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass
1 20 60 40 20 60 220
2 25 30 60 25 30 240
3 30 45 70 30 45 250
4 32 60 90 32 60 27 Commented [MAM10]: There should be graph to explain the tabl
0
Specimen Calculations
For 3rd observation: -
M1 = 30g
R1 = 45mm
R2 = 45mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2 = 30g
Comments
While balancing the disturbance from single rotating mass, we use the mass of same
weight in the same radii and same plane. We place the masses at exact 180° to balance the
disturbing masses.
Commented [MAM11]: Comments need improvement
LAB SESSION NO 2
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at
different radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
1 21 60 40 14 90 220
2 15 30 20 7.5 60 200
3 18 90 40 27 60 220
4 26 30 80 13 60 260
5 18 60 60 24 45 240
Specimen Calculations
M1=21g Commented [MAM12]: Explanation through graph is required
R1=60mm
R2=90mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2= 14g
Comments
We balance the disturbing masses by placing the mass at 180° but the product of mass
and radius of balancing mass and product of mass and radius of disturbing mass. If we
decrease the mass of disturbing mass, then we can compensate it by increasing the
radii.
We can get some error due to systematic error and personal error.
Commented [MAM13]: Comments need to be added
for better explanation
LAB SESSION NO 3
To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observatio
1 20 30 90 24 30 120 42 30 285
2 23 45 100 26 45 120 48 45 15
3 30 60 60 33 60 80 62 60 70
4 28 60 200ᵒ 32 60 220 59 60 59
Specimen Calculations
For 2nd Observation
M1=23g
M2=26g Commented [MAM14]: It should be explained with analytical as
R1=45mm
R2=45mm
Θ1=100ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
= -0.00764
= -0.002032
Now, resultant force Fc is:
m = 𝐹𝑐 ∗ 1000 = 48g
𝑟
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observatio
1 25 30 50 29 45 60 68 30 56
2 28 60 200 32 30 220 43 60 27
3 30 60 60 33 45 80 53 60 69
4 34 45 70 36 60 90 80 45 81
Specimen Calculations M1=30g Commented [MAM16]: What is the reason to use the varying rad
M2=33g
R1=60mm
R2=45mm
Θ1=60ᵒ
Θ2=80ᵒ
= 1157.8
= 3021.2
Now, resultant force Fc is:
m = 𝐹𝑐 = 53g
𝑟
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.
Commented [MAM20]: What are effects if
system is dynamically not balanced
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single
rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
1. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
2. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find
the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using
following formulae:
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by
each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the
masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to
force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r),
such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method: Commented [MAM21]: Which method is
preferred, Dynamical or analytical
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane
(disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius (R).
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
1 11 30 40 14 30 50 17 30 60 41 30 52
2 15 60 60 18 60 70 20 60 80 52 60 63
3 19 45 80 21 45 100 24 45 110 63 45 98
4 25 30 100 27 30 120 29 30 130 79 30 118
5 28 45 110 29 45 130 31 45 140 85 45 127
Specimen Calculations
M1=11g
M2=14g
M3=17g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
Θ1=40ᵒ
Commented [MAM22]: Effects of changing angles
Θ2=50ᵒ need to be explained
Θ3=60ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
Fc= 3169.3 gm
Since m*r=Fc, So,
m= 41 g
Now, angle of balancing mass from horizontal is:
∑𝑉
𝜃 = tan−1 = 52ᵒ
∑𝐻
Comments
In this experiment, we use three disturbing masses in plane and we can find the mass
and angle for balancing mass by horizontal and vertical components of centrifugal
force.
When the angle of balancing mass is negative, we add 180 degree in it to get positive
value of angle. Commented [MAM23]: Its need to be more elaborated
LAB SESSION NO 6
To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating in the
same plane at different radii.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2 Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane
(disc) at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3 These will be the disturbing masses.
4 Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using
pre-determined value of radius ®.
5 Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from
the direction of resultant force.
6 This will be the balancing mass.
7 Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed
control knob.
8 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are
balanced.
Observations
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
1 20 60 20 25 45 60 30 30 100 61 45 56
2 25 30 100 27 45 120 29 60 130 121 30 121
3 27 45 100 24 60 40 32 30 660 108 30 65
Specimen Calculation
M1=20g M2=25g M3=30g
R1=60mm R2=45mm R3=30mm
Θ1=20ᵒ Commented [MAM24]: Effects of angles and varying
radius need to be explained
Θ2=600ᵒ
Θ3=100ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,
Fc= 0.002740 gm
Since m*r=Fc, So,
m= 61 g
Now, angle of balancing mass from horizontal is:
∑𝑉
𝜃 = tan−1 = 56ᵒ
∑𝐻
𝜃 = 180ᵒ + (−54ᵒ)
𝜃 = 126ᵒ
Comments
In this case, we apply three disturbing masses on the wheel of apparatus and
centrifugal force produce which has two components of the force (one is horizontal
and other is vertical component). From these components we find the resultant force
and then balancing mass.
This case is also considered as static balancing. Commented [MAM25]: Should be explained with some
practical explanation
LAB SESSION NO 7
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at equal radii
when plane of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing mass
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the other disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
1 30 60 40 20 60 220 10 60 220
2 36 30 60 24 30 240 12 30 240
3 42 45 80 28 45 260 14 45 260
4 45 60 120 30 60 300 15 60 300
Specimen Calculations
Θ =40ᵒ
Here,
X1=4in, X2= 8in
And,
M1R1+M2R2=MR
M1R1X1=M2R2X2
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
Specimen Calculations
Θ =160ᵒ
Here,
X1=4in, X2= 8in Commented [MAM28]: Limited theory is added more multiple pl
And,
Θ1= 280ᵒ, Θ2=280ᵒ
M1R1+M2R2=MR
M1R1X1=M2R2X2
M1(30)(4) = M2(60)(8)
M1= 4 M2
Now,
MR=MR1+MR2
so
(25)(45) =M1(30) +M2(60)
(25)(45) =M2(4)(30) +M2(60)
1125=180 M2
M2=6.25g
M1=25g
Comments
This experiment is same as previous except the radii is different. We use horizontal
and vertical components of centrifugal force and calculate the mass and radius of
balancing. Also the moments is balanced by using this.
We formulate the equations for static and dynamic balancing.
LAB SESSION NO 9
To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in different planes at same radii when
plane of balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing masses.
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 100 mm
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
1 40 60 90 30 60 160 58 60 299
2 25 45 80 35 45 150 48 45 295
3 33 30 120 30 30 170 32 30 320
4 27 60 60 40 60 190 36 60 345
Specimen Calculations
Fig 9.1 Angular Position of Masses Fig 9.2 Position of Planes Commented [MAM29]: By changing the position of planes, the a
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Procedure
1 Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2 Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific
value of radius and angle in a disc.
3 This will be the disturbing mass.
4 Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5 This will be the balancing mass.
6 Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7 The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate
forward and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations
1 55 30 60 45 60 150 70 45 299
2 42 45 70 37 30 160 59 60 280
3 35 30 40 27 60 90 45 45 195
4 23 60 80 37 45 200 48 30 320
Specimen Calculations
Learning Objective:
To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in
the plane at required radius and angle.
Apparatus
Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
Mass Balance
Nuts, bolts & washers as masses
Useful Data
Static and Dynamic balancing unit
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in
Theory
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial
machines such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can
cause catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel,
balancing simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is
done by placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a
system to be in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both
forces and couples are need to be balanced.
Static balancing
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels. Commented [MAM32]: This theory is not required here
As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got:
m*r=M*s
Dynamic balancing
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple
to be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single
rotating mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses
Following figure illustrates it:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical
method, which are described below:
1) Analytical Method
It has following steps:
a. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
b. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find
the sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using
following formulae:
c.
d. Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:
a. Fc= √∑𝐻2 + ∑𝑉2
e. Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant force with horizontal which is:
∑𝑉
f. tan =
∑𝐻
g. The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction, and its
angle from horizontal is (θ+180)
Graphical Method
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by
each mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the
masses and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to
force Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r),
such that,
Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4
Following figure illustrates this method:
Observations
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.
M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ
1 10 30 0 15 30 60 10 30 207 30 30 226
2 10 90 0 12 30 60 21 60 190 60 60 330
Specimen Calculations
For 1st observation:
M1=10g
M2=15g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
R4=30mm
Θ1=0 degree
Θ2=60 degree
L1=4in
L2=8in
L3=12in
Commented [MAM35]: Table has errors
Here, (F) is centrifugal force and (Dist.) is distance of masses from reference plane.
Now, using suitable scale the couple polygon is
9144md=7.2cm=109728
Md=12g Θd=226
degree And the force polygon is:
30Ma=2cm=300
Ma=10g ΘA=180+27=207 degree So, balancing masses Commented [MAM36]: Manual is incomplete
and angles are:
M3=10g
Θ3=207 degree
M4=12g
Θ4=226 degree