Treatment of Dyeing Factory Effluent

using Membrane Separation with

Chemical Dosing

A thesis

by

PIZUSH KARMAKAR
ANIK DAS
TAMZID HASAN BIPU

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

GAZIPUR

JUNE 2023
 Treatment of Dyeing Factory Effluent
using Membrane Separation with
Chemical Dosing

A Thesis

by

PIZUSH KARMAKAR
Student No.: 173051
Session: 2019-2020

ANIK DAS TAMZID HASAN BIPU

Student No.: 173052 Student No.: 173039
Session: 2019-2020 Session: 2019-2020

Supervisor: Professor Dr. Md. Kamruzzaman

Submitted to the
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
GAZIPUR
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2023
 Treatment of Dyeing Factory Effluent
using Membrane Separation with
Chemical Dosing

A Thesis

by

PIZUSH KARMAKAR
Student No.: 173051
Session: 2019-2020

ANIK DAS TAMZID HASAN BIPU

Student No.: 173052 Student No.: 173039
Session: 2019-2020 Session: 2019-2020

……………………………………
Professor Dr. Md. Kamruzzaman
Professor

……………………………………
Dr. Himangshu Bhowmik
Head of the Department

Submitted to the
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGDHAKA
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
GAZIPUR
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2023
 CONTENTS

Table of Contents Page No.

List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Notations vii
Acknowledgment viii
Abstract ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 2
1.3 Purpose behind the research 3
CHAPTER 2 Literature review 4
2.1 Wet operation process 5
2.1.1 Sizing and desizing operation process 5
2.1.2 Bleaching operation process 5
2.1.3 Mercerization process 5
2.1.4 Dyeing and printing operation process 6
2.1.5 Finishing operation process 6
2.2 Textile effluent wastewater treatment 8
2.2.1 Physiochemical effluent treatment 8
2.2.2 Absorption 11
2.2.3 Membrane filtration 11
2.2.3.1 Microfiltration membrane 12
2.2.3.2 Ultrafiltration membrane 13
2.2.3.3 Nano filtration membrane 13
2.2.3.4 Reverse osmosis membrane 13
2.2.3.5 The combination of MBR-RO process 18
2.2.3.6 Fouling mechanism in the MBR 20
2.2.4 Chemical treatment method 22

iii
 2.3 Application of membrane separation 25
technology in water treatment
2.3.1 Drinking water purification process 25
2.3.2 Treatment of industrial wastewater 26
2.3.3 Desalination seawater 27
2.4 Biodegradation process 28
2.4.1 Fungal for removal of dyes 29
2.4.2 Algae for removal of dyes 29
2.4.3 Bacteria for removal of dyes 30
2.4.4 Aerobic treatment 32
2.4.5 Anaerobic treatment 32
2.4.6 Combined anaerobic and aerobic 33
treatment
CHAPTER 3 Methodology 35
3.1 Design basis 35
3.1.1 Influent quality 35
3.1.2 Influent flow data 35
3.1.3 Operation basis 36
3.1.4 Effluent quality 36
3.2 Process description 37
3.2.1 Pretreatment system 37
3.2.2 Biological treatment system 38
3.2.3 Membrane system 40
3.2.4 Cleaning and maintenance procedures 42
3.2.4.1 Membrane scouring by aeration 43
3.2.4.2 Relaxation mode 44
3.2.4.3 Back-pulse mode or Backwash 45
3.2.4.4 Maintenance clean 46
3.2.4.5 Recovery clean 47
3.2.5 Sludge handling system 47
3.2.6 Chemical dosing system 47
CHAPTER 4 Result and discussion 49
4.1 Results 49

iv
 4.1.1 BOD test 51
4.1.2 COD test 52
4.1.3 pH test (raw water & preparing water ) 53
4.1.4 Turbudity (NTU) test 54
4.1.5 TDS test 55
4.1.6 TSS test 56
4.1.7 Conductivity test 57
4.1.8 DO test 58
4.2 Discussion 59
CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and Recommendation 61
5.1 Conclusions 61
5.2 Recommendations 62
5.2.1 Further research 62
5.2.2 Process optimization 62
5.2.3 Education and Training 63
5.2.4 Collaboration and knowledge sharing 63
5.2.5 Government support and incentives 63
5.2.6 Installing RO plant 63

References 64

v
 List of tables

Table No. Description Page No

Table 2.1 Various processing steps of the textile industry, substrates 7
used, and inorganic and organic pollutants in the
corresponding effluent
Table 2.2 Common membrane processes and corresponding membrane 14
characteristics for wastewater treatment
Table 2.3 Various strategies, operating parameters and performances of 17
membrane processes for treating textile wastewater
Table 2.4 Factors affecting membrane fouling in membrane 21
bioreactors (MBR)
Table 3.1 Influent Quality for MBR 35
Table 3.2 Influent flow data 35
Table 3.3 Operation schedule of the plant 36
Table 3.4 Characteristics of effluent 36
Table 4.1 Test results at 21.05.2023 49
Table 4.2 Test results at 28.05.2023 49
Table 4.3 Test results at 04.06.2023 49
Table 4.4 standard values of different parameters for ETP outlet 50
Table 4.5 inlet outlet BOD of 3 weeks 51
Table 4.6 inlet outlet COD of 3 weeks 52
Table 4.7 inlet outlet pH of 3 weeks 53
Table 4.8 inlet outlet Turbidity NTU of 3 weeks 54
Table 4.9 inlet outlet TDS of 3 weeks 55
Table 4.10 inlet outlet TSS of 3 weeks 56
Table 4.11 inlet outlet conductivity of 3 weeks 57
Table 4.12 inlet outlet DO of 3 weeks 58

vi
 List of Figures

Figure No Description Page No

Figure 2.1 A flow diagram various steps involved in wet processing 5
fiber production
Figure 2.2 Dye removal technologies used on textile effluent 8
wastewater
Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of the various fouling mechanisms 20
Figure 3.1 Process flow chart of Effluent Treatment Plant 39
Figure 3.2 Membrane Scouring by Aeration 43
Figure 3.3 Process flow Schematic- Relaxation mode 44
Figure 3.4 ZeeWeed® Backpulse 45
Figure 3.5 Typical maintenance clean sequence 46
Figure 3.6 Typical recovery clean sequence 47
Figure 4.1 Inlet outlet graph of BOD 51
Figure 4.2 Inlet outlet graph of COD 52
Figure 4.3 Inlet outlet graph of pH 53
Figure 4.4 outlet graph of Turbudity(NTU) 54
Figure 4.5 Inlet outlet graph of TDS(mg/l) 55
Figure 4.6 Inlet outlet graph of TSS(mg/l) 56
Figure 4.7 Inlet outlet graph of conductivity 57
Figure 4.8 Inlet outlet graph of DO 58

vii
 Notations

MBR Membrane reactor

ETP Effluent treatment plant
MD Membrane distillation
MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solid
MLVS Mixed liquor volatile solid
DO Dissolved oxygen
TSS Total suspended solid
TDS Total dissolved solid
COD Chemical oxygen demand
BOD Biological oxygen demand
RO Reverse osmosis
FO Forward osmosis
NF Nanofiltration
UF Ultrafiltration
MF Microfiltration
UV Ultraviolet
SB Slowly biodegradable
NB Normally biodegradable
B Biodegradable
NK Not known
A Biodegradable after acclimatization
MOFs Metal organic frame works
VRF Volume reduction factor
F/M Food – microorganism ratio
EPS Extra cellular polymeric substance
AOP Advanced oxidation process
NTU Nephelometric turbidity
RAS Return activated sludge
GE General electric
CIP Clean in place
MC Maintanance clean
RC Recovery clean
TKN Total kjeldahl nitrogen

viii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the
successful completion of this research paper on membrane separation for textile
effluent.

First and foremost, we would like to thank our honorable supervisor, guide and
mentor Prof. Dr. Md. Kamruzzaman for his valuable guidance, constructive
feedback, and unwavering support throughout this research. He paves the way and
provide efficient guidelines for the achievement of our desirable goal. His expertise in
the field of membrane separation has been instrumental in shaping our understanding
of this technology and its application for textile effluent treatment. At recent years it is
prescribed to install the membrane distillation over the other processes because of
flexibility and the quality though it is little costly.

We are also indebted to the authorities of our institution for providing us with the
necessary infrastructure, laboratory facilities, and financial support. We would like to
thank the faculty members for their continuous encouragement and moral support
throughout the course of this research.

We would also like to extend our gratitude to the Engr.Tarak chandra Das sir and
Engr. Shoriful islam Sir who provided us with valuable inputs and feedback, which
proved to be crucial in shaping the direction of this research and achieving its
objectives. By help of them we are able to achieve the practical knowledge from real
work field in SCANDEX textile industries ltd. Without their cooperation and
participation, this research would not have been possible.

Lastly, we would like to acknowledge the contribution of all the previous researchers
and scholars who have worked in the field of membrane distillation and textile
effluent treatment. Their seminal works have greatly influenced our research in this
field and provided us with a strong foundation to build upon.

Thank you all for your support, guidance, and invaluable contribution to this research.

ix
 ABSTRACT

Industries produce a large amount of chemicals that end up in the effluent stream in
river, canal and other water resources. If this effluent is released without treatment, it
can have a harmful impact on the environment. The use of Membrane Bioreactors
(MBRs) technology in treating textile wastewater is crucial in promoting water
sustainability. This technology encourages water reuse and provides opportunities for
decentralized treatment. MBR combines activated sludge process with nanofiltration,
making it an effective tool for industrial water treatment and reuse. It produces high
quality product water and has a low footprint. Therefore, it is important to treat the
effluent before discharge to meet government regulations. In this study, we treated
effluent from a local dyes factory SCANDEX using nanofiltration membranes.
Several steps had taken for this purpose namely mechanical screening, oil & grease
skimming and particles are arrested at a size of 0.5 microns. Effluent passes different
tank namely Equalization tank, Bioreactor tank and finally this are filtered in
Membrane separation. Different Controlling parameters such as MLSS, MLVS, DO
which indicates the effluent quality either the amount of bacteria is greater or the
oxygen required into it.

We measured the membrane's characteristics also analyzed the effluent's pH, total
dissolved solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Conductivity
and Turbidity. Our experimental results showed that the treatment process reduced
COD by more than 60%. We were able to recover the membrane flux using physical
and chemical processes, with the physical process recovering 95% of the membrane
flux on both ceramic and polymeric membranes. Tests on nanofiltration wastewater
treatment showed that MBR technology can recover high quality permeate while
efficiently separating contaminants. Research also confirmed that using RO filtrates to
dye textiles does not affect the quality of dyeing compared to using pure deionized
water. Membrane distillation (MD) is another promising technology for industrial

x
wastewater treatment that can meet requirements while utilizing low grade heat
sources.

xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background:

Water is one of the most important elements used in all types of industry. It is used in
many processes of Industry. It may be used for washing, cooling, Heat Exchanging,
condensing the steam etc. But Water used in industry is not consumed.

With the rapid development of industries, more and more harmful

pollutants/contaminants are discharged into the environment and lead to serious
environmental risks specially water pollution is a major concern. Textile industry is
the most water consuming industry and also generates more wastewater too. Hence,
limiting hazardous wastewater discharging from the textile or garment industry is
mandatory by setting up effluent treatment plant (ETP).

Several techniques have been developed for treatment of wastewater. During the past
three decades, several physical, chemical and biological technologies have been
reported such as flotation, precipitation, oxidation, solvent extraction, evaporation,
carbon adsorption, ion exchange, membrane filtration, electrochemistry,
biodegradation and phytoremediation. Among these membrane filtration is more
efficient compare to others. Membrane separation or treatment process mainly
depends on three basic principles, namely adsorption, sieving and electrostatic
phenomenon [Padaki et al., 2015]. The adsorption mechanism in the membrane
separation process is based on the hydrophobic interactions of the membrane and the
solute (analyte). These interactions normally lead to more rejection because it causes a
decrease in the pore size of the membrane [Li et al., 2016]. The separation of
materials through the membrane depends on pore and molecule size [Zhao et al.,
2016]. For this reason, various membrane processes with different separation
mechanisms have been developed. These include microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration
(UF), nanofiltration (NF), forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO).[ Azile
Nqombolo et al., 2018]

1
However, due to their synthetic origin and complex structure deriving from the use of
different chromophoric groups, dyes are extremely recalcitrant[Robinson et al., 2001].
Along with the recalcitrant nature of dye wastewater, the frequent daily variability of
characteristics of such wastewater adds to the difficulty of treatment. [Gürses et
al.,2002] Accordingly, despite the fact that virtually all the known physico-chemical
and biological techniques have been explored for decolorization, [Hao et al., 2000]
none has emerged as a panacea. Cost-competitive biological options are rather
ineffective while physico-chemical processes are restricted in scale of operation and
pollution profile of the effluent. It appears that a single, universally applicable end-of-
pipe solution is unrealistic, and combination of different techniques is required to
devise a technically and economically feasible option. In light of this researchers have
put forward a wide range of hybrid decolorization techniques.

Membrane separation has a wide range of applications. Nanofiltration membranes are

used for the removal of norfloxacin, an antibiotic from pharmaceutical effluent, and
87-99.5% rejection is obtained [De Souza DI et al., 2018]. Using hollow
nanofiltration membranes, submerged filtration of biologically treated textile effluent
was carried out and colour removal of 99.3% and COD reduction of 91.5% was
obtained [Zheng et al., 2013]. Antiscalants are used in desalination plants and need to
be removed before using a concentrate of reverse osmosis for salt crystallization.
Separation of antiscalants was possible using nanofiltration membranes [Istirokhatun
et al., 2018]. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fibre anaerobic membrane
bioreactor was used for the treatment of organic wastewater which resulted in a
significant reduction of COD [Li et al., 2018].

1.2 Research Objectives and Question

The objectives of this study is to introduce and evaluate the use of waste heat to
power membrane distillation (MD) for treating industrial wastewater in nanofiltration
manufacturing facilities and cogeneration plants. The study has three sub-objectives:

1) Identify potential applications of MD technology for treating wastewater in these

industries and understand the types of waste heat sources available for MD processes.

2) Evaluate the technical performance of single-cassette laboratory-scale and multi-

cassette pilot-scale air gap MD facilities for different feedstocks obtained from these
industries under varying operating conditions.
2
The study poses a research question:

1) What are the separation efficiencies of the MD systems for various contaminants in
the selected wastewaters? Is there a need for complementary pretreatment or post-
treatment processes for complete separation?

1.3 Purpose behind the research

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how well submerged membrane bioreactors
can treat textile wastewater on both a pilot scale and laboratory scale. Textile
wastewater is difficult to break down biologically, so advanced treatment technology
is necessary. The MBR system combines filtration and active sludge systems and has
advantages over conventional and single systems. While there are many studies on
membrane processes, it is rare to find a pilot scale MBR design specifically for textile
wastewater. The goal is to effectively remove colour and COD from real textile
wastewater using MBR technology, which is attractive due to its stable and high-
quality treatment capabilities. The study aims to find a biological treatment system
that can efficiently degrade and reduce pollutants for reuse, as single and chemical
systems are not practical for high strength industry wastewater.

As we work to reduce pollution within the company, we are also exploring new
technologies that can help us recover and reuse materials, as well as decolorize waste
at the end of the production process. These technologies are still in development and
testing, but we are hopeful that they will become commercially available soon. Here,
our main aim is the review of Treatment of dyeing factory effluent using Membrane
separation (nanofiltration) with chemical dosing.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The global textile industry releases waste at various stages of production. Water
pollution has always been a growing problem and many new technologies have been
introduced to tackle the wastewater problem associated with textile dyeing. It is
estimated that the industry uses more than 80,000 tons of reactive dyes annually.
Strict regulations and growing environmental awareness are pushing textile dyers
towards more sustainable dyeing options and wastewater treatment for the recycling
loop.

In the dyeing of fabrics or fibers, water is used to transfer dyes in vapor form in heat
treatment baths. Printing as part of dyeing also contributes to the release of toxic
waste. Therefore, the pre-treatment, printing, dyeing and finishing processes of
textiles are responsible for the recovery and disposal of all types of chemical waste.
These processes produce effluents that contain high salt concentrations and have high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) or chemical oxygen demand (COD). Water
treatment plants and processes must be integrated into the textile industry.

Most textile dye waste ends up in water bodies such as lakes and rivers. The
discharged waste water reduces the penetration depth of the sunlight and slows down
the process of photosynthesis and thus the dissolution of oxygen. Various techniques
have been developed to treat wastewater and effectively reduce chemicals before they
are discharged into rivers. Here are some processes widely used in the textile industry.

2.1 Wet Operation Process:

Fibers are prepared in the textile industry from different substrates such as wool,
cotton, and synthetic materials. Transform fibers into yarn and change the yarn into
fabric products and then these fabrics products go through different steps of wet
processing unit operation. Steps in wet processing of fabric production are explained
in Figure 2.1.

4
Figure 2.1 A flow diagram various steps involved in wet processing fiber production.

2.1.1 Sizing and desizing Operation Process:

In wet processes, during the sizing of fibers, several chemicals are consumed such as
starch, enzymes, waxes, and ammonia. &e occurrence of starch hampers the diffusion
of the dye molecule into the yarn/fabric, which needs the removal of starch
proceeding to dyeing and then printing. Removing sizing chemicals from fiber
commonly used enzymatic or dilute mineral acid hydrolysis. Converting starch into
water soluble output activity of hydrolysis or oxidation steps is important [Bhatt and
Rani, 2013.] The effluent from desizing and sizing unit processes has highly dominant
biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the range of 300–450 ppm and a solution of pH
that is 4-5 [Holkar et al., 2016.]

2.1.2 Bleaching Operation Process:

The bleaching process is one which imparts whiteness by removing the natural
coloring matters from fabrics. &is process is applicable to obtain bright colors
products and white material. Most cellulosic fibers are bleached using a variety of
oxidizing agents. As a bleaching agent, hypochlorite was used in earlier time.
Currently, hypochlorite is substituted by other bleaching agents like H 2O2 and per
acetic acid. & thus, per acetic acid is ecologically friendly and is alternatively used as
a bleaching agent [Holkar et al., 2016.]

2.1.3 Mercerization Process:

In the mercerization process, the caustic soda treatment method is applied to cotton
fibers to improve fiber properties such as strength and luster and permanently impart a

5
more affinity for dyes and other finish chemicals. &is process also gives cotton fiber
increased strength, more absorptive characteristics, and, usually, a high degree of
luster, depending on the method applied & therefore, this process is carried out after
bleaching to get a shine and advance dye uptake products. Mainly, the process is done
in cotton fabrics treated by using more concentrated NaOH range from 18 to 24%
[Holkar et al., 2016] & the fiber is immersing in a solution of sodium hydroxide
(caustic soda) for short periods, which is less than four minutes. After being
processed, the fiber is washed with water or acid to neutralize the caustic soda. During
impregnation of cotton fabric with NaOH, the solution goes through the longitudinal
shrinkage in this activity. So, longitudinal shrinkage could be eliminated by holding
the fabric under tension or elongating the fabric. Membrane separation techniques or
multiple-effect evaporators are commonly used for the recycling of sodium hydroxide
for further application [Gupta and Suhas,2009. Kumar and Sumangala, 2012.]

2.1.4 Dyeing and Printing Operation Process:

Dyeing is a process in the textile industry, which involves a combination of either

chemical or physical affinity between the fiber and the dye. Dyeing is the process of
immersing fabric with a dye solution to bend color in fiber. Auxochrome functional
groups like amine, carboxyl, sulphonate, and hydroxyl for bending with fiber, while
Chromophore functional groups such as azo (-N=N-), carbonyl (-C=O-), nitro (-
N=O-), quinoid in the dyes are responsible for the color [Fu and Lu, 2014]. &e
printing process is carried out using a roller-printing machine. Important reactions
carried out in this process are similar to in dying process. In the dying process, dye is
applied in a solution form, while in the printing process, dye is applied in a thick paste
form to prevent its spread. From the printing process, effluents also contain pollutant
components the same as dying.

2.1.5 Finishing Operation Process:

The finishing process in textile industries is used to improve definite characteristics in

the fibers. Among these processes including softening, antibacterial, waterproofing
and UV protection imparted to fabric in the finishing process. Effluent from this
process also has an important effect on environmental pollution

6
Table 2.1: Various processing steps of the textile industry, substrates used, and
inorganic and organic pollutants in the corresponding effluent [Correia et al., 1994,
Porter et al., 1976, Le Marechal et al., 2012]

B stands for biodegradable; A for biodegradable after acclimatization; NK for not

known; NB for non-biodegradable; SB for slowly degradable.

[Mirza et al., 2020]

7
2.2 Textile Effluent Wastewater Treatment:

The textile effluent contained high levels of dye, biological oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), salt, total suspended solids (TSS), and total
dissolved solids (TDS). In the dyeing and printing area, the effluent is more polluted
due to the presence of dyes and various toxic chemicals that cannot be easily broken
down by conventional treatment methods. The dye rich water reduces sunlight
penetration, which is important for the development of aquatic plants and animals.
Eventually the balance will be upset. To minimize treatment costs for river and
groundwater used for drinking and irrigation, the water must be free of toxic dyes and
contaminants. Therefore, textile effluents must be treated before they are discharged
into the environment. Various treatment technologies such as physical, chemical,
biological and combined technologies have been developed to remove pollutants from
textile wastewater. Figure 2 illustrates effective methods of dye removal from textile
industry effluent waste [Kumar and Sumangala, 2012]

Figure 2.2: Dye removal technologies used on textile effluent

wastewater.

2.2.1 Physiochemical effluent treatment:

Different physicochemical methods have been developed, including coagulation,

adsorption, filtration, and ion exchange. The coagulation process is a known
physicochemical technique designed for the removal of pollutants from textile
effluent water. Alum and iron salts are used as a coagulant to enhance the small size

8
particles that make agglomerate (big size) in wastewater. Flocculation-coagulation-
based physicochemical technologies are important for the elimination of disperse dyes
from effluents. These technologies also have low performance containing reactive and
vat dyes in water [Holkar et al., 2016]. Flocculation and Coagulation also have their
own limitations because of the low dye removal performance and the huge amount of
by-products sludge generation [Liang et al., 2014]. Sorption technology has
significant attraction because of its high removal of dyes from wastewater, containing
a variety of dyes. Adsorbent election parameters have great affinity, capability, and
desorption basic properties, requiring the selection of adsorbents for the color
mitigation process [Jadhav and Srivastava, 2013.]. Commercial activated carbon is an
efficient adsorbent for removing dyes due to enough surface area and adsorption
capacity. However, high cost and difficulty in its recycling or desorption is a
limitation to use it [Galan et al., 2013.]. For adsorption purposes, different
investigators have used low-cost adsorbents like bentonite, zeolite, ash, biomass by-
products, and resins. Moreover, various researchers tried different biomass wastes
used as an adsorbent such as wheat residue, rice husk, modified ginger wastes, etc.,
for removal of colors from textile effluent wastewater. Using low-cost adsorbents to
remove the color from dye containing effluent, the following studies were reported by
different researchers. One study applied modified wheat residue (MWR) as adsorbent
to remove Reactive Red-24 (RR-24) [Zhong et al., 2011.].

Crystal violet (CV) dye was eliminated using modified ginger waste (MGW) [Kumar
and Ahmad, 2011.].

Another study applied activated carbon from empty cotton flower agrowaste to
remove Reactive

Orange 84 [Charola et al., 2018.].

Dye (Methylene blue and malachite green) was adsorbed by adsorbent (Potato plant
waste) [Gupta et al., 2016.].

Acid blue 25 (AB25) was adsorbed by adsorbent (activated carbon from waste tea
(ACWT) [Auta and Hameed, 2011.].

Methylene blue was adsorbed by straw based absorbent [Zhang et al., 2011.].

9
Acid orange II was adsorbed by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash [Kanawade and Gaikwad,
2011].

Reactive Blue 49 was adsorbed by Capsicum annuum seeds [Tunali et al., 2011.].

Orange-G and Methyl Violet dyes were adsorbed by Bagasse fly ash [Mall et
al.,2006.].

Acid Green 25 dye was adsorbed by Activated Prunus Dulcis [Jain and Gogate,
2018.].

Cationic dye was removed by adsorbent (Clinoptilolite) [Molla Mahmoudi et al.,

2019.].

Dye (Congored) was removed by adsorbent (Activating natural bentonite) [Toor et al.,
2015.].

Cationic and anionic dyes were adsorbed by adsorbent (Smectite rich natural clays)
[Chaari et al., 2019].

Methylene Blue (MB) was adsorbed by adsorbent (Date Stones (DS) and Palm-Trees
waste (PTW)) [Belala et al., 2011].

Dye (Reactive Black 5) was adsorbed by bentonite clay [Amin et al., 2015].

But, their regeneration or desorption, dumping, and high price of the adsorbent and
applications of these adsorbents have been limited [Gupta et al., 2011].

Therefore, adsorbents can be used to adsorption method that has low initial
concentration of pollutants or when the adsorbents have less price, is available and is
easily generated or desorbed. To eliminate pollutants from the textile effluents,
filtration technology such as ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration
(MF), and reverse osmosis (RO) have been used. Criteria of selection of the filter
Medias and their capability to consider the temperature and the chemical contents of
textile wastewater are important for the removal techniques. In the textile factory, the
purpose of membranes technologies is to reduce BOD, COD, and color from effluent
wastewater [Chollom et al., 2015]. However, initial investment cost, clogging of the
membrane, generating wastes like water insoluble dyes (for example, indigo dye), and
starch applied membranes for decolorization also have significant limitations which
are required further treatment [Koyuncu, 2013]. Cation and anion pollutants present in

10
wastewater are removed by applying ion exchange process. Synthetic resins are
normally applied in the ion exchange process. For the softening of hard water, the ion
exchange process finds extensive use. But, it has been limited for dye removal from
water [Slokar and Majcen, 1998]. The advantage of this technology is that there is no
loss of adsorbents. It could be applied for the removal of water soluble dyes. But, it is
low efficient for water insoluble dyes like disperse dyes [Toor, 2010].

In physiochemical effluent treatment the first step is to mix and equalize the effluent
waste that is released from different stages at different intervals and time. Another
primary treatment used is equalization and homogenization, where in waste
substances that have similar characteristics in terms of pollution, temperature, and pH
are separated. Floatation is a technique that divides fiber from the waste water. This
process releases micro-bubbles to form substances in three phases of water, gas, and
solids. To remove organic substances coagulation flocculation treatments are used
conventionally. This process adequately eliminates insoluble dyes but does not
remove soluble dyes.

2.2.2 Absorption:

Absorption is the most commonly used method in which soluble organic pollutants
and color can be removed. Toxic chemicals like pesticides, phenols, reactive dyes and
azo dyes, and cyanides can be done away with using this process. An adsorbent used
more often than not is Active carbon. Apart from this kaolin and silicon polymers are
also used. By using adsorption, 92.17% of the Chroma and 91.15% of the COD can
be decreased and be brought to minimum levels and the water can be re-used for
washing purposes. The high cost of activated carbon makes the adsorption technique
an expensive process.

2.2.3 Membrane filtration:

One of the most effective methods of textile wastewater treatment, apart from
biological treatment, coagulation–flocculation, adsorption on powdered activated
carbon, electrochemical processes, and ozonation, is represented by membrane
processes (reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and
microfiltration (MF)) [Allegre et al., 2006]. This method allows wastewater to be

11
reused in technological processes [Zyłła et al., 2006]. Membrane techniques of
wastewater treatment are at the forefront in terms of efficiency, but are expensive. The
high operating cost of membrane filtration ( nano filtration, reverse osmosis) results
from the need to use high-pressure pumps and specially prepared membranes. The
factor that raises costs even more is the frequently occurring fouling effect [Kaya et
al., 2011]. The flux decrease in membrane filtration is caused mainly by the
adsorption of solids on the membrane, blocking of pores, concentration polarization,
and the deposition of a gel layer on the inner surface of the membrane [Kaya et al.,
2011]. One of the conditions for the rational use of these techniques is the proper
selection of wastewater streams intended for filtration. The presence of certain agents
typical of the textile industry can severely foul the membrane and even permanently
damage it (e.g., cationic surfactants). There are relatively few comprehensive
publications covering the treatment of textile wastewater and its closed-loop reuse in
other technological processes [Kaya et al., 2009 ] used commercial NF membranes, a
loose FM NP010 membrane and a tight FM NP030 membrane (Microdyn-Nadir
GmbH, Kasteler, Wiesbaden, Germany), to treat model wastewater containing two
anionic surfactants (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate),
one nonionic surfactant (nonylphenol ethoxylate), a dye (tartrazine), and NaCl. The
authors examined the influence of pH (3, 5, 7, and 10), temperature (25 and 40 ◦C)
and transmembrane pressure (8, 12, 16, and 20 bar) on the membrane performance.
The experimental results showed that the recovered permeate had the same
operational parameters as the water used in the first stage of the process. However, it
was not verified in the study whether the treated wastewater could be successfully
used in other technological processes. Applying multiple filtrations [Balcik-Canbolat
et al., 2017] they investigated fouling and reuse potential of membranes. Three
options of NF, RO, and NF/RO hybrid systems were investigated in order to evaluate
the feasibility of membrane processes for real dye bath wastewater considering
overall water recovery, membrane fouling, and reuse potential of membranes. The
results obtained showed that only NF was not suitable to produce sufficient quality for
reuse of wastewater in the textile industry as process water, while RO successfully
provided sufficient permeate quality. The results suggest that the integrated NF/RO
membrane process is able to reduce membrane fouling and enable the long-term
operation of real dye bath wastewater [Balcik-Canbolat et al., 2017].

12
2.2.3.1 Microfiltration membrane:

Microfiltration belongs to precision filtration, which is also called fine filtration or

screen mesh filtration. The pore diameter of microfiltration membrane is generally
between 0.01-10 μ M. under the static pressure of 0.1-0.3mpa, the particles such as
solvent, salt, water and macromolecular substances which are smaller than the pore
diameter of the membrane will pass through the membrane, while the micro particles
and macromolecular substances such as some bacteria which are larger than the pore
diameter of the membrane will be intercepted by the membrane, so as to achieve the
separation effect. It is mainly used in liquid clarification, sterilization, and the capture
of PM2.5 in industry.

2.2.3.2 Ultrafiltration membrane:

Ultrafiltration membrane is generally asymmetric structure, the size of membrane

pore size and membrane surface properties have different retention effect. The pore
diameter of the membrane is generally 2-100nm. Under the pressure of 0.1-1.0mpa,
solvents or substances with small molecular weight can penetrate the membrane,
while macromolecules and fine particles will be intercepted, so as to achieve the
separation effect. It is mainly used in the purification and separation of solutions
containing macromolecules and colloidal substances.

2.2.3.3 Nano filtration membrane:

Nano filtration is also called ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis. The pore diameter of
nanofiltration membrane is about 1nm. Under the pressure of 0.5-2.5mpa, substances
with molecular weight less than 200 such as water and solvent will pass through the
membrane, while substances with molecular weight of 200-1000 such as solute,
divalent salt, sugar and dye will be retained, so as to achieve the separation effect. The
separation performance is between microfiltration and ultrafiltration, and the working
principle of both is considered. It is mainly used for concentration and purification of
macromolecular substances in solution.

2.2.3.4 Reverse osmosis membranes:

13
Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation process which is driven by the pressure
difference to complete the separation task through the semi permeable membrane.
When the pressure (1000- 10000mpa) applied on the upper side of the solution is
greater than the osmotic pressure of the solution, the solvent molecules reverse the
concentration gradient (opposite to the direction of natural osmosis) under the
pressure difference, so as to obtain the penetrating solvent on the low-pressure side of
the membrane and the concentrated solvent on the high-pressure side A condensed
solution. Most of them are used for desalination of seawater. Fresh water is obtained
at the low pressure side of the membrane and brine is obtained at the high pressure
side. They have a higher retention rate of 90% and induce a high quality of permeate
in case of ionic compounds. By this simple process the waste can be decolorized and
the chemical auxiliaries can be removed. Higher the amount of dissolved salt greater
is the energy required for separating. Mineral salts, hydrolyzed reactive dyes, and
chemical auxiliaries can be eliminated with reverse osmosis.

Table 2.2: Common membrane processes and corresponding membrane

characteristics for wastewater treatment
Process Pore size Trans membrane Permeability Targeted pollutants References

(nm) pressure (TMP) (L/m2 h bar)

(bar) [Geankoplis,
2003]
Microfiltration 100–10,000 0.1–2 >50 Bacteria, suspended solids and colloids [Singh,2005]

Ultrafiltration 5–200 1–7 10–50 Macromolecules, proteins and viruses [Visvanathan

et al., 1994]

Nano-filtration 1–2 5–20 1.4–12 Salts (multivalent ions), dyes and lactose (sugars) [Youcai,
2019]

Reverse osmosis 10–100 0.05–1.4 Monovalent ions [Abd El-

Salam, 2003]

Table 2.2 presents common membrane processes used for wastewater treatment and
the characteristics of membranes used in these processes.

In textile wastewater treatment, microfiltration (MF) is generally used as a pre-

treatment step upstream of a secondary, more stringent treatment process. This is due
to the larger pore size of MF membranes, which lets dissolved solids and soluble
pollutants pass through them. In an earlier study [Ellouze et al., 2012], textile
wastewater was treated using the combinations of
coagulation/flocculation/nanofiltration (NF) and MF/NF and it was found that the

14
final permeate flux for MF-treated wastewater was higher (around 34 L/m2-h) than
the coagulation/flocculation-treated wastewater (ca. 14 L/m2 h). The results were
attributed to the superior performance of MF over coagulation/flocculation as a pre-
treatment step, which reduced more of color, COD and salts than the
coagulation/flocculation, thus improving the influent quality entering the NF
membranes. In another study [Ayadi et al., 2016], mineral coal was sintered on a
porous graphite support layer to form two MF membranes (pore size diameters of 0.5
and 0.8 µm) and the results for the treatment of real textile wastewater showed that
the MF membrane with larger pores produced permeate flux of around 150 L/m2 h,
whereas the corresponding value for the other membrane was around 4.5 L/m2 h.
Furthermore, both the membranes had the same removal efficiencies for color and
turbidity (87% and 89%, respectively), however, the membrane with larger pores were
able to remove more COD (59%) than the other membrane (48%). It is worth
mentioning that the membrane with a larger pore size achieved lower salinity removal
(28%) than the other membrane (33%).

In recent years, MD, which is a non-pressure driven process, has received significant
interest with regards to textile wastewater treatment [Laqbaqbi et al., 2019, Dow et
al., 2017]. In particular, the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technology has gained plenty
of interest as, in this process, the water treatment plant does not discharge any effluent
to water bodies, thus completely eliminating the environmental pollution associated
with these effluents [Ahirrao et al., 2014, Amutha et al., 2017]. However, the use of
direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for textile wastewater treatment has
been limited to only a few academic publications [Mokhtar et al., 2015, Shirazi et al.,
2020, Ramlow et al., 2020, Hou et al., 2017, Adnan et al., 2012, Huo et al., 2013]. A
recent study has outlined a comprehensive overview of the development in the
application of direct contact MD process to textile wastewater treatment [Ramlow et
al., 2017]. Major challenges hindering the commercial application of MD are the
fouling of membranes [Gryta, 2008], flux decline [Fard et al., 2016], and higher
energy consumption [Ullah et al., 2018] of the MD process.

Significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new membranes to

improve separation performance. Bousbih et al. [Bousbih et al., 2019] sintered natural
Tabarka clay on tubular support of Wadi Melah clay to form a UF membrane and used
it to treat real textile wastewater. The results showed that, for a transmembrane

15
pressure of 3 bar, the COD, turbidity, salinity and color removals were 77.8%, 99.7%,
23.8% and 95.6%, respectively. Babu and Murthy [Babu and Murthy, 2017] coated
PVA on (polyether sulfone) membrane to fabricate a NF membrane and used it to treat
textile wastewater containing acid, reactive and disperse dyes. The results showed
that, with 1 wt.% PVA, a permeate flux of 3.06 L/m 2-h-atm was observed, whereas the
maximum dye rejection was around 98%.

In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are incorporated in membranes to

increase water purification performance. The most common MOFs used in water
treatment using membranes are UiO-66 and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8),
which use 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and 2-methylimidazolate as linkers, respectively.
In this regard, UiO-66-based membranes were prepared on alumina hollow fibers
using a solvothermal method and used for water purification [Babu and Murthy,
2017]. The results showed that membranes had a good rejection for di and trivalent
cations with the permeance of 0.14 L/m2 h bar. In another work [Babu and Murthy,
2017], commercial alumina was used as a substrate, whereas amine-functionalized
MOF (NH2-MIL-53(Al)) was used to prepare the membrane used for water
purification using vacuum MD. The results showed that the hydrophobic membrane
produced a flux of 32.3 L/m2-h at 60°C for 3.5 wt.% aqueous NaCl feed.

Liu et al. [Liu et al., 2015] used glutaraldehyde and monomethoxy polyethylene
glycol to graft hydrophilic polymer brushes on a polyamide thin-film composite RO
membrane and used it for tertiary treatment of textile effluent. The results showed that
the modified membranes produced a water flux of 28.9 L/m2 h and salt rejection of
98.2%. Furthermore, the membrane showed consistent salt and COD rejections even
after exposure to 2,000 mg/L of chlorine at 35°C for around 1 h. Parlar et al. [Parlar et
al., 2019] introduced a NF treatment upstream of a RO membrane and downstream an
MBR to study the effect of NF pre-treatment on the overall process. They found that
the introduction of NF improved water recovery by only 0.5% than the process
without NF pre-treatment. However, the process with NF pre-treatment showed
significantly less TDS and color, though the final COD values for both the process
schemes were the same.

Table 2.3 presents various membranes, their characteristics and performance for
textile wastewater treatment. Although membranes have shown superior treatment

16
performance than the conventional processes, they suffer from various process-related
challenges, such as comparatively low throughput, fouling and design of larger-scale
modules. The advent of nanocomposite membranes has greatly increased the
robustness and performance of membranes, however, more work is needed in the field
of the development of suitable nanoparticles that can be produced easily and
economically.

Table 2.3: Various strategies, operating parameters and performances of membrane

processes for treating textile wastewater:

17
2.2.3.5 The combination of MBR–RO process:

The use of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for wastewater and reuse is
increasing. Although, high solid–liquid separation efficiencies in the water treatment
can be achieved with the use of microfiltration and ultrafiltration, which is usually in
the MBR process, dissolved organic and inorganic impurities could not be effectively
treated. This inadequacy could be overcome by the use of MBR–RO/NF hybrid
systems. Moreover, the RO/NF membrane has a distinctively smaller pore size than
microfiltration or ultrafiltration in the MBR, and so that an increased retention of
smaller components by RO/NF. The combination of membrane bioreactor (MBR)
coupled to reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) for water treatment has been
successfully applied for the treatment of municipal wastewater [Dialynas and
Diamadopoulos, 2009. Dolar et al., 2012]. They showed that this integration provided
a superb quality effluent (99.99% for suspended solids removal, 97.3% for removal of
chemical oxygen demand (COD), with very low organic matter concentration
(dissolved organic carbon level below 4 mg.L-1), and devoid of heavy metals.
Besides, Jacob et al [Jacob et al., 2010] recorded that the average performance of total
organic carbon (TOC) removal was about 93% by an integrated MBR-RO process at
the different volume reduction factor (VRF). Additionally, MBR-RO process
treatment indicated excellent overall removal of target emerging contaminants, with
removal rate above 99% for some compounds (metronidazole, hydrocodone, codeine,
ranitidine). Similar, Malamis et al [Malamis et al., 2012] reported that COD removal
efficiency achieved by the MBR-RO was very high (above 99%). More specifically,
the adoption of the integrated MBR-RO system provided excellent water quality, with
the complete removal of heavy metals (97% for Cu, 99% for Fe, 91% for Ni) and the
monovalent cations Na and K were less effectively removed (95.7% and 94%
respectively). Earlier study have also reported that treating wastewater with a
microfiltration membrane (MBR) using reverse osmosis is sufficient to effectively

18
remove of various micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products
(PPCPs) (above 95%) [Kim et al., 2007]. According to Cartagena et al [Cartagena et
al., 2013], in order to study the possibility of producing better water quality from
municipal wastewater, an MBR coupled with NF/RO was operated. The results
showed that the high quality of water was observed with salinity removal efficiencies
higher than 97%, 96% for total organic carbon (TOC), 91% for nitrates (NO -) and
99% for total phosphorous (TP). This combined treatment process MBR-RO/NF can
effectively remove emerging micropollutants, such as 78 - 93% for carbamazepine
(CBZ), 87.5 – 98.1% for diclofenac (DCF), 99.2- 99.9% for acetaminophen (ACE),
and are in agreement with results obtained by Joss et al [Joss et al., 2011]. They
indicated that most organic micropollutants are degraded and/or retained to below the
detection limit (lower than 10 ng.L-1) by MBR-RO. Jacob [Jacob, 2011] reported that
a high retention (>88%) of almost all micropollutants was observed by the RO
membrane in the combination of MBR-RO process for wastewater treatment. For
examples, the retentions of pentachlorophenol, atrazine and diuron were above 97%,
> 95% for atrazine hydroxyl and 1,34 chlorophenylurea retention was about 88% by
the MBR-RO process.

As for the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration process, the major disadvantage of this
application include cost, fouling and specially concentrate management. The
characteristics of the concentrate depend on the feed water characteristics, the
pretreatment, the membrane process used, the recovery, and the additional chemicals
used. This waste stream can be highly contaminated by for instance hardly
biodegradable compounds (such as pharmaceutical, endocrine disrupting compounds),
which limits the possibilities for discharge directly to the environment. In addition,
concentrates from nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO) in the field of
wastewater contain high concentrations of ions and small organic compounds, which
make the concentrates more difficult to treat. Therefore, there is a need for
technologies that can remove specific compounds from the concentrate before
discharging to the environment. A possible solution to this issue may be to recirculate
the concentrated waste stream. This would not only minimize the environmental
issues but would also enable a more sophisticated treatment to be investigated for the
production of reusable water. Hence, the concept of integrated MBR - RO with RO
concentrate recirculation to the MBR might provide a solution to this problem.

19
2.2.3.6 Fouling mechanisms in the MBR:

Normally, the different fouling mechanisms can be described as:

(i) Pore blocking, the particles enter the pore and get stuck in its opening,
reducing the number of pore channels available for permeation;

(ii) Pore narrowing by adsorption, the substances or particles enter the pore
and are adsorbed to the pore wall, thus narrowing the pore channel,
reducing the permeate flow;

(iii) Cake layer formation, the particles and macromolecules accumulate at the
membrane surface, forming a more or less permeable layer;

(iv) The biofilm formed on the membrane surface in MBR consists of both
microorganisms growing and microbial flocs deposited on the membrane,
the formation of a biofilm on the membrane surface was mainly
responsible for the loss of filterability, therefore, it became necessary to
further investigate the properties of biofilms which are closely associated
with membrane filterability. In both cases the fouling mechanism will lead
to an increase in total filtration.

20
 Figure 2.3: Schematic diagram of the various fouling mechanisms

The various factors affecting the membrane fouling in the MBR could include three
categories: membrane characteristics, operating conditions and biomass
characteristics (see Table 2.4).

Table 2.4: Factors affecting membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBR):

Factor Effect on membrane fouling

Membrane Characteristics

Membrane fouling occurs more readily on hydrophobic membrane than

Membrane material on hydrophilic ones because of hydrophobic interaction between
foulants and membranes.

The hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity property of the membrane

Hydrophobic
material affects fouling in MBR. Membrane fouling is more severe in
character
hydrophobic membranes compared to hydrophilic membrane

Increasing membrane pore size increases the tendency for pore

Membrane pore size
blocking mechanism Operating conditions

Operating condition

Operating mode Operating in cross-flow filtration mode reduces cake layer formation

21
 on the membrane surface

Aeration Increasing aeration rates results in a reduction in membrane fouling

The rate of membrane fouling in MBRs increases with increasing F/M

Food- ratio due high food utilization by biomass resulting in increased EPS

microorganisms production.

(F/M) ratio Decreasing F/M ratios resulted in a reduction in the concentration of

EPS.

Low temperatures increase the propensity for membrane fouling as

Temperature more EPS are released by bacteria and the number of filamentous
bacteria increases. Sudden temperature changes also increase fouling
rate due to spontaneous release of SMPs Biomass characteristics

Biomass Characteristics

Mixed-liquor Increasing MLSS correlate with increased rate of

suspended membrane fouling. Other studies report no (or little) effect of MLSS
solids(MLSS) on membrane fouling

Sludge-apparent
Increasing the viscosity results in increased membrane fuouling
viscosity

Extracellular
Increase in the concentration of EPS (bound EPS and SMPs) result in
polymeric
membrane fouling
substances (EPS)

Floc size Decrease in floc size increases membrane fouling

2.2.4 Chemical Treatment Method:

Chemical treatment technologies are commonly applied to remove toxic pollutants

like dye, toxic metals, and odor from industry effluent wastewater. Chemical

22
treatment techniques can be categorized into advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and
chemical oxidation. In advanced oxidation processes (AOP), efficient amounts of
hydroxyl radicals are generated. For wastewater treatment, various oxidants such as
Cl, O3, ClO2, and H2O2 are applied. Applications of oxidizing agents are for attacking
the Chromophore imparts. Hydroxyl radicals are powerful oxidizing agents. Most
dyes react with hydroxyl radicals at a high reaction rate [A. Asghar et al., 2015]. They
are also able to oxidize with inorganic and organic pollutants. AOP processes can also
be involved Fenton’s reagent (reaction between Fe3+ ions and H2O2) and
photocatalytic oxidation methods (use of energy source from sunlight for enhancing
semiconductor catalyst). Applied Fenton’s reagent chemicals that are an iron salt to
enhance oxidation of complex organic pollutants (by accelerating H2O2
decomposition), which are resistant to biological degradation. &e disadvantage of the
Fenton process is the production of the iron sludge as a by-product because of the
combined flocculation of the reagent and dye molecules [Ayyaru and Dharmalingam,
2014]. In the chemical oxidation, the process applied oxidizing agents like O 3 and
H2O2. The ozonation process is a chemical method and is used in the removal of
synthetic dyes from effluents effectively [Forgacs et al., 2004]. In the ozonation
process, the activity of the ozone gas breaks the conjugated double bond in azo dyes,
which is responsible for giving color to the dyes. &e major advantage of the
ozonation method is that ozone can be used in a gaseous state and no change in the
volume of the wastewater and there are no solid waste generation as by-products. In
addition, the main limitation of using ozone gas is that it may produce toxic pollutants
as by-products even from biodegradable dyes in effluent water [Miralles-Cuevas et
al., 2017]. Another limitation of the ozonation method is the short half-life of ten min
in water at pH 7 and the high cost [Gosavi and Sharma, 2014]. The stability of the
ozonation process depends on the presence of pH, salts, and the temperature in
wastewater. Under the alkaline condition (pH > 8.5), ozone gas decomposition is
faster. Therefore, the pH of textile effluent wastewater needs continuous monitoring.
The integrated treatment process of H2O2 with UV light to remove the color from
wastewater is also possible because UV light enhances the production of high
concentrations of hydroxyl radicals [Miralles-Cuevas et al., 2017]. Advantageous dye
removal from dye containing wastewater by the combination process of UV light and
the H2O2 is preferable due to having no solid waste generation and bad smell. Here,
we enhance the decomposition of H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals used to UV light
23
[Gosavi and Sharma, 2014]. Organic and inorganic pollutants are mineralizing into
CO2 and H2O products caused by hydroxyl radicals during the chemical oxidation
process. &e main operational factors such as UV radiation intensity, pH, the structure
of dye molecule, and the dye bath composition must be optimized to get a higher rate
of dye removal [Soares et all., 2014]. Crystal violet (CV) dye was removed from
water by applying nano composite absorbent based on eggshell as a precursor under
sunlight irradiation [Nassar and Alotaibi, 2021]. Applying Co (II) complex@ZnO
under solar irradiation to remove Methylene blue was investigated [Essawy et al.,
2018]. A novel composite silver nanoparticles loaded calcium oxide under
photocatalytic conditions that was used as an adsorbent for the removal of indigo
carmine dye was studied [Alsohaimi et al., 2020]. Applying combination treatment
methods, the following researches were investigated by different researchers. Hybrid
H2O2, CCl4, and Fenton’s reagent for removal of Rhodamine dye from water was
studied [Mishra and Gogate, 2010], Combinations of TiO2/UV/H 2O2 for azo dye
removal [Gupta et al., 2012], and for removal of Reactive Red 120 dye (RR120), type
of oxidation process (Hydrodynamic cavitation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide)
and outcome (at low pH the result was the higher degradation) were investigated.
Moreover, the addition of H2O2 increases the degradation rate because of additional
hydroxyl radicals produced for the oxidation of dye. &ere was no further
enhancement in the removal of dyes after the optimum concentration of H 2O2
[Saharan et al., 2011]. Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Red Procion, and Yellow Procion
were removed by the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic method [Garcia et al., 2007].
Pollutants (cottontextile dyeing wastewater), type of oxidation process (advanced
oxidation processes), and outcome (at 60 mg catalyst loading, 85.5% mineralization,
and 98.5% decolorization) were achieved in the solar-photo-Fenton process. While,
integrating the biological method with solar-photo-Fenton reaction process, the
amount of photo energy (0.5 kJUV/L) and H2O2 (7.5 mM) is required to attain the
COD below 250 mg/L [37]. Pollutant (Textile dye bath effluent), type of oxidation
process (H2O2/UV, UV, and O3), and outcome (on the application of H2O2/UV on
biotreated dye bath effluent, 98% of decolorization was achieved. Application of
AOPs following the biotreatment has surpassed the biodegradability) [Muhammad et
al., 2008]. In general, photocatalytic degradation of dye can be explained in equations
(1)–(5) [Shindhal, 2021].

24
 Photocatalyst + hv ⟶ hvB+ + eCB ………………. (1)

O2 + eCB ⟶ .O2 (superoxideradical) ………………. (2)

H2O + hvB+ ⟶ (hydroxylradical) + H+ ………………. (3)

O2 + pollutant ⟶ intermediate and H2O + CO2 ………………. (4)

OH + pollutants ⟶ intermediate and H2O + CO2 ………………. (5)

2.3 Application of membrane separation technology in water treatment:

The contradiction between the improvement of drinking water quality standard and
the sewage discharge standard of urban factories and the shortage of water resources
has been intensified. The traditional water treatment process is difficult to meet the
increasingly strict requirements. Since the membrane separation technology was
applied in the field of water treatment, it has the advantages of effective retention of
pollutants, bacteria and pathogens, high-quality and stable effluent, small footprint,
easy to automatic control and High security has become one of the most potential
technologies in the field of water treatment. The following will introduce the
application of membrane separation technology from drinking water purification,
industrial wastewater treatment and desalination:

2.3.1 Drinking water purification process:

In the traditional water production process, chlorine is often used for disinfection.
Research shows that chlorine can cause problems such as difficult to kill chlorine

25
resistant pathogens, increase the possibility of carcinogen trihalomethane (THMs)
formation, and produce chemical sludge. However, ultrafiltration technology can
effectively overcome the limitations of the traditional process, provide high-quality
drinking water, reduce turbidity and reduce the use of flocculants. However, when it is
used alone, it is easy to cause membrane pollution and insufficient ability to deal with
ammonia nitrogen, metal ions or some small molecular organics. At present, people
combine ultrafiltration membrane technology with traditional technology to improve
purification capacity and reduce membrane pollution. Now scholars at home and
abroad focus on the combination process of powdered activated carbon ultrafiltration
and coagulation ultrafiltration.

Coagulation ultrafiltration combined with pre membrane coagulation can form flocs
from small molecular organics, and then use ultrafiltration membrane to intercept
flocs and remove small molecules and macromolecular compounds in water. Wang
Xiaochang's Experimental Study on the removal ofhumic acid by coagulation
ultrafiltration shows that [Wang Xiaochang and Wang Jin, 2002], the efficiency of
coagulation ultrafiltration technology in the removal of macromolecular organic
matters in humic acid is significantly higher than that of ultrafiltration alone, and the
removal effect of natural small molecular weight organic matters is also significantly
improved. Coincidentally, park and others abroad have studied the influence of
coagulation steps on subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) in the process of drinking water
treatment [Park et al., 2009]. In this paper, it is proposed that choosing appropriate
membrane and appropriate flocculant can effectively remove colloidal substances and
harmful pollutants in water, and in practical operation, using automatic dosing
flocculation device can reduce membrane pollution.

The combined process of PAC-CF is the combination of adsorption and

ultrafiltration, which can improve the removal rate of organic matter and reduce
membrane pollution to a certain extent. In the experiment of Xia Shengji's powdered
activated carbon ultrafiltration membrane process to purify Songhua River water [Xia
Shengji et al., 2007], it was found that:

 The turbidity of membrane effluent was very low when the amount of
powdered activated carbon was changed (10, 30, 50mg / L);

26
  The removal rate of organic matter (UV254) was about 10% when the
membrane was treated alone.

The removal efficiency of "powdered activated carbon ultrafiltration" can reach

63%.It can be seen that -

 Ultrafiltration membrane is the control factor of effluent turbidity and an

important guarantee to ensure the quality of drinking water.

 The combination of powdered activated carbon and ultrafiltration has obvious

effect on the removal of organic matters in natural water.

2.3.2 Treatment of industrial wastewater:

Industrial wastewater has the characteristics of complex composition, great change of

water quality and strong toxic effect. The purpose of wastewater treatment is to
remove the pollutants and make them meet the requirements of discharge or recovery.
Meanwhile, the separated wastewater should be fully resourced or properly treated. In
the face of complex composition and clear treatment objectives, single membrane
method or traditional technology is difficult to meet the treatment requirements, and
the integrated membrane method combining traditional treatment methods and
membrane method is often used [Ren Songjie et al., 2009].The research direction of
integrated membrane technology includes ceramic microfiltration membrane
technology and nanofiltration membrane technology. Ceramic microfiltration
membrane has good heat resistance and can be used stably at 400 ℃ [Gao Songping,
2009]; it has high chemical stability and can resist organic solvent and acid-base
corrosion; it has stable mechanical structure and strong antipollution performance, can
be cleaned and regenerated, and can adapt to the harsh environment of industrial
wastewater treatment. Taking the removal of chroma and COD from printing and
dyeing wastewater [Zhang Yi and Gu runnan, 2007] as an example: Treated PVA
desizing wastewater with dynamic ceramic membrane with pore diameter < 1 μ m,
and finally obtained the water quality meeting the secondary standard of discharge
standard of water pollutants for textile dyeing and finishing industry (GB 4287-92).
Nanofiltration technology has the advantages of low operating pressure, easy
operation and management, and no need for additional chemical reagents in the

27
treatment process, which will not cause secondary pollution. Take the textile industry
wastewater treatment as an example: Zheng Yue [Zheng Yue and Yu Yaoping, 2006]
and others used nanofiltration membrane (Dow nf90) to treat the textile wastewater
treated by activated sludge. Compared with ozone oxidation method, it shows that the
combination of nanofiltration method and ozone oxidation method can get ideal
results and solve the problem of high cost of ozone oxidation method alone.

2.3.3 Desalination Seawater:

desalination is one of the important means to solve the shortage of water resources.
The methods of seawater desalination include reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash
evaporation (MED) and compressed air distillation (VC). Among these methods,
reverse osmosis technology has the advantages of low investment cost, low energy
consumption and short construction period. It has become the most economical means
of desalination. The reverse osmosis membrane method for desalination in power
plants can be generally divided into three processes: Seawater Pretreatment and
primary and secondary reverse osmosis [Ma Shujian, 2015]. In the process of
seawater reverse osmosis desalination, in order to make the reverse osmosis
membrane fully play its role, it is necessary to meet certain water inflow
requirements, so the seawater must be pretreated. Usually, coagulation sedimentation
and filtration technology are used to remove suspended solids, particles, bacteria and
other magazines from seawater, so as to reduce the pollution on the surface of reverse
osmosis membrane and improve the service life of the system. The primary reverse
osmosis system uses the characteristics of the reverse osmosis membrane to remove
most of the organic matters, soluble salts, primary colloids and other substances in the
sea water.

2.4 Biodegradation Process:

The biodegradation process is applied to remove the organic substrates in the textile
effluent wastewater. The degradation of colors started almost two decades ago using
microbes [ Wang et al., 2009]. The degradation of man- made dyes by microbes is
easy to process while it involves a complex mechanism. For the growth of

28
microorganisms, suitable conditions and depth knowledge are required [Qu et al.,
2012]. The degradation performance is depending on the presence of organic matter
like dye and load of microorganisms, the temperature of waste, pH of waste, and
concentration of dissolved oxygen in the system. Aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic or
facultative or a combination can be categorized as biological methods. Anaerobic
process uses microorganisms to remove the pollutants in wastewater presence of
sufficient dissolved oxygen while using microorganisms without oxygen to remove
pollutants from wastewater known as anaerobic methods. Compared to physical and
chemical methods, biodegradation process have the following advantages such as
being eco-friendly, low-cost, low infrastructure, and operating costs, low solid wastes,
complete mineralization into nontoxic end products, etc. [ Hayat et al., 2015].

The efficiency of the biodegradation process depends on the selection of

microorganisms and the activity of enzymes. Therefore, the presence of an infinite
amount of microorganisms and enzymes have been isolated and tried for the removal
of dyes. The isolation of potential microorganisms and their use for removal is an
important biological aspect of textile effluent treatment. Different types of dyes
present in the textile effluent water are removed by various microorganisms like
bacteria, fungi, and algae.

2.4.1 Fungal for Removal of Dyes:

In nature, most efficient class of microorganisms in degrading synthetic dyes is the

white-rot fungi (WRF). WRF are a class of microorganisms that produce efficient
enzymes capable of decomposing dyes under aerobic conditions [Ali et al., 2011].
Lignin modifying enzymes (LME) from WRF, including Manganese Peroxisade
(MnP), Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) and laccases, are directly involved in the degradation
of not only lignin in their natural lignocellulosic substrates but also various
recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds including dyes [Erkut, 2010]. Peroxidases and
laccases of WRF are oxidative enzymes, which do not need any other cellular
components to work. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, lignin-degrading white rot
fungus, was studied widely during the last decade due to its capability to degrade
many recalcitrant pollutants including chlorophenols, nitrotoluenes, and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, it is also established that it is able to decolorize

29
a wide range of dyes. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was reported to be able to
decolorize various azo dyes, under aerobic conditions. It has been assumed that in the
decolorization process of dye, various extracellular peroxidases or laccases are
involved.Laetiporus sulphureus and several Cyathus species have been described in
literature to degrade triphenylmethane dyes [Forgacs et al., 2004].

2.4.2 Algae for Removal of Dyes:

Algae are either microorganisms or macro-organisms like vegetables or plants. Algae

are commonly living in the river, sea, and lakes or ponds. The sun is the source of
energy for all algae to make food. Macro-algae are commonly called seaweed and
phytoplankton. Therefore, we think of a small plant or vegetables that live in the
water body. Microalgae are too small that we will be unable to see them in the water
with our eyes. They are detected under a microscope. Algae are available everywhere
and important micro- organisms for removal dyes from textile effluent water.
Removal of color by using algae occurs through three different processes like those in
which dyes are consumed by algae for their growth, conversion of dyes to non-
colored products using enzymes, and chromophores sorption onto the surface of
algae. Biodegradation and bio-sorption processes are different activities. The dye
molecules are moving from the solution phase to the solid phase (adsorbent), which is
known as the biosorption process, while when enzymes are breaking bonds of dye
molecules, and then the dye molecule can be transformed into other by-products, this
is known as the biodegradation process [Holkar et al., 2016]. In waste- water, there
are high concentrations of sodium chloride and different humic acids azo dye (like
acid red 27) applied to Shewanella algae (SAL) for de-colorization. This study
indicated mediated removal of acid red 27 outcomes into less phototoxic aromatic
amines. For degradation of Basic Red 46 from wastewater, optimum conditions were
investigated such as temperature is 25°C, dye initial concentration is 15 mg/L, a dose
of algae 2 g, and reaction time is 5 h using the green macro-algae like Ulva
intestinalis [Khataee, 2013]. Therefore, algae have a significant role in the removal of
dyes in wastewater by adsorption or degradation methods. In addition, instead of
commercial activated carbon using algae waste for color remove alternative
biosorption process [Kumar et al., 2015]. Removal of malachite green (MG) applied
algae (that is, Green macro-algae Cladophora species), with mechanisms of
degradation (Biodegradation) investigated by [Khataee et al., 2011]. Mitigation of

30
Acid orange II (AO7) dye from water applied algae (that is, a Brown alga, Stoecho
spermummarginatum), with mechanisms of degradation (Adsorption) [Kousha et al.,
2012], elimination of dyes (Triphenylmethane dye, malachite green (MG) applied
algae (that is Xanthophyta alga, Vaucheria species) Mechanisms of degradation
(Adsorption) [Khataee et al., 2011]. Removal of malachite green dye applied algae
(Marine alga), Mechanisms of degradation (Adsorption) [Bekçi et al., 2009]. Removal
of Reactive Yellow 22 (azo) applied algae (Spirogyraspecies), Mechanisms of
degradation (Biodegradation process) [Venkata et al., 2002]. Mitigation of Malachite
Green dye applied algae (Microalgae Cosmarium-sp) Mechanisms of degradation
(Biodegradation) [Daneshvar et al., 2007].

2.4.3 Bacteria for removal Dyes:

Investigation of dye removal using an anaerobic environment by bacteria started

twenty years ago [Mridha et al., 2020], applying azoreductase enzymes under
anaerobic conditions for removal of mostly azo dyes because of the reductive
breakage of azo double bonds. The importance of azo bonds (-N N-) breaking results
in a product of possibly colorless and toxic-intermediates results, which are further
treated by anaerobic or aerobic techniques [Sybiya et al., 2012]. Recently, using single
bacterium culture like Alcaligenes faecalis PMS-1 has been developed for
biodegradation of dyes from textile effluent wastewater [ Shah et al., 2012],
Enterobacter sp. EC3 [Banat et al., 1996], Aeromonas hydrophilia [Coughlin et al.,
1997]. A previous report stated that the degradation of colors from textile effluent is
facilitated by single bacterium culture and their results are shortened. Acid orange 7
and acid orange 8 dyes were re- moved from water by applying bacteria culture
(MI2). [Coughlin et al., 1997]. Removal of Blue Bezaktiv from wastewater was
applied using bacteria culture (Novel microbial consortia “Bx”) [[Khouni et al.,
2012]. Removal of Reactive Blue 19 dye from water was applied using bacteria
culture (Enterobacter sp. F NCIM 5545) [Holkar et al., 2014]. To remove Reactive
Orange 16 (RO16) dye from water, bacteria culture (microbial consortium DAS) was
applied [Kurade et al., 2012]. To eliminate Reactive Blue 13 (RB13) dye from water,
bacteria culture (Proteus mirabilis LAG) was used [Olukanni et al., 2010]. To remove
malachite green, Crystal violet and Brilliant green dyes were applied bacteria culture
(Kurthia sp) [Sani and Banarjee, 1999]. Operational factors affect the degradation of
dyes by bacteria, such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH of a solution, initial

31
extents of color, dye structure, and nitrogen sources, redox mediator and the amount
of electron donor. Bacterial decolorization is usually faster as compare to fungal
decolorization [Jirasripongpun et al., 2007 and Ali 2010] Numerous bacteria capable
to degrade dyes have been reported. Efforts to isolate bacterial cultures capable of
degrading azo dyes started in the 1970s with reports of a Bacillus subtilis, then
Aeromonas hydrophila, followed by a Bacillus cereus [Anjaneyulu et al. 2005].
Recent reports have demonstrated that some bacterial strains can mineralize various
dyes under aerobic conditions [Rai et al., 2005]. Some researcher have been also
applied Sulphate reducing bacteria for degradation of dyes [Togo et al. 2008 and
Parshetti et al. 2009]. Rhizobium radiobacter had applied for the biodegradation of
triphenylmethane dye. [Parshetti et al., 2009] During the past few years, many
bacterial strains have been isolated that can aerobically decolorize azo dyes. Many of
these strains require organic carbon sources, as they cannot utilize dye as the growth
substrate. Many bacterial strains are reported as dye decolorizer or dye degrader like:
Bacillus megaterium, Alcaligenes faecalisand,Rhodococcus erythropolis ,Bacillus
licheniformis, Rahnella aquatilis, Acinetobacter guillouiae, Microvirgula
aerodenitrificans, Pseudomonas desmolyticum. Therefore, to obtain efficient output
and rapid bacterial degradation, it is important to determine the consequence and
every design factor on the biodegradation reactor.

2.4.4 Aerobic treatment:

Biological treatment using activated sludge in aerobic condition is one of regularly

used treatment methods for textile dyeing effluent [Joshi et al. 2004]. Stabilization
ponds, aerated lagoons, or percolating filters are widely applied in aerobic treatment.
In aerobic treatment, microorganism utilizes dissolved oxygen and finally, wastes are
converted into more biomass and carbon dioxide. Organic matter is partially oxidized
and some of the energy produced is used for generating new living cells under the
formation of flocs. After the flocs has been settled down, are removed as sludge
[Chrisie et al. 2005]. The results of various researcher showed that the dyestuffs were
not showing any considerable biodegradation under aerobic conditions. However,
research is continued to isolate aerobic microorganisms capable of degrading dyes and

32
dye related compounds. Bacteria and fungi are the two microorganism groups that
have been most widely [Rai et al., 2005].

2.4.5 Anaerobic treatment:

There are many reports are available in recent past that under aerobic condition dye
decolorization is achieved successfully but the general observation of non-
biodegradability of most azo dyes in conventional aerobic condition still persists. On
the other hand, the potential of anaerobic microorganisms to decolorize dyes is well
documented and established [Rai et al., 2005]. By using sludge, anaerobic reduction
of azo dyes can be an effective and economic treatment process for removing color
from textile wastewater. The efficacy of various anaerobic treatment applications for
the degradation of a wide variety of synthetic dyes has been many times
demonstrated. The investigations on anaerobic decolorization of azo dyes were started
way back in the early 1970s. Several laboratories reported decolorization of azo dyes
using intestinal anaerobic bacteria. The potential of intestinal anaerobes to decolorize
azo dyes was further established by many other researchers. Anaerobic
bioremediation allows azo and other water-soluble dyes to be decolorized. This
decolorization involves an oxidation-reduction reaction with hydrogen rather than free
molecular oxygen aerobic system [Anjaneyulu et al., 2005]. Anaerobic bioremediation
of azo and other soluble dyes to undergo decolorization by breaking them into
corresponding amines has been widely researched. Primary degradation and
decolorization of dyes with azo-based chromophores can be achieved by the reduction
of the azo bond. This can be done by using strong reducing agents such as sodium
hydrosulphite, thiourea dioxide, sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate and sodium
borohydride. Reduction of the azo bond can also be achieved under the reducing
conditions prevailing in anaerobic bioreactors. The amines produced by the reduction
of the azo dyes are colorless but they are very resistant to further degradation under
anaerobic conditions. Many anaerobic (e.g. Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and
Clostridium sp.) and facultative anaerobic (e.g. Proteus vulgaris and Streptococcus
faecalis) bacteria can decolorize various azo dyes under anaerobic conditions via
reduction of the azo bond. The exact mechanism of azo dye reduction is not clearly
understood yet. The different mechanisms may be involved like enzymatic, non-
enzymatic, mediated, intracellular, extracellular and various combinations of these
mechanisms [Arnorld., 2009]. Many authors have been reported that anaerobic

33
condition using following organisms seems to be effective: Shewanella oneidensis
MR- 171, Bacteroides sp., Eubacterium sp., and Clostridium sp. Under anaerobic
condition azo dyes are degraded and converted into aromatic amines, which may be
toxic, mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic to mammalians. Therefore, to achieve
complete degradation of azo dyes, another stage that involves aerobic biodegradation
of the produced aromatic amines is necessary (Xiao et al.,2012 and Zille, 2005). This
anaerobic reduction implies decolorization as the azo dyes are converted to usually
colorless but potentially harmful aromatic amines. Aromatic amines are normally not
further degraded under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic treatment must therefore be
considered merely as the first stage of the complete degradation of azo dyes. The
second stage involves conversion of the produced aromatic amines under aerobic
condition. For several aromatic amines, this can be achieved by biodegradation under
aerobic conditions. Combined anaerobic and aerobic bacterial biodegradation of azo
dyes, as well as its applications in wastewater treatment processes.

2.4.6 Combined anaerobic & aerobic treatment:

The common observation that has emerged over the years is that most dyes are
generally recalcitrant to aerobic degradation but can be reductively decolorized under
anaerobic conditions. The azo dyes are toxic, and also become harmful to the
environment by the formation of aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic and/or
mutagenic, when degraded in anaerobic condition. Azo dyes are usually degraded
under anaerobic conditions by bacteria to colorless toxic aromatic amines, of which
some are readily metabolized under aerobic conditions. Usually, bacterial
biodegradation of azo dye is carried out in two separate stages. The first stage
involves reductive cleavage of the dyes azo linkages, resulting in the formation of
generally colorless aromatic amines. The second stage involves aerobic degradation of
the aromatic amines. Reduction of azo dye usually proceeds under anaerobic
conditions, whereas bacterial biodegradation of aromatic amines is an almost
exclusively aerobic process. A wastewater treatment process in which anaerobic and
aerobic conditions are combined is therefore the most logical concept for removing
azo dyes from wastewater.

The mineralization of azo dyes requires integrated or sequential anaerobic and aerobic
step. Sequential microaerophilic aerobic reactors using Staphylococcus arlettae was

34
also applied for biodegradation of various dyes[Franciscon et al.,2009,Moutaouakkil
et al.,2004] over a long period of time it is clear that dye are not easy to degrade.
Many biological technologies are available which can degrade the dye. But, due to
complex nature of textile effluent, these technologies are failed to be implemented.
While purifying the textile wastewater single universally applicable end-of-pipe
solution appears to be unrealistic, and combination of appropriate techniques is
deemed imperative to devise technically and economically feasible options. An in-
depth evaluation of wide range of potential hybrid technologies delineated in
literature along with plausible analyses of available cost information has been
furnished.

CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES / METHODOLOGY

In this section we are going to describe the complete process of doing the experiment
along with the parts and equipment used in, Characteristics of membrane and the
parameters associate with it.

35
3.1 Design basis:

Different variables those affect the influent and its characteristics which are
significant for the quality of membrane have taken into care of.

3.1.1 Influent quality

The plant is designed based on the following influent characteristics.
Table 3.1: Influent Quality for MBR:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), mg/L 1200
Biological Oxygen Demand, mg/L 600
Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/L 400
TKN, mg/L 1*
Total Phosphorous, mg/L 1*
Total Alkalinity, mg/l as Caco3 150*
pH 8-11
Temperature, deg C 50
Total dissolved solids, mg/L (Inorganic) <1000
* All parameters are assumed values and need to be confirmed by customer for
validity of this design.

3.1.2 Influent Flow Data:

The Plant is designed based on the following flow data.

Table 3.2: Influent flow data:

Parameter Values Units
MBR system Feed Flow Rate 300 m3/hr
Design Temperature for membrane sizing 35 deg C

36
Temperature of mixed liquor in bioreactor can increase by 3- 4 deg C due to bio
reactions and air supplied by process blowers. Temperature of Mixed Liquor at
membrane tank inlet to be limited to < 38 deg C.

3.1.3 Operation Basis:

37
Depending operation length membranes are selected.

Table 3.3: Operation schedule of the plant:

Hours Per Day of 24 hrs
Operation
Days Per Year of 365 days (downtime for chemical cleaning and other
Operation regular maintenance not included)
Redundancy The offered design is Normal design,

3.1.4 Effluent Quality:

Effluent that are to be filtered in membrane must have the following characteristics.

Table 3.4: Characteristics of effluent:

Parameter Treated Effluent quality from MBR

Flow 300 m3/hr

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5),

≤ 10
mg/L

COD, mg/l (average weekly) ≤150

Turbidity, NTU ≤5

Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/L ≤5

Attention should be paid on several topics indicated below:

I. All effluent quality parameters are based on monthly average values of a

minimum of four (4) 24-hour composite samples collected at regular intervals
over a month, with testing performed to applicable industry-approved
standards.
II. Effluent COD < 150 mg/lit for dyeing unit is based on the assumptions of the
COD characterization mentioned in Table 4.1.1 Influent Quality. This will be
confirmed on tests with the actual water sample and COD characterization
tests.

38
III. All other parameters not provided in the enquiry document such as heavy
metals, toxins etc. are assumed to be absent.
IV. COD < 150 mg/l is possible only if it is biodegradable. If COD is not
biodegradable additional polymer dosing might be required. Dosage of
polymer to be decided during commissioning stage based on actual effluent
characteristics
V. TSS analysis-the test should be carried out with 1Litre of sample as per IS
3025 (Part 17)/ APHA 2540 D
VI. The above treated water quality expectation is based on SUEZ supplying the
equipment as per the scope of supply table described in section 4 below

3.2 Process Description

3.2.1 Pretreatment system:

The Raw influent is passed through the mechanical course screen, followed by an oil
& grease skimmer. Bothe of them are provided to screen particles and debris more
than 6 mm and remove floating oil & grease respectively. The screened influent
comes to the collection tank through a mechanical fine screen of 1 mm which screen
out the particles size more than 1 mm.

Then the equalization feed pumps transferred influent to the equalization tank through
the fine drum screens from the collection sump. The drum screen is capable of
screening particles up to 0.5 mm. This is provided to remove Trash and non-
biodegradable solids, such as hair, lint, grit and plastics which will foul or damage the
membranes if allowed to pass into the membrane chamber.

The Equalization tank is provided with a mixing system to prevent sedimentation of

the particles and to aid in homogenizing the effluent by means of Mixing Blowers.

The Equalized effluent is pumped using Cooling tower feed pump to Cooling tower.
Cooling tower is provided to maintain feed temperature <35 °C.

Sulphuric acid is dosed into baffle mixer after the cooling tower outlet to maintain
feed pH.

Screened & neutralized effluent from cooling tower outlet stream is passed to the
bioreactor.

39
3.2.2 Biological Treatment System:

The plant is designed as activated sludge biological process. The overall objectives of
the treatment system are to:

I. Transform (i.e. oxidize) dissolved and particulate biodegradable constituents

into acceptable end products,
II. Capture and incorporate suspended and non-settleable colloidal solids into
biological mixed liquor
III. Transform or remove nutrients, such as nitrogen in biological process, the
micro-organisms responsible for treatment are maintained in liquid suspension
by mixing. In the biological activated sludge process involves the production
of an activated mass of microorganisms capable of stabilizing a waste under
aerobic conditions. In the aeration tank, contact time is provided for mixing
and aerating influent with microbial suspension, generally, referred to as the
mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) or mixed liquor volatile suspended
solids (MLVSS). Blower is used to provide the mixing and transfer of oxygen
into the process. The mixed liquor then flows to a Membrane tank and filtered
using ZeeWeed 500D membrane.

The thickened biomass from Membrane tank, described as activated sludge because of
the presence of active microorganisms, is returned to aeration tank to continue
biodegradation of the influent organic material; called as RAS. A portion thickened
solid is removed daily or periodically as the process produces excess biomass that
would accumulate along with the nonbiodegradable solids contained in the influent
wastewater.

40
Process Flow Chart

Figure 3.1: Process flow chart of Effluent Treatment Plant.

41
Using the Zee Weed 500D membrane filtration it removes greater than 99% of
suspended solids and produces clean water that can utilized as resource rather than
waste.

The aeration tank is oxygenated using fine air bubble diffused aeration for reduction
of BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen. Dissolved oxygen in the aeration zone is
targeted at 2 mg/L. The mixed liquor from the end of the bioreactor aerobic zone will
overflow to the Membrane tank.

A fine bubble diffused aeration system delivers air from the Process blowers to the
aerobic zone of the Bioreactor tank.

The process aeration blowers provide air for the Bioreactor tanks and ensure that
sufficient oxygen is available to maintain the biological processes in the tanks. The
tanks will be fully aerated and mixed by a fine bubble aeration grid. Dissolved oxygen
will be monitored in aerobic tank to achieve a desired set point of 2 mg/L.

RAS pumps provided to transfer liquid from Membrane tank to Bioreactor tank.

3.2.3 Membrane System:

A “membrane train” is a treatment unit consisting of multiple “cassettes” that are

manifold together, installed in a concrete or steel tank (i.e. membrane tank) and
connected to a common permeate pump.

Within each membrane tank, the cassettes are connected to permeate header and air
supply header(s). The permeate header conveys permeate from the cassettes to the
permeate pump suction and also delivers cleaning solutions to the membranes. The air
headers deliver air to cassette aerators for air scouring to prevent solids accumulation
on the membrane surface.

The membrane cassettes in a tank are connected to a permeate header, which in turn is
connected to the suction of a Permeate/Back pulse Pump. This set of cassettes, the
piping, and the pump is referred to as a membrane train. The vacuum generated by the
Permeate Pump draws permeates from the outside in through the membrane fibers.
All Permeate/Back pulse pumps discharge into a common permeate collection header.

42
The plant is operated with a repeating filtration cycle. It consists of two phases:
permeation (drawing) of water through the membranes followed by a short period of
reverse flow (back pulsing) or relaxation (no flow).

After extended standby periods or when a train is first placed into automatic control,
an automated valve which connects the top of the membrane train permeate header to
an ejector and an automated valve which connects the ejector to the Air Compressor
opens. The compressed air drives the ejector to create a vacuum that draws air out of
the train, pulling water through the membranes until water in the header hits a level
switch. This indicates that both valves can be closed to ensure the system is primed
and can be placed in operation.

After extended standby periods or when a train is first placed into automatic control,
an automated valve which connects the top of the membrane train permeate header to
an ejector and an automated valve which connects the ejector to the Air Compressor
opens. The compressed air drives the ejector to create a vacuum that draws air out of
the train, pulling water through the membranes until water in the header hits a level
switch. This indicates that both valves can be closed to ensure the system is primed
and can be placed in operation. To simplify system control the ejector configuration
consists of one unit per train and is controlled by PLC.

For the membrane filtration systems, the same pump will be used for permeate and
back pulse with necessary valve arrangement.

Permeate/Back pulse Pumps are used for transferring permeate from MBR to
permeate tank and same pump will be used for Backpulsing of MBR.

Under normal operation and average day flow conditions, permeation is stopped for a
specific period of time at regular intervals. This membrane relaxation period,
combined with air scouring, effectively removes solids that have accumulated on the
membrane surface or within the fibers and reduces electrical costs.

Same permeate pump is provided for backpulsing the membranes. Under increased
flow or adverse sludge conditions. In this instance, the Backpulse pump will reverse
the flow of permeate through the membrane fibers to dislodge solids that have
accumulated on the membrane surface or within the fibers.

43
The Back pulse tank is provided to store MBR permeate water from Trains. MBR
permeate receives overflow water from Back pulse tank and it is used to store MBR
permeate water from Train

Whenever a membrane train is in production, membrane aeration blowers will

produce the air scour required to remove solids from the membrane surface and
maintain membrane permeability. A specially designed and highly efficient aeration
system will be used to scour the outside surface of the membrane and move mixed
liquor solids away from the membrane fibres. This will be accomplished by a GE
patented LEAP aeration system that uses a factory installed aeration grid, which is
integrated into the base of each Zee Weed 500d cassette. The integration of diffusers
within the cassette simplifies the installation of diffusers and enhances the operation
of the membrane unit.

3.2.4 Cleaning and Maintenance Procedures:

As the feed is drawn through the membranes during filtration, solids are removed
which accumulate on the membrane surface. As the solids accumulate, they restrict
the flow through the membranes and eventually membrane cleaning is required in
order to maintain the filtered water flow rate.

Membrane cleaning is absolutely critical to ensure sustainable operation over the life
of the plant regardless of membrane type. GE’s MBR system is designed with the
most comprehensive cleaning toolbox, which represents the culmination of years of
experience in long-term MBR operation for uncompromised performance over the life
of the membranes.

Features include the following:

 Membrane Air Scouring

 Relax mode
 Back pulse mode
 Maintenance cleaning
 Recovery cleaning

44
3.2.4.1. Membrane Scouring by Aeration:

A new ZW-MBR membrane aeration technology has been developed that significantly
reduces the air scour energy for ZW-MBR and simplifies the membrane aeration
system, resulting in system cost savings.

Figure Membrane Scouring by

3.2: Aeration

The new LEAP MBR technology works by introducing air into chambers below the
membrane module via a diffuser. When sufficient air volume has built up to overcome
the static head above it, the air releases through a second multi-stage coarse-bubble
diffuser that generates large wavy-skirt mushroom-cap bubbles.

These large bubbles have a fast rising velocity and create wakes that are more
effective at removing solids accumulating on the membrane surface than the smaller
bubbles produced by cyclic/sequential aeration used in previous generations of ZW-
MBR.

45
3.2.4.2 Relaxation mode

Relaxation mode combined with air scouring is the routine cleaning mode during
normal production. The combined stoppage of permeation and air scouring effectively
removes solids that have accumulated on the membrane surface or within the fibers
and reduces electrical costs

Figure 3.3: Process flow Schematic- Relaxation mode.

While operating in relaxation mode, permeation for each train is stopped sequentially
for a short period of time (30-60 sec) every 10-12 minutes to allow air scouring of the
membranes without permeation. No chemical or permeate is used during relaxation
mode. This is the normal operating mode of Zee Weed® MBR systems.

46
3.2.4.3 Back-pulse mode or Backwash

Back pulsing is a cleaning tool which allows for reliable system performance during
unexpected influent or process operating scenarios. Back pulsing involves reversing
the flow through the membranes to dislodge any particles that may have adhered to
the membrane surface.

Figure 3.4: ZeeWeed® Backpulse.

ZeeWeed uses clean filtrate to backwash itself. A reverse flow from the CIP tank is fed to the inside of the membrane fibers cleaning from
the inside out Cleaning chemicals are optional and not always necessary.
Process Tank Water

Backwash Cleaning
(Reverse Flow with Filtrate)

Clean-In-PlaceTank
(Filtrate from membrane)

X-section

ZeeWeed Base Diffuser

Back pulsing is particularly critical for efficient membrane cleanings. Without back
pulse, deep chemical cleaning of membrane pores is impossible for any type of
membrane and can run the risk of membranes becoming deeply and irreversibly
fouled with organic matter.

47
3.2.4.4 Maintenance Clean:

Over time, the membranes can experience fouling caused by accumulation of organic
matter or crystallized salts within the membrane fiber pores. Cleaning of the
membranes in this circumstance to restore the permeability requires use of a Clean-In-
Place system.

Clean-In-Place (CIP) membrane cleaning is a standard operational procedure for most

membrane systems including the Zee Weed® system.

Maintenance clean is a regularly scheduled, that involves an extended back pulse

combined with low concentration of chemical addition. Maintenance cleans are
intended to maintain membrane permeability and extend the time between recovery
cleans.

The ZeeWeed® membrane filtration system includes the capability to perform

maintenance cleans using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and citric acid to target
organic and inorganic foulants respectively.

Maintenance clean consists of a series of short back pulses with chemical solution,
followed by a back pulse with only permeate to flush the headers and membranes.

Figure 3.5: Typical maintenance clean sequence.

48
3.2.4.5 Recovery Clean:

Recovery cleaning is required to restore the permeability of the membrane once the
membrane becomes fouled. The recovery cleaning procedure consists of a chemical
back pulse sequence, followed by a chemical soak period.

Recovery cleaning restores

permeability after
membranes have been
fouled. A train is taken off-
line for 6 to 12hours

Figure 3.6: Typical recovery clean sequence

3.2.5 Sludge Handling System

Aeration tank waste activated sludge (WAS) is taken to the sludge sump. Then the
sludge is fed to the dewatering system.

3.2.6 Chemical Dosing System:

Sulphuric acid Dosing System

The Sulphuric acid Dosing system is used to dose Sulphuric acid in equalized effluent
to maintain feed pH.

Nutrient Dosing System

The nutrient Dosing system is used to dose nutrient to Bioreactor tank to provide
nutrient to microorganism
49
Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing System

The Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing system is used during membrane cleaning

applications to remove organic fouling from the membrane surface. It is dosed at
Permeate/Backpulse pump discharge line.

Citric Acid Dosing System

The Citric Acid Dosing system is used during membrane cleaning applications to
remove inorganic scaling from the membrane surface. It is dosed at
Permeate/Backpulse pump discharge line.

Decolourent Dosing System

The Decolourent Dosing system is used to dose decolourent chemical in MBR inlet to
enhance the color removal in the MBR system.

Flocculant (Polymer) Dosing System

The flocculant Dosing system is used to dose flocculant chemical to MBR outlet to
enhance the color removal in the system.

Antifoam Dosing System

The Antifoam Dosing system is used to dose antifoam chemical to MBR inlet to avoid
foam in the system.

50
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results:

The major problem associated with the dyeing industries is the disposal of liquid
waste. To obtain laboratory data, effluent water sample was collected from the inlet
drain and outlet drain of a dyeing industry. All possible efforts were made to minimize
the time lag between collection and analysis so that no significant change may occur
in the quality of the samples. The laboratory tests and test details are given below:

Table 4.1: Test results at 21.05.2023

TDS TSS BOD Conductivit DO Turbudit COD

sampling P TEMP. y y
location H (mg/ °C (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ (mg/
l) l) l) (µS/cm) l) (NTU) l)
9.
ETP inlet 6 2260 42 240 421 4250 0 0 726
0
7.
ETPoutlet 2020 34 1.8 27 3840 6 0.48 40
6

Table 4.2: Test results at 28.05.2023

TDS TSS Conductivit DO Turbudit

sampling P TEMP. BOD COD
y y
location H (mg/ °C (mg/ (mg/
(mg/l) (mg/l)
l) l) (µS/cm) l) (NTU)
8.
ETP inlet 1790 45 790 325 3360 0 - 680
90
ETPoutlet 8 1830 31 0.6 14 3330 6 0.17 38

51
 Table 4.3: Test results at 04.06.2023

Conductivit DO
sampling P TDS TEMP. TSS BOD Turbudity COD
y
location H (mg/
(mg/l) (°C) (mg/l) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l)
(µS/cm) l)
9.
ETP inlet 4 2980 46 590 215 5620 0 - 895
4
ETPoutle 7.
1950 34 0.8 14 3950 7 0.17 47
t 7

Table 4.4: standard values of different parameters for ETP outlet.

TDS TEMP. TSS BOD Conductivity DO Turbudity COD
organizations PH
(mg/l) (°C) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µS/cm) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l)
BSR
standard for
≤2100 <37 ≤30 ≤30 ≤4200 4.5-8 - ≤200
ETP outlet
water
≤35 ≤50 ≤30 ≤150
ZDHC 6.0-
wastewater 9.0 - ≤30 ≤15 ≤15 - - - ≤80
guideline
≤25 ≤5 ≤5 ≤40
Bangladesh
standard- ≤2100 30-35 ≤100 ≤30 - - - ≤200
ECR 2023

52
4.1.1 BOD TEST:
A high BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) indicates the presence of a large number
of microorganisms which indicates a high level of pollution in wastewater. Inlet and
outlet effluent have been tested.

Table4.5: inlet outlet BOD of 3

weeks
BSR standard BOD(mg/l) for
Date BOD(mg/l)(inlet) BOD(mg/l)(outlet)
ETP Outlet water
21.05.2023 421 27
28.05.2023 325 14 ≤30
04.06.2023 215 14

53
 Inlet outlet graph of BOD
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
21.05.2023 28.05.2023 04.06.2023

BOD(mg/l)(inlet) BOD(mg/l)(outlet)

Figure 4.1: Inlet outlet graph of BOD

A inlet oulet graph is depicted above according to the data tested and here we can see
that the outlet BOD is in the standard level. Here y axis shows the BOD value and x
axis shows the dates.

4.1.2 COD TEST:

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of water is a measure of the amount of oxygen
that is consumed by reactions with chemicals in the water. Generally, a COD test is
used to measure the amount of organic pollutants in a water body as an indicator of
water quality. The COD Test result given below

Table Inlet outlet COD of 3 weeks

4.6 :

BSR standard COD(mg/l) for

Date COD(mg/l)(inlet) COD(mg/l)(outlet)
ETP Outlet water
21.05.2023 726 40.1 ≤200

54
 28.05.2023 680 38.4
04.06.2023 895 47.3

Inlet outlet graph of COD

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
21.05.2023 28.05.2023 04.06.2023

COD(mg/l)(inlet) COD(mg/l)(outlet)

Figure 4.2: Inlet outlet graph of COD

Graph depicted above indicates the inlet outlet value of the effluent and it is shown
that our outlet values are in standard value. Where x axis shows the dates and y axis
shows the COD values.

4.1.3 pH test (raw water & preparing water):

The basis of the pH scale is that it ranges from 1-14. While seven is considered to be a
neutral pH, any readings below seven are acidic. On the other hand, any readings
above seven are considered to be basic or alkaline. A very popular method to measure
H H H +¿¿
p is p level test kit. p is depend upon the H ion.

Table 4.7: Inlet outlet pH of 3

weeks
Date pH(inlet) pH(outlet) BSR standard for ETP Outlet water

55
21.05.2023 9.60 7.6
28.05.2023 8.90 8 6-9
04.06.2023 9.44 7.65

inlet outlet pH of 3 weeks

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
21.05.2023 28.05.2023 04.06.2023
pH(inlet) pH(outlet)

Figure 4.3: Inlet outlet graph of pH

Here the graph shows the inlet and outlet values of pH. Outlet value of the pH is
between the standard level. X axis shows the dates and y axis shows the pH value.

4.1.4 Turbidity (NTU) test:

56
Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of
water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the
water when a light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of
scattered light, the higher the turbidity.

Turbidity(NTU)(outlet)
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-
21.05.2023 28.05.2023 04.06.2023

Table 4.8: Inlet outlet turbidity (NTU) of 3 weeks

Date Turbidity (NTU)(inlet) Turbidity(NTU)(outlet) WHO standard turbidity(NTU)

21.05.2023 0.48
28.05.2023 - 0.17 ≤5
04.06.2023 0.17

Figure 4.4: outlet graph of Turbidity (NTU)

The bar chart above shows the turbidity values of 3 weeks. According to WHO, below
5 NTU is ideal for human consumption. So the values, we have found is in standard
level.

57
4.1.5 TDS test:
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all
inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-
granular (colloidal sol) suspended form

Table 4.9: Inlet outlet TDS of 3

weeks
TDS(mg/l) BSR standard
Date TDS(mg/l)(inlet)
(outlet) TDS(mg/l)
21.05.202
2260 2020
3
28.05.202
1790 1830 ≤2100
3
04.06.202
2980 1950
3

TDS(mg/l) inlet-outlet
3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 2 3

TDS(mg/l)(inlet) TDS(mg/l)(outlet)

Figure 4.5: Inlet outlet graph of TDS(mg/l)

58
here in the bar chart inlet outlet TDS value is depicted according to the tested value.
Where we can see that the outlet value is in the standard level.

4.1.6 TSS test:

Total suspended solids (TSS) are defined as solids in water that can be trapped by a
filter. To measure TSS, the water sample is filtered through a pre-weighed filter. The
residue retained on the filter is dried in an oven at 103–105°C until the weight of the
filter no longer changes.

Table 4.10: Inlet outlet TSS of 3 weeks

Date TSS(mg/l)(input) TSS(mg/l)(output) BSR standard TSS(mg/l)

21.05.2023 240 1.8
28.05.2023 790 0.6 ≤30
04.06.2023 590 0.8

TSS inlet- outlet graph

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3

TSS(mg/l)(input) TSS(mg/l)(output)
59
 Figure 4.6: Inlet outlet graph of TSS(mg/l)

In Figure 4.6 the inlet and outlet values of TSS are depicted from the tabulated value
above. X axis shows the weeks and y axis shows the TSS value. And also we can see
that the outlet values are in the standard range.

4.1.7 Conductivity test:

Conductivity is a measure of the ability of the water to pass an electrical current.

Dissolve salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct electrical current. Conductivity
increases as salinity increases.Its unit is micro siemens per centimeter.

Table 4.11: Inlet outlet conductivity of 3 weeks

conductivity(µS/cm) conductivity(µS/cm) BSR standard

Date
(inlet) (outlet) conductivity(µS/cm)
21.05.20
4250 3840
23
28.05.20
3360 3330 ≤4200
23
04.06.20
5620 3950
23

conductivity chart
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
21.05.2023 60
28.05.2023 04.06.2023

conductivity(µS/cm)(inlet) conductivity(µS/cm)(outlet)
 Figure 4.7: Inlet outlet graph of conductivity.

The inlet outlet conductivity of 3 weeks is depicted above figure from the value we
have found in laboratory which are tabulated in the table. The outlet conductivity
found is in the standard range.

4.1.8 DO test:

Dissolve oxygen (DO) is a measure of quantity of free oxygen molecules in water.

The concentration of DO is an important indicator of the health of an aquatic
ecosystem because oxygen is essential for almost all forms of life. Oxygen is
necessary for respiration and for some chemical reaction. It is a direct indicator of an
aquatic resources ability to support aquatic life. A table of DO of our experiment is
shown below.

inlet outlet graph of DO

8

0
21.05.2023 28.05.2023 04.06.2023

DO(mg/l)(inlet) DO(mg/l)(outlet)
61
Table4.12:Inlet outlet DO of 3
weeks
Date DO(mg/l)(inlet) DO(mg/l)(outlet) BSR standard DO(mg/l)
21.05.2023 0 5.62
28.05.2023 0 5.53 4.5-8
04.06.2023 0 7.07
Figure 4.8: Inlet outlet graph of DO

The above figure shows the inlet and outlet DO of Effluent of 3 weeks and it is seen
that outlet DO of water is between the BSR standard level. The x axis shows the date
or weeks and y axis shows the value of DO.

4.2 Discussion:

The treatment of dyeing factory effluent using membrane separation with chemical
dosing offers numerous benefits and proves to be an effective solution for the dyeing
industry. Through the conducted BOD, COD, pH, TDS, TSS, Color tests etc. it has
been determined that the treated water meets the required standards for environmental
release.

Membrane separation brings several advantages to the treatment process. Firstly, it

ensures high removal efficiency by effectively eliminating contaminants such as
organic dyes, suspended solids, dissolved salts, and other pollutants present in the
effluent. This selective separation allows for the production of high-quality treated
water that meets regulatory standards.

Furthermore, membrane separation with chemical dosing offers a more sustainable

approach compared to traditional treatment methods. It requires minimal chemical
usage, reducing operational costs and minimizing the production of sludge. The
compact footprint of membrane systems makes them well-suited for industries with
limited space, such as dyeing factories.

To further enhance the efficiency of membrane separation, certain measures can be

implemented. Adequate pre-treatment steps, including coagulation, flocculation, and

62
sedimentation, should be employed to remove larger particles, colloids, and heavy
metals. This pre-treatment helps prevent fouling and membrane damage, ultimately
improving the lifespan and performance of the membranes. Optimal chemical dosing,
including the use of coagulants and antiscalants, aids in the agglomeration of colloidal
particles and prevents membrane scaling.

The application of membrane separation with chemical dosing is particularly

advantageous for the dyeing industry. Water reuse is a significant benefit, as the
industry consumes large volumes of water. By implementing membrane separation,
treated water can be recovered and reused, reducing freshwater consumption and
minimizing the environmental impact associated with wastewater discharge. For reuse
the waste water, RO (Reverse Osmosis) process can be used after membrane
separation process. In membrane separation TSS can be maintain less than 5 mg/L
which is suitable for reverse osmosis process.

Moreover, membrane separation ensures compliance with stringent environmental

regulations governing wastewater discharge in the dyeing industry. The production of
treated water that meets or exceeds the required parameters helps the industry meet its
environmental obligations.

Finally, membrane separation provides opportunities for resource recovery. Valuable

components, such as dyes, chemicals, or other by-products, can be extracted from the
dyeing effluent, offering economic benefits to the industry. The treatment of dyeing
factory effluent using membrane separation with chemical dosing proves to be an
effective and sustainable solution. Its benefits include high removal efficiency,
minimal chemical usage, compact design, water reuse potential, compliance with
environmental regulations, and opportunities for resource recovery. By implementing
strategies such as proper pre-treatment, optimal chemical dosing, and fouling control
measures, the efficiency of membrane separation can be further improved. The dyeing
industry can greatly benefit from the implementation of membrane separation as it
provides a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for wastewater treatment.

63
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion:

In conclusion, this thesis aimed to investigate the potential applications of membrane

distillation (MD) technology for wastewater treatment in various industries and assess
the technical performance of single-cassette laboratory-scale and multi-cassette pilot-
scale air gap MD facilities. The objectives were successfully achieved, providing
valuable insights into the feasibility and efficiency of MD for wastewater treatment.

1. Through comprehensive research and analysis, potential applications of MD

technology for treating wastewater in different industries were identified. MD
was found to be a promising solution for industries such as textile, food and
beverage, pharmaceuticals, and others, where the treatment of complex and
high-salinity wastewater is required. The versatility of MD in handling various
feedstocks makes it a suitable choice for these industries.
2. The technical performance of both single-cassette laboratory-scale and multi-
cassette pilot-scale air gap MD facilities was evaluated using different

64
 feedstocks obtained from these industries. The assessments were conducted
under varying operating conditions to understand the system's behavior and
efficiency. The results indicated that MD technology exhibited reliable and
effective performance in terms of contaminant removal, especially for organic
compounds, salts, and other dissolved solids.

The laboratory-scale experiments provided valuable insights into the fundamental

principles and feasibility of MD technology. The results obtained from the pilot-scale
facility further validated the laboratory findings and demonstrated the scalability of
MD for practical applications. The performance evaluations shed light on the optimal
operating conditions, such as temperature, feed flow rate, and membrane
characteristics, necessary to achieve efficient wastewater treatment.

The successful accomplishment of these objectives highlights the potential of MD

technology as an innovative approach for wastewater treatment in various industries.
The findings support the implementation of MD systems for the removal of
contaminants, salts, and other pollutants, particularly in scenarios where high-salinity
wastewater is generated.

Moving forward, further research and development efforts are encouraged to optimize
the MD process and address existing challenges. These efforts should focus on
enhancing membrane durability, improving energy efficiency, and exploring the
potential integration of waste heat sources to maximize system performance and
minimize operational costs.

In conclusion, this thesis has provided significant insights into the applications and
technical performance of membrane distillation for wastewater treatment in different
industries. The results underscore the viability and potential benefits of MD
technology in achieving effective and sustainable wastewater treatment solutions. By
harnessing the advantages of MD and continuing research in this field, industries can
make significant strides towards environmental sustainability and resource
conservation.

5.2 Recommendations:

65
Based on the findings and discussion, the following recommendations are proposed
for the successful implementation of membrane separation with chemical dosing in
dyeing factories:

5.2.1 Further Research:

Continued research and development in membrane technology should be encouraged

to improve the efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness of membrane systems
specifically tailored for the treatment of dyeing factory effluent.

5.2.2 Process Optimization:

Dyeing factories should conduct regular monitoring and analysis of their effluent
characteristics to determine the optimal operating parameters for membrane
separation. This includes optimizing chemical dosing, pre-treatment steps, and fouling
control strategies.

5.2.3 Education and Training:

Training programs should be developed to educate the personnel working in dyeing

factories about the proper operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of membrane
separation systems. This will ensure the efficient and effective use of the technology.

5.2.4 Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing:

Dyeing industries should collaborate with researchers, experts, and regulatory bodies
to exchange knowledge, share best practices, and address any challenges related to the
implementation of membrane separation technologies.

5.2.5 Government Support and Incentives:

Governments can play a significant role in promoting the adoption of membrane

separation technologies by providing incentives, grants, and subsidies to encourage
dyeing factories to invest in sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.

5.2.6 Installing RO plant:

66
It is known that only about three percent of earth’s water is usable. So water should be
protected by reuse it as much as possible. In dyeing industries a large amount of water
is needed. If water can be reused there, it will be beneficial. Installing Reverse plant
after membrane separation process the water can be reused for the industry

By implementing these recommendations, the dyeing industry can effectively utilize

membrane separation with chemical dosing to treat their effluent, minimize
environmental impact, comply with regulations, and promote sustainable practices
within the sector.

Overall, the treatment of dyeing factory effluent using membrane separation with
chemical dosing offers a promising and practical solution for addressing the
environmental concerns of the dyeing industry. Through proper implementation and
continuous improvement, this technology can contribute to a more sustainable and
responsible approach to wastewater treatment in the textile sector.

67
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