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Application Based Questions (Self-Practice) Analyzing, Evaluating & Creating Type Questions (Self-Practice) Chapter Test (Self-Practice) AnswerKey. THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD Chapterata Glance. Assignment (In Class Discussion) Important Diagrams and Figures Assertions and Reasoning Type Questions (Self-Practice) ..... ‘Question Bank Application Based Questions (Self-Practice) Analyzing, Evaluating & Creating Type Questions (Self-Practice) Chapter Test (Solf-Practice) AnswerKey, 16 20 25 26 28 29 32 34 36 37 40 4a 42 58Note——CHAPTER 01 IGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION CHAPTER AT A GLANCE 1 2, 3. 4 5. n 12, 13. 14, 15, 18. 19, 20. a 22, 23, 24, Light travels in a straight line. Light gets reflected when it falls on polished surfaces; like mirror. Light suffers refraction wien it travels from one medium to another. There is a change in the wavelength of light when it moves from one medium into another. The bouncing back of light when it stikes a smooth or polished surface is called reflection of light. Reflection is of two types; Specular or regular and Diffuse or irregular reflection. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Mathematically, we have Zi = Zr The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. The image is unmagnified, vitual and erect. The image has rightleft reversal Focal length of a plane mirror is infinity Power of a plane mirror is zero, If a plane mirror is tured by an angle, the reflected ray turns by 20. The least size of a plane mirror to view an object is equal to half the size of the object. Pole (Vertex): The central point of a mirror is called its pole, Centre of curvature: The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a partis called the centre of curvature. It is denoted by C. Radius of curvatur itis denoted by R. Principal axis: The straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of the mirror is called the principal axis. Principal focus: It is a point on the principal axis at which the rays parallel to the principal axis meet after reflection or seem to come from. For a concave mirror, the focus lies in front of the mieror and for a ‘convex mirror, it lies behind the mirror. In short, a concave mirror has a real focus while a convex mirror has a virtual focus. Focal plane: A plane, drawn perpendicular to the principal axis and passing through the principal focus. Focal length: The distance between the pole and the focus is called the focal length. It is represented by £. The focal length is half the radius of curvature Aperture: The size of the mirror is called its aperture. It is also defined as the effective diameter of the light reflecting area of the mirror Real image: When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, actually meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be real. Real images can be obtained on a screen. Virtual image: When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, appear to meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be virtual, Virtual images can't be obtained on a screen, he radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is called the radius of curvature. ‘The following rays are used while drawing ray diagrams to find the position of an image: ( A ray of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through the focus. ao (ii) A ray of light passing through the focus after reflection becomes parallel to the principal axis. (2) (ii) A ray of light incident on the centre of curvature retraces its path after reflection form the mirror. (3)LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 25. For mirrors, the following results hold: Us ve, if the object is in front of the mirror, (Real object) u is +ve, if the object is behind the mirror. (Virtual object) v is ~ ve, if the image is in front of the mirror. (Real image) v is +ve, if the image is behind the mirror. (Virtual image) Focal length of a concave mitror is taken as ~ ve Focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve 26. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is real, it is also inverted and is on the same side of the mirror as the object. Since both v and u are negative, the magnification is negative, 27. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is virtual, it is also erect and is on the other side of the mirror as the object. In this case, u is - ve and v is +ve , therefore, m is positive. 1 28. The expression for the mirror formula is — 29, Linear magnification is given by the expression size otimage fi __v Size of object hou 30. If m is positive, the image is erect w.rt. the object and if m is negative, the image is inverted wort. the object. 31, The position of the image for various positions of the object for a concave mirror is as shown in the table below. The table also shows the use of the mirror for different positions of the object. S.No.| Position of object Position of image Nature of image Uses 1. [Between the pole and the [Behind the mirror | Virtual, erect and] Shaving mirror, dentist principal focus magnified mirror 2. [Atthe principal focus [At infinity Extremely magnified [In torches, head lights Between focus andthe | Beyond centre of Real, inverted and In flood lights centre of curvature curvature bigger than object 4, [Atthe centre of curvatrue | Atthe centre of cur. [ Real, inverted and] Reflecting mirror for vature ‘equal to the size of the | projector lamps object 5. | Beyond the centre of Between the principal [Real, inverted and curvature focus and centre of | diminished curvature 6. [Atinfinity ‘Atthe principal focus [Real, inverted and|To collect heat or in the focal plane | extremely diminished | radiations in solar in size devicesLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 9 32, 33. 34, 35. 36, 37, 38. 39, 40, $ ‘The position of the image for various positions of the object for a convex mirror is as shown in the table below, The table also shows the use of the mirror for different positions of the object. ‘S.No. | __ Position of object Position of image Nature of image Uses 1. [Atinfinity ‘Appears at the principal | Virtual, erect and] Used as a rear view focus extremely diminished | mirror 2. [Between infinity and the | Appears between the| Virtual, erect and] Used as a rear view pole principal focus and the | diminished mirror pole The bending of light when it travels from one medium into another is called refraction of light. __speed of light in vacuum __¢ ~ Speed oflightin the medium — v AAs light travels from one medium to another, the frequency of light does not change. Light refracts because it has different speeds in different media, ‘The refraction of light obeys the following two laws: ( The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (i) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant. This constant is called the index of refraction or refractive index. Mathematically, >= 7 1 Sa where isthe ttractive index of the medium 2, in which the reacted ray travels, with respect to medium 1, in which the incident ray waves, Tis law is credited to Willebrord Snell and fs, thetfor, called a Sol’ Taw ifn, isthe tfracive index of glass wrt. water, ,n,be the refacive index of glass wit. air and ,n, be the refractive index of water watt at then ‘The most familiar and widely used optical device is the lens. A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces, The simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can neglect the distance bebween them, Such a lens is called a thin lens, The two common types of lenses are Converging lens or Convex lens, Diverging lens or Concave lens. It should be noted that, if the above lenses are surrounded by a material with a refractive index greater than that of the lens, the convex lens gets converted into a concave lens and vice-versa. ‘Any lens that is thicker at its centre than at its edges is a converging lens with positive f, and any lens that is thicker at its edges than at the centre is a diverging lens with negative £ Optical centre: The central point C in the lens is called the optical centre. If a ray is incident towards the optical centre, it passes undeviated through the lens (See fig.). Principal10 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION & 41. Principal axis: Since the lens contains two spherical surfaces, therefore, it has two centres of curvatures. The line joining these centres and passing through the optical centre is called principal axis. 42. Apertur 43, Focus and Focal Length: If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens is incident ‘on it, the rays converge or meet at a point on the principal axis, This point F is called the focus The distance CF is called the focal length (See fig.). If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis is incident ‘on a concave lens, the beam of light diverges. If these diverged rays are produced backward, they meet at a point F on the principal axis (See above fig). The transmitted rays appear to come from this point. This point F is called the focus and distance CF is called the focal length. he effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place is called the aperture, 44, For drawing the ray diagrams, we note the following (See fig) ‘converging lenses verging lenses @ 6 g E Pe - ? ¥ 6 o (0 Al rays parallel to the principal axis after refrac from it fon pass through the principal focus or seem to come (iA ray of light passing through the focus after refraction becomes parallel to the principal axis. (iil) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the lens after refraction passes undeviated. 45. A convex and a concave lens can be supposed to be made-up of prisms 46, Image formation by a concave lens. ‘S.No. | __ Position of object Position of image Nature of image Uses 1. [At infinity ‘Appears at the principal | Virtual, erect and] Spectacles for short focus on the same side as | extremely diminished | sightedness that of the object, 2. [Between infinity and the| Appears between the] Virtual, erect and] Spectacles for short lens principal focus and the | diminished sightedness lens 47. Image formation by a convex lens S.No. | __ Position of object Position of image Nature of image Uses 1. [Atinfinity ‘Atthe principal focus or| Real, inverted and| Telescopes in the focal plane extremely diminished 2. | Beyond 2F Between Fand2F Real, inverted and|in a camera, In eye diminished while reading 3. [AtaF AtaF Real, inverted and | Photocopier equal to the size of the object 4, | Between F and 2F Beyond 2F Real, inverted and| Projector, microscope bigger than object _ | objectiveLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION de 1 5. [Atthe principal focus [Atinfinity Real, inverted and Spotlights extremely magnified 6. | Between the optical centve | On the same sideasthat | Virtual, erect and] Magnifying glass, eye and the principal focus | of object magnified lenses spectacles for short sightedness 48, New Cartesian sign conventions (@ All distances, object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length () are measured from the optical centre (i The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are taken as positive and distances measured against the direction of incident ray are taken as negative, (i) All distances (heights) of objects and images above principal axis are taken as positive and those below the principal axis are taken as negative. 49, For the two lenses, the sign conventions take the form: (0 u is ~ ve, if the object is in front of the lens. (Real object) (i wis +¥e, if the object is virtual Ui) v is ~ ve, if the image is on the same side as that of the object. (Virtual image) (iv) vis Ve, if the image is real. () Focal length of a concave lens is taken as ~ ve. (v) Focal length of a convex lens is taken as +-ve 141 50. Lens formula for convex lens vuf 51. The linear magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of the image (h’) to the size of the object th. It is represented by m i.e, sizeof theimage (PQ) _ size of the object PQ) h 52. If the magnification of a lens is negative, then the image formed is inverted and real 53, If the magnification of a lens is positive, then the image formed is erect and virtual. 54, Power is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length, Power is measured in dioptre. mee mettle tase a12 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION RSTn Rhone nt een) Q.1. If the distance of a person from a plane mirror is 3 m, Distance of his image from the plane mirror is Optio: @ 5m 3m (@ 10m (9 5m (0.2. Angle of incidence during a reflection from a plane mirror is 25°. The angle between reflected ray and incidence ray is: Options: @ 2 was (0) 50° @ 6° Q.3. Which of the following is not a statement of laws of reflection? Optio: (@) Angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection. (©) A ray of light changes its direction as it falls on a reflecting surface. (9 Incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal drawn at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. (a) None of the above. What is the advantage of using standard incident rays in ray diagrams over, random incident rays? Consider an object kept on the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, which two standard incident rays will you use to find its image? 2.6. Consider an object kept behind the centre of curvature in front of the concave mirror, by using which two standard incident rays will we get the correct image? 7. How is a convex mirror different from a concave mirror? (Q8. Distinguish between centre of curvature and pole of a spherical mirror. 2.9, Consider an object kept at a distance of 10 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 5 em. How far will the image be from the mirror? Q.10, What kind of image is formed when an object is placed between the centre of curvature and focus of a concave mirror? Q.11, List the components of a spherical mirror? 0.12, Where should the object be placed in front of a concave mirror so as to get a real, inverted and diminished image of the object? Q.13. Person ‘A’ is standing at a distance of 10 cm from a plane mirror. Another person ‘B’ is standing at a distance of 5 cm from A and at a distance of 15 em from the mirror. Find the distance between person ‘A’ and the image of person B. Q.14. List the properties of image formed by a plane mirror. Q.15. Draw the three standard rays used in the ray diagrams. _Yy > YY ' \ ‘ . 2.16, A concave mirror has a radius of 24 em. If an object is placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, determine the properties of the image. Optio: (2) Real, inverted and enlarged (#) Real, erect and enlarged (©) Virtual, inverted and enlarged (@ Virtual, erect and smallerLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 13 Quy. us, Q19. Q20. Q21 Q.22 23, Q.24. 25, 26. 27. Q.28, Q.29. 30. Q31. 32, $ Under which of the following conditions a concave mirror can form a real image larger than the actual object? Options: (a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its radius of curvature (©) When object is kept at a distance less than its focal length (6) When object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature () When object is kept at a distance greater than its radius of curvature What kind of mirror is used as a shaving mirror? Options : (@ Concave mirror () Convex mirror (0) Plain mirror (@ None of these Explain the characteristics of the image formed when the object is kept at the focus of a concave mirror, How the image moves as the object comes closer to a convex mirror. Consider an object kept at a distance of 10 cm from a mirror of focal length 5 em, How far will the image be from the concave mirror? List uses of spherical mirrors. Explain why convex mirrors are used as car rear side view mirrors. According to sign convention what will be the sign of X in the diagram shown. A light bulb is placed at a distance of 45.7 em from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.2 em. Determine the image distance. ‘An object is placed 15 cm from a diverging mirror that has a focal length of 10 em. Its image distance will be? State sign conventions used in spherical mirrors. Explain the different cases of image formation in case of convex mirrors Where should an object be placed in front of a concave mirror of focal Iength 20 cm so as to obtain a real image two times magnified? ‘An object and the image are shown in the figure. If the object distance is 4 cm and the magnification is 3, what type of mirror is used? t aaa What is the unit of refractive index? Options: (@ m/s @mxs © m/s (@ No unit A ray of light when passes from medium A to medium B bends away from the normal. Which of the two media is an optically rarer medium? Optio: (@) Medium A (®) Medium B (©) Both mediums have same refractive index (@ Not enough information14 233. 34. Qs 36. Q37. 38, 39. 40. aL. Qa, 4s. Qs. 45, 46. a7. 48, LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION + After refraction through a rectangular glass slab, the emergent rays is: Option: (@) perpendicular to the incident ray () parallel to the incident ray (0) perpendicular to the glass slab (d) parallel to the glass slab What is the absolute refractive index of vacuum? ‘What is the relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction according to the laws of refraction? The relative refractive index of glass with respect to water is 1.14, Find the refractive index of water with respect to glass. ‘The relative refractive index of glass with respect to water is 114. How will light bend if it goes from water to glass? Define center of curvature. Define refracted ray. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how a ray of light incident obliquely on one face of a rectangular glass slab of uniform thickness emerges parallel to its original direction, Mention which pairs of angles are equal. Define lens. The lens shown, can refract light in such a way that all the light is concentrated on a single point. The Tens should be. “The refractive index of carbon disulphide is 1.63.” What is the meaning of this statement in relation to speed of light? ‘The speed of light in a transparent medium is 0.6 times that of its speed in vacuum. What is the refraction index of the medium? The absolute refractive indices of two media ‘A’ and 'B’ are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively. If the speed of light in medium ‘B’ is 2 x 10° m/s, calculate the speed of light in: (@) Vacuum (®) medium A. Linear Magnification produced by a convex lens can be: Optio: (a) Less than 1 or more than 1 (®) Less than 1 or equal to 1 (©) Equal to 1 or more than 1 (@) Less than 1, equal to 1 or more than 1 When sunlight is concentrated on a piece of paper by a spherical mirror or lens, then a hole can be burnt in it, For doing this, the paper must be placed at the focus of: Optio: (@) either a convex mirror o convex lens ( either a concave mirror or concave lens (6 either a concave mirror or convex lens (@ either a convex mirror or concave lens A beam of light is incident through the holes on one side of a box and emerges out through the holes ‘on its opposite side as shown in the following figure:LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 15 $ ‘The box contains: Options: (@ a glass prism (®) a concave lens (©) a convex lens (@) a parallel-sided glass slab Q.49.A magnifying lens has a focal length of 100 mm. An object whose size is 16 mm is placed at some distance from the lens so that an image is formed at a distance of 25 cm in front of the lens, (2) What is the distance between the object and the lens? (8) Where should the object be placed if the image is to form at infinity? Q.50. As the object is brought from infinity to focus of a convex lens, what happens to the size of the image? Q51. When the image formed by a convex lens is virtual, what is the object position? 2.52. When an object is placed 10 em in front of lens A, the image is real, inverted, magnified and formed at a great distance. When the same object is placed 10 em in front of lens B, the image formed is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. (@) What is the focal length of lens A? (@) What is the focal length of lens B2 (0) What is the nature of lens A? (@) What is the nature of lens B? When a fork is seen through lenses A and B one by one, it appears as shown in the diagrams, What is the nature of (i) lens A, and (ii) lens B? Give reason for your answer. Q.54. What kind of lens can form: (@) an inverted magnified image? (&) an erect magnified image? (6) an inverted diminished image? (@ an erect diminished image? Q55. Find the value of , if w = 6 em for a concave lens with f = 4m, Q.56. If an object of 7 em height is placed at a distance of 12 em from a convex lens of and of focal length 8 cm, find the position, nature and height of the image Q57. A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed at a distance of 12 em from a wall. How far from the lens should an object be placed so as to form its real image on the wall? ‘An object placed at a distance of 50 em from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the nature and position of the image. (2.59. An object placed 50 cm from a lens produces a virtual image at a distance of 10 em in front of the lens. Draw a diagram to show the formation of the image. Calculate focal length of the lens of magnification produced, Q.60. The magnification produced by a spherical lens is + 0.75. What is the: (@ nature of image? __(B) nature of lens?16 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION + Mie Oe ca wen aca) ‘Apesure o opening Radius ofcunature (@) Concave miror (0) Convex miror Fig 4.1 The technical terms connected with spherical minors. Focal Plane 7 Principal paca fois P “Axis —r| lr +r —-| I-—R. @ CO Fig 1.2 (a) Rays paral! and close tothe optical axis of a concave spherical miror converge atte focal pont, F.(b) Rays parallel othe optical axis ofa convex sperial mir are reflected along pals as though they came from a focal point behind the mirror Fig 1.3 Image formed when objectis at Fig 1.4 Image formation when the abject les Fig 1.8 Image formation when the infty beyond the centre of curvature. object les at he centre of curvature. a Fig 1.6 image formation when objecti¢ placed between F and C. Fig 1.7 Image formation when object as atthe focus,LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Fig 1.10 Image formation by a convex mito, Object on the let rection of & Tnedent at Hot Qistance towards pistance towards upwards Dees orem Geo | BemR eve) E eran ve) x x Height ‘ommuards -) Fig 12 The New Cartesian Sign Convention for spherical miors. Radius of” 7 $ eR het es Image at ‘nvered, nity Real | Real / Vidual ‘nverieg, | verte, | reduced enlarged | ror hired Fig 1.8 Graphical representation ofthe resus show in the table above GLASS BLOCK Fig 1.13 Rftacton of ight as it passes trom ait glass and back into ai, Radius of”. curvature Principal {Princpal axis curvature ‘axe : & e i 7 Optical centre C) Fig 1.14 The optical centre andthe principal axis ofa (a) convex lens (b) concave lens.18 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION V Fig 1.15 Image formation by @ convex ens when the abject is placed Fig 1.16 Image formation by a convex lens when the object place ‘tinny beyond 2F Fig 1.17 Image formation by a conver lens when objectis placed Fig 4.18 Image formation by @ convex when the object i placed at2F, between Fy and 2F;, 8 Fig 1.19 Image formation by a convex lens when the objects placed Fig 1.20 image formation by a convex lens when the object is placed at the focus Fy between F, and optical centre From infinity Fig 1.21 Image formation by a concave lens when the object is placed Fig 1.22 Image formation by a concave lens when the object les ‘atin between infinty and optical centre. Incident ight Direction of ingen Tight (ve) ‘Opposite to dent ve) Fig 1.23 Diagrammatial reLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION ASSERTIONS AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice] Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (@) as given below: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of the assertion. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (0 (A) is true but (R) is false, (@ (A) is false but (R) is true. Q.1. Assertion (A): A convex mirror is used as a driver's mirror. Reason (R): Images formed in a convex mirror are diminished. Q.2. Assertion (A): In going from a denser to a rarer medium, a ray of light bends away from normal. Reason (R): This occurs because light travels faster in a rarer medium than in a denser medium. Q.3. Assertion (A): For total internal reflection, angle of incidence in rarer medium must be greater than critical angle for the pair of media in contact, reason p= <2 where he pmb ave he andar meaning Q4, Assertion (A): When a convex lens of power + 2 D is held in contact with a concave lens of power = 4D, the combination has a focal length of - 0.5 m. Reason (R): P = P, + P, Q5. Assertion (A): Refractive index of a medium decreases with the rise in temperature of the medium. Reason (R): Refractive index of a medium varies directly as the density of medium and density decreases with the rise in temperature. U somes hathnntnnirten nati en tata naaetanacanttiiies20 & LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION QUESTION BANK Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks) Q.1. If the image formed by a spherical mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always erect and diminished. What type of mirror is it? Draw a labelled ray diagram to support your answer. Q.2. The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 4/3 and 3/2 respectively. If the speed of light in slass is 2 « 10° m 5°, calculate the speed of light in () vacuum, (i) water Q3, For driving a car what type of mirror would you prefer to see the traffic at your back? Q4, Define linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror. Also, give its relation. Q5. A concave mirror and a convex lens are held in water. What changes, if any, do you expect in their focal length? Q.6. (@) What happens to a ray of light when it travels from one medium to another having equal refractive indices? (®) State the cause of refraction of light. Q.7. Name the type of lens that can be used as magnifying glass. Give reason(s) and draw a ray diagram to support your answer. Q8. (@) Whatis meant by refraction of light? (®) Ion applying Cartesian sign convention for spherical lenses the image distance obtained is negative, sate the significance of the negative sign. Q.9, What is minimum number of rays required for locating the image formed by a concave mirror for an object? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a virtual image by a concave mirror Q.10, Name the spherical mirror used as: (@) 1.Shaving mirror, 2. Rear view mirror in vehicles, 3. Reflector in search - lights (®) Write any three differences between a real and virtual image. Q.1, For the same angle of incidence in media P, Q and R, the angles of refraction are 45°, 35° and 15° respectively. In which medium will the velocity of light be minimum? Give reason. Q.12, Define absolute refractive index. Absolute refractive indices of medium ‘A’ and medium ‘B’ are ‘n/ and ‘n, respectively, what is the refractive index of medium ‘B’ with respect to medium ‘A’? How does the velocity of light vary with change in the optical density of the media? Q.13. Refractive index of turpentine oil, kerosene and alcohol are 1.47, 1.44 and 1.36 respectively on the basis of this information. Complete the following ray diagram to show path of ray of light through each medium. (Give reason for your answer) erosne @ erosene alcoho! ®LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 21 Que. Qs. Q16. Quy. Qs, Q19. Q20. 21 Q.22, 22. Q24. 2.25, - State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term ‘absolute refractive index of a medium’ and write an expression to relate it with the speed of tight in vacuum, What is meant by power of a lens? Write its SI unit. A student uses a lens of focal length 40 cm and another of -20 em, Write the nature and power of each lens. (@) Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm to obtain a virtual image of double its size. (8) In the above given case, find the magnification, if image formed is real. Express it in terms of relation between ‘v’ and ‘v’. If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object placed in front of itis always erect and diminished, what type of mirror is it? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. Where and why do ‘we generally use this type of mirror? An object of height 5 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is 20 em, determine the position, nature and size of the image formed using the lens formula (@) Define radius of curvature and focal length of a spherical mirror and show it ona figure. (&) Write relation between radius of curvature and focal length of a spherical mirror. Discuss the position and nature of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is moved from infinity towards the pole of the mirror. State the laws of refraction. A ray of light is incident obliquely on a glass slab, Draw a ray diagram showing the path of the light ray. Clearly, mark angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and lateral displacement of the ray. Give a formula to find refractive index of glass slab in terms of angle of incidence and angle of refraction. ‘A student focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen by placing the flame at various distances from a convex lens. He noted his observations: Distance of flame from | Distance of screen from the the lens(cm) ens(em) @ 60 20 ‘ii). 40 24 (iii 30 30 (eo) 24 40 @) 15 70 @ From the above table, find the focal length of lens without using lens formula. (6) Which set of observations is incorrect and why? (0) In which case the size of object and image will be same? Give reason for your answer. (@) Water has refractive index 1.33 and alcohol has refractive index 1.36. Which of the two medium is optically denser? Give reason for your answer. Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a ray of light passing obliquely from water to alcohol. (©) The absolute refractive index of diamond is 2.42 and the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.50. Find the refractive index of diamond with respect to glass. A485 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location of image and magnification. Describe what happens to the image as the needle is moved farther from the mirror.22 2.26. 27. 2.28, Qu Q2 Q3, 4 Qs. Q6. Q7. & LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION (@) State Snell's law of refraction. @) When a ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into a glass slab, it is observed that the light ray emerges parallel tothe incident ray but it is shifted sideways slightly. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate it What is atmospheric refraction? Explain with the help of a labelled diagram that the position of a star as seen by us is not its true position. or When do we consider a student sitting in the class to be myopic? List two causes of this defect. Explain using a ray diagram how this defect of eye can be corrected. A glass prism is able to produce a spectrum when white light passes through it but a rectangular block of same transparent glass does not produce any spectrum, Why? Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) Name two spherical mirrors. Define them. Write any three points of difference between them. (@) Write relation between u,v, for lenses and for mirrors, where u,v, fare object distance, image distance and focal length respectively () The magnification produced by a concave mirror is m = +4, Write the information about the image given by this statement. (0) Draw a ray diagram for the following and show the formation of the images in case of concave mirror ‘when the abject is placed: (i) between the pole and focus point. {i) atthe centre of curvature (@) Define absolute refractive index. (6) The path of alight ray from three different media A, B and C for a given angle of incidence is shown below. Study the diagrams and answer the following questions, (@ Which of the three media A, B or Chas maximum optical density? (ii) Through which of the three media, will the speed of light be maximum? (ii) Will the light travelling from A to B bend towards or away from the normal? (iv) Will the refractive index of B relative to C be more than unity or less than unity? ‘One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a black paper. Can such a lens produce an image of a complete object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. ‘A.4-cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image. An object is situated at 8 em from a convex lens of focal length 10 em, Find the ps image. Draw ray diagram to illustrate the formation of image (not to scale) sition and nature of Draw a labelled ray diagram to locate the image of an object formed by a convex lens of focal length 20 cm when the object is placed 30 cm away from the lens, () Define real image of an object. (i) Name the mirror that:LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 23 Qs Qs. Q.0. on Qn. Qs. $ (@) can give real as well as virtual image of an object. (H) will always give virtual image of same size of an object. (0) will always give virtual and diminished image of an object. (dis used by a doctor in examining teeth, (ii) With the help of a ray diagram explain the use of concave mirror as solar concentrators. (@) A thin converging lens forms a ( Real magnified image. (ii) Virtual magnified image of an object placed in front of it Write the positions of the objects in each case (8) Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the image formation in each case. (0) How will the following be affected on cutting this lens into two halves along the principal axis? () Focal length, (Gi Intensity of the image formed by half lens. (@) Define principal focus of a spherical mirror. (8) For what position of the object does a concave mirror form a real, inverted and diminished image of the object? Draw the ray diagram. (6) An object 4 cm high is placed at a distance of 6 em in front of a concave mirror of focal length 12 em. Find the position of the image formed. (@ Under what condition, a concave mirror produces a virtual and magnified image? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above case. Also, state the position of abject to produce magnified and real image. Gi) A ray of light moving along principal axis is falling on a concave mirror. Draw the path of reflected ray. Also, state the values of angle of incidence and reflection in this case. Which Iens can be used as a magnifying glass? For which position of object does a convex lens form: (@) a virtual and erect image? (8) arealand inverted image of same size as that of object? Draw labelled ray diagrams to show the formation of the required image in each of the above two cases. (i) Describe an activity to find the approximate value of focal length of a concave mirror. (i) What happens to the size of the image of an object when it is moved gradually away from a convex (ii) In an experiment to study refraction through a glass slab, itis observed that a ray of light undergoing, refraction emerges parallel to the direction of incident ray. Why does it happen so? Explain with the help of a diagram. (2) The refractive index of diamttond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement? (8) Redraw the diagram given below in your answer book and complete the path of ray. (©) What is the difference between virtual images produced by concave plane and convex mirrors? (d) What does the negative sign in the value of magnification produced by a mirror indicates about a image?24 & LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Q.14. (a) Draw aray diagram in each of the following cases to show the position and nature of the image formed when object is placed: () between focus and centre of curvature of a concave mirror, (ii) between focus and pole of a concave mirror. (ii) between centre of curvature and infinity for a concave minor. (8) Give mathematical formulae for determining magnification produced by a spherical mirror. What does m= ~1 signify? Identify the mirror that can produce it. Q.15. (a) State laws of refraction. (®) A ray of light enters from a medium A into a slab made-up of a transparent substance B (as shown in the figure). Refractive indices of medium A and B are 2.42 and 1.65 respectively. Complete the path of ray of light tll it emerges out of the slab. Mesum A Le Medium 8 2.16. (a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses: (Optical centre (i) Centres of curvature (ii) Principal axis, (jv) Aperture (0) Principal focus (©) Focal length (®) A converging lens has focal length of 12cm, Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 48 cm on the other side of the lens. Q.17. (a) List four characteristics of the image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed between its optical centre and principal focus. (©) Size of the image of an object by a concave lens of focal length 20 em is observed to be reduced to 1/3 rd of its size. Find the distance of the object from the lens, Q.18. An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm. (i) Use lens formula to find the distance of the image from the lens. (ii) List four characteristics of the image (nature, position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens in this case. (iii) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of part (i. U ener ntti en te neaterLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 25 APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (Self. ractice) Q.1. A girl was playing with a thin beam of light from her laser torch by directing it from different directions fon a convex lens held vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction the beam of light continues to move along the same direction after passing through the lens, State the reason for this observation. (Q.2, Ifa light ray IM is incident on the surface AB as shown, identify the correct emergent ray. NN a x Rn 3] c \ ol s Q3. Name the type of lens that can be used to obtain: () a magnified and virtual image. () a diminished and virtual image of the object. Q4, An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm away from a converging mirror of focal length 20 cm, Discuss the effect on the nature and position of the image if the position of the object changes from 25 cm to 15 em. Justify your answer without using mirror formula, metas attic nat stn bernaenatattt26 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION + ANALYZING, EVALUATING & CREATING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) Q.1. In case of a convex mirror, if the object is moved away from the surface of the mirror, how does the position and size of image change? (2. The angle between an incident ray and the mirror is as shown below. The total angle turned by the ray of light is 70°.What is the value of 6? Q3. A concave mirror and a convex lens are held in water. What changes, if any, do you expect in their focal length? 4. How wil you decide whether a given piace af gas sa convex Tens, concave Tensor a plane gas plate Is it possible for a lens to act as a convergent lens in one medium and a divergent lens in another? ‘The mirror outside the driver side of a vehicle is usually a convex mirror. Printed on such a mirror is usually the warning “Vehicles in this mirror are closer than they appear”. What is the reason for this, warning? Q7. A ray of light XY is incident on a mirror as shown in the figure. The angle of incidence for this ray is the angle between it and the line joining two other points in the figure. Name these two points and show the course of rays after reflection. P @_F 8. A ray of light AB parallel to the principal axis incident a convex lens as shown in figure. Copy the figure (i) Draw the refracted ray and (ji) name the point through which the refracted ray passes the principal Q9. You are given a convex lens of focal length 10 em. Where would you place an object to get a real, inverted and highly enlarged image of the object? Draw a ray diagram, Q.10. The following table gives the values of refractive indices of a few media: S.No. 1 2 3 4 3 Medium Water [Crown glass| Rock salt_| Ruby | Diamond Refractive index] 133, 152 154 171 242LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION de 27 Use this table to give an example of (i) a medium pair so that light speeds up when it goes from one of these media to another. (i) a medium pair so that light slows down when it goes from one of these media to another. QUI. Refractive indices of kerosene, turpentine and water are 1.44, 1.47 and 1.33 respectively. Through which of these media, light travels the fastest? Why? (Q.12. Figure below shows refraction and emergence of a ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab. Copy the diagram and mark the lateral displacement of the incident ray. Name the two factors on which the lateral displacement depends. Q.13, Zaheen uses a convex lens to make sunlight burn a hole in a piece of card. Zaheen changes the lens inthe holder for another lens with twice the power. What will she have to do to focus the sunlight on the card? Lens in hse Hole28 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION CG asimGr been) Time: 1 Hour Maximum Marks: 25, Q.1. Complete the following ray diagram by drawing suitable rays. Q.2. Complete the following ray diagram by drawing suitable rays. Q.3. What is the difference between virtual images produced by concave, plane and convex mirrors? Q44. For driving a car what type of mirror would you prefer to see the traffic at your back and why? Explain why it is preferred over a plane mirror, Q5. An erect image three times the size of the object is formed with a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 em, What is the position of the image? Q6. Copy the figure and show the image formation with the help of rays. Write three characteristic of the image formed. Q.7. Discuss the position and nature of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is moved from infinity towards the pole of the mirror. Q58. Figure below shows an object AB placed on the principal axis of a convex lens placed in air. F, and F, are the two foci of the lens. Copy the diagram, (i) Draw a ray of light starting from B and passing through O. Show the same ray after refraction by the lens. (ii) Draw another ray from B which passes through F, after refraction by the lens, (if) Locate the final image formed. (jo) Is the image real or inverted? 8 Q,9. Find the position, nature and size of the image of an object 3 cm high placed at a distance of 9 em from a concave mirror of focal length 18 em, Q.10, With the help of ray diagrams, show the formation of the images of an object by a concave mirror, When it is placed: () beyond the centre of curvature (i) at the centre of curvature.29 —— CHAPTER 02 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD e CHAPTER AT A GLANCE 1 The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs. It enables us to see the wonderful world and the colours around us. The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3 em ‘Most of the refraction for the light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the comea. The crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus. The human eye has the following parts @ Corea: The transparent spherical membrane covering the front of the eye. Gi tris: The coloured diaphragm between the comea and lens. Git) Pupit: The small hole in the irs Gv) Bye lens: It is a transparent lens made of jelly like material. () Ciliary muscles: These muscles hold the lens in position. (WA Retina: The back surface of the eye. (Wid Blind spot: The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. An image formed at this point is not sent to the brain. (Wild) Aqueous humo Gx) Vitreous humor humour. clear liquid region between the comea and the lens. he space between eye lens and retina is filled with another liquid called vitreous In the eye, the image is formed on the retina by successive refractions at the comea, the aqueous humour, the lens and the vitreous humour. Electrical signals then travel along the optic nerve to the brain to be interpreted, In good light, the yellow spot is most sensitive to detail and the image is automatically formed there. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant objects, by adjusting its facal length, is called the accommodation of the eye or the ability of the ciliary muscles to change the focal length of the eye lens is called accommodation Defects of the Eye: Although the eye is one of the most remarkable organs in the body, it may have several abnormalities, which can oftenbe corrected with eyeglasses, contactlenses, orsurgery. The variousdefecs from whichaneyecan sulferare ( Hypermetropia or long sightedness. (ii) Myopia or short sightedness and (ii) Astigmatism. (iv) Presbyopia. Hypermetropia, hyperopia, or long sightedness: A person suffering from this defect can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly. In this defect, the near point lies farther away than 25 cm. Hypermetropia (far sightedness — the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power, The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age. Hypermetropia is due to the following reasons: () Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or Gi) The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i.e, the focal length of the eye lens increases Myopia or short sightedness or near sightedness: A person suffering from myopia or short sightedness can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see the far away objects clearly. Myopia (short sightedness — the image of distant objects is focussed before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power,30 u 20, 2 22 23 . Least distance of distinct visi & THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD This defect is due to the following reasons: (0 Either the eyeball is longer than normal or Gi The maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature of the comea) of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina. ‘Apperson may also have an eye defect known as astigmatism, in which light from a point-source produces a line image on the retina. A person suffering from this defect cannot see in all directions equally well e., he cannot see the vertical and horizontal lines simultaneously. This condition arises either when the cornea or the crystalline lens or both are not perfectly spherical. Astigmatism can be corrected with lenses having different curvatures in two mutually perpendicular directions i.e, cylindrical lens. When a person suffers from both, the myopia as well as Hypermetropia, his spectacles for correction have bifocal lenses. The upper half is a concave lens for distant vision and lower half is a convex lens for reading. Presbyopia is that defect of human eye, due to which an old person cannot read and write comfortably. That is why Presbyopia is also called old sight To correct Presbyopia, an old person has to use spectacles with a convex lens of suitable focal length, or power as explained already. The cause of Hypermetropia is decrease in length of eyeball or increase in focal length of eye lens. But the cause of Presbyopia is only increase in focal length of eye lens. The eyeball, in Presbyopia, has normal length. Sometimes, eye lens ofa person becomes hazy (or even opaque]. This is called CATARACT. Asa result the vision of the eye decreases, leading sometimes to total loss of vision. The problem is overcome by cataract surgery ic., removal of the eye lens, and its replacement by a lens of suitable focal length. ‘We need two eyes because a human being has a horizontal field of view of about 150° with one eye and of about 180° with two eyes. Thus, two eyes provide us wider horizontal field of view. With one eye, the world looks fat, two dimensional only. With two eyes, the view is three dimensional, ie, dimension of depth is added to our view. As our two eyes are separated by a few centimetres, each eye observes a slightly different image. Our brain combines the two views into one and we get to know how close or far away the things seen are The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without stain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, itis about 25 cm, Persistence of vision of the eye: The image of an object persists on the retina for 1/16 second, even after the removal of the object. The sequence of still pictures taken by a movie camera is projected on a screen at arate of about 24 images or more per second. The successive impressions of images on the screen appear to merge smoothly into one another to give us the feeling of moving images. The large numbers of light sensitive cells contained in the retina of the eye are of two types: rod shaped cells which respond to brightness or intensity of light and cone shaped cells, which respond to colour of light. Thus, cone shaped cells enable us to distinguish between different colours. When a person cannot distinguish between different colours, he is said to be colour blind though his vision may otherwise be normal. Colour blindness is a genetic disorder which occurs by inheritance. So far, there is no cure for colour blindness Far point: The farthest point upto which a short sighted eye can see clearly i called the far point ofthe eye. For a normal eye, the far point is infinity. Near point: The nearest point upto which a long sighted eye can see clearly is called the near point of the eye. Fora normal human eye, of an adult, the near point is about 25 cm from the eye. : The minimum distance upto which an eye can see clearly is called the least distance of distinct vision; itis normally denoted by D. The least distance of distinct vision is equal to the distance between the eye and its near point. For a normal human eye, this distance is around 25 em.THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 31 27. 28 29. 30. 31 32 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. $ ‘The distance between far point and near point of the eye is called range of vision of the eye. ‘When white light passes through a prism, the violet light bends most and the red light bends the least. Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting of white ight into its constituent seven colours on passing through a glass prism. The band of seven colours so obtained is called visible spectrum, The seven colours of white light are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. It is remembered by the acronym VIBGYOR. Isaac Newton was the fitst to use a prism to obtain a spectrum of sunlight. Spectrum is the band of distinct colours we obtain when white light is split by a prism. Cause of dispersion: Every colour has its own characteristic wavelengthifrequency. Different colours move with same speed in airivacuurn, But their speeds in refracting media like glass are different. Therefore, refractive index of the medium for different colours is different. As a result, different colours undergo different deviations on passing through the prism. Hence, different colours emerge from the prism along different directions. ‘The speed of light in vacuum is same for all wavelengths, but the speed in a material substance is different for different wavelengths. In any medium other than ain/vacuum red light travels the fastest and violet light travels the slowest. ‘The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiation may be defined as that part of the spectrum that the human eye can detect. Light is produced by the rearrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules. The various wavelengths of visible light are classified with colours ranging from violet (= 4 x 107 m) to red .=7 x 10°7m), Theeye’s sensitivity isa function of wavelength, thesenstivity beingamaximumatawavelength of about 4. = 5.6 x 107 m (yellow: green) When we pass white light through two identical prisms held side by side with their refracting edges in opposite directions; the first prism disperses white light into seven colours and the second prism recombines the seven colours into white light. Thus, light emerging from 2nd prism is white, A rainbow is formed due to dispersion of light by tiny droplets of water which act as prisms. Atmospheric refraction is the cause of twinkling of stars, advance sunrise and delayed sunset. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset. \nssena ornate naptime tiertnnamedttite32 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD RSTn Rhone nt een) Q.1. Label the part of the human eye, Optio: (@) Lens (#) Ciliary muscles (9 Iris () Pupil Q2. Which part is responsible for sending the information collected by the eye to the brain? Options: (@) Iris (@ Comea (©) Retina (@ Optic nerve Q3. Which part of the eye is responsible for protecting the retina from over exposure to light? Optio: (@ Iris (© Optic nerve (© Lens (9 Comea Q4, Describe the causes and the correction for far sightedness. Also, mention its scientific name. Q5. Draw a ray diagram to represent myopia. Q6. Describe the effects, causes and the correction for presbyopia. Q.7. Write the function of each of the following parts of the human eye: (@) Corea (Iris (©) Crystalline lens () Ciliary muscles Q8. State the cause of dispersion of white light by a glass prism. How did Newton, using two identical glass prisms, show that white light is made of seven colours? Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a narrow beam of white light, through a combination of two identical prisms arranged together in inverted position with respect to each other, when it is allowed to fall obliquely on one of the faces of the first prism of the combination. Q9. A student needs spectacles of power - 0.5 D for the correction of his vision. () Name the defect in vision the student is suffering, from. (ii) Find the nature and focal length of the corrective lens, (ii) List two causes of this defect. Q.10. Why does the eye lens not have to do all the work of converging incoming light rays? QUT. Ina certain murder investigation, it was important to discover whether the victim was long sighted oF short sighted. How could a detective decide by examining his spectacles? Q.12, The picture given below here shows a person wearing half moon spectacles. What sort of eye defect do you think he has? Why are these particular spectacles useful to him?THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 33 Qs. Qu4. Q16. Quy. Qs, aus, 220. oat a2. 23. 024 25. 226. Q27. 28, 2.29. 30. $ ‘A short sighted person has a near point of 15 cm and a far point of 40 cm. (2) Can he see clearly an object a distance of: 1.5 em? 2. 25 cm? 3, 50 cm? () To sce clearly an object at infinity, what kind of spectacle lenses does he need? ‘A person can read a book clearly only if he holds it at an arm’s length from him, Name the defect of (@) if the person is an old man. () if the person is a young man. Nocturnal animals tend to have wide pupils and a lot of rods in their retinas. Suggest reason for this. When a rainbow is formed, causes dispersion of light. Optio: (@) Clouds () Raindrops (0 Prism (@ Glass slab Consider a ray travelling from water to air. The critical angle for water and air is 48.6°, Select the angle of incidence from the following, for which the refracted ray will pass through to air Options: (a) 35° 40" (0 45° (@ All of these The time equivalent of the distance between the Sun’s apparent and real positions is: Options: (@) 2 minutes () 3 minutes (0) 4 minutes ( 5 minutes What is the Tyndall effect? Explain why stars twinkle? Draw a ray diagram to show the apparent position of stars is higher than the real position, Describe the formation of a rainbow Why does the sun look orange at sunset but white at noon? What is meant by scattering of light? List four phenomena occurring in nature which are explained on the basis of scattering of light. What is meant by scattering of light? Use this phenomenon to explain why the clear sky appears blue or the sun appears reddish at sunrise, What is atmospheric refraction? Use this phenomenon to explain the phenomena of twinkling of stars. Write the reason behind the phenomenon of advanced sunrise and delayed sunset. Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning? Will this phenomenon be observed by an astronaut on the moon? Give reason to justify your answer, What would happen if the earth had no atmosphere? What are the conditions under which the phenomena of tolal internal reflection takes place?34 & THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD Mian ca ceu an as) ciliary muscle sclerotic aqueous humour (watery que) TN seus humour (ly) Fig 2.1 The structure ofthe eye Fig 2.3 A Corrected hypermetropic eye, Fig 2.7 Tracing the course of rays through a prism. Fig 24 A myopic eye xlig AN Fig 2.6 A person suffering from astigmatism wil ‘be able to ony of lines in ths dlagram clea, \ Seroan Wah Hole White grt made to ass ewough a Sit Fig 2.8 Newton's prism experiment.THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 35 tart caass pasm_\, Fig 2.9 White light depersed by a prem into the visible spectrum ‘wal postion ofthe sun ‘mosphere Fig 2.13 Apparent poston of sun during sunrise ‘and sunset. Fig 2.10 Recombination of white ight using two prisms, oa Sar Peaton efractvelndox Ineroasing Fig 2.12 Apparent postion of star due to ‘amospheri retraction, Sear =O Fig 2.14 Redelsh colour of sun during sunrise and sunset Fig 2:18 Tyndall scattering36 & ‘THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD ASSERTIONS AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self. Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (¢) and (@) as given below: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of the assertion. () Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (0) (A) is true but (R) is false. (@) (A) is false but (R) is true, (Qu. Assertion (A): The stars twinkle while the planets do not. Reason (R): The stars are much bigger in size than the planets. re Q2. Assertion (A): Owls can see clearly during night Reason (R): They have large number of rods on their retina. Q3. Assertion (A): Ina movie, ordinarily 24 frames are projected per second from one end to the other of the complete film. Reason (R): The image formed on the retina of eye is sustained upto 3 of a second after the removal of stimulus. Q4. Assertion (A): The colour of the sky is blue due to scattering of light. Reason (R): Blue colour has shortest wavelength in visible spectrum and hence it is scattered the most. QS. Assertion (A): Sun appears red during sunrise and sunset. Reason (R): Scattering of light is directly proportional to the wavelength ete sat athenaTHE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 37 Qu. Q2 Q3, Qu. Que. Q19. 220. Qu. QUESTION BANK Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks) Mention the factor on which scattering of light depends. Why does the sky appear dark in space? How can change of size of eyeball be one of the reason for: (@) Myopic (0) Hypermetropic eye? ‘Compare the size of eyeball with that of a normal eye in each case. How does this change of size affect the position of image in each case? Sushil went to an eye specialist for check up. He prescribed him to use spectacle lens of + 0.5D power (@) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from. (®) Find the focal length of spectacle lens. What are hypermetropia and myopia? What are their causes? How are they rectified? Explain the following terms connected with the eye: () Ciliary muscles (ii) Accommodation (ii) Blind spot. What is meant by persistence of vision? Describe an experiment to discuss the recombination of dispersed light. Explain why do stars twinkle and planets do not? What is Tyndall effect? Why is the colour of the sky blue? . (@) What will be colour of the sky in the absence of atmosphere? (@) Why are the traffic light signals (or danger signals) of red colour? Why does the sky appear dark and black to an astronaut instead of blue? Explain why, when the sun is overhead at noon, it appears white? . (a) How does the sky appear from the surface of the moon? (&) What is the cause of blue colour of the ocean? - (a) State two main causes of a person developing near sightedness. How can this defect be corrected? (&) What is ‘astigmatism’ and how is this vision defect corrected? A 14 year old student is not able to see clearly the questions written on the blackboard placed at a distance of 5 m from him, (2) Name the defect of vision he is suffering from (©) With the help of labelled ray diagrams show how this defect can be corrected. (0) Name the type of lens used to correct this defect Why does the clear sky appear blue? How would the sky appear in the absence of earth’s atmosphere? Why do we observe difference in colours of the sun during sunrise, sunset and noon? List two causes leading to myopia of the eye. Draw ray diagrams to show the image formation in case of defective eye and corrected eye. () What is the least distance of distant vision for the normal eye? (i) Does the above distance increase or decrease for long sighted eye? Give reason for your answer with diagram. Explain how a normal human eye is able to see distinctly the object placed at a distance as well as those placed at a nearer distance, What is the far point and near point of a normal human eye?38 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD + 22. (@) Explain how anormal human eye is able to see distinctly the object placed ata distance as well as those placed at a nearer distance. (@) What isthe far point and near point of a normal human eye? .28. (a) With the help of a suitable diagram explain why the Sun is visible to us two minutes before the actual sunrise and two minutes after the actual sunset. (6) Name the phenomenon responsible for apparent flattening of the Sun’s dise at sunrise and sunset. 2.24, Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow (i) Identify the defect of vision represented by this diagram, (ii) List the two possible causes of this defect. (iii) With the help of ray diagram explain how this defect can be corrected Q.25. A person can see distant sign boards clearly but cannot read clearly a book which is at 25 em from his eye, Giving reason identify the defect. Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate this defect and its correction, 2.26. What is meant by scattering of light? Use this phenomenon to explain why the clear sky appears blue or the sun appears reddish at sunrise. 2.27. With the help of scattering of light, explain the reason for the difference in colours of the Sun as it appears during sunrise/sunset and noon. 2.28. (i) What is meant by dispersion of white light? Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a glass prism. (i Light of two colours A and B pass through a prism. A deviates more than B from its path of incidence. Which colour has a higher speed in the prism? (Q.29, State the cause of dispersion, when white light enters a glass prism. Explain with a diagram. 230. () Calculate maximum power of accommodation of a person having normal vision. (i) A person needs to use glasses for reading newspaper. Identify the defect in her vision and the type of Tens she would need to correct it (i) Sometimes when we enter into a dark room from bright sunlight we are unable to see objects clearly. Why? Q31. (a) Explain the phenomenon of scattering of light. State the factor on which colour of scattered light depends, (List any two natural phenomenon based on scattering of light. Q.32. List two causes of presbyopia. Draw labelled diagram of a lens used for the correction of this defect of 2.33. Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the curvature of the eye lens which, enables us to see the nearby objects clearly Q.34. What is a rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to show the formation of a rainbow. Write the structure of eye lens and state the role of ciliary muscles in the human eye. Q.36, What happens to the image distance in the normal human eye when we decrease the distance of an object, say 10 m to 1m? Justify your answer,THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD 39 Qu. 22 Q3, 4 Qs Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) (@) A student is unable to see clearly the words written on the black board placed at a distance of approximately 3 m from him. Name the defect of vision the boy is suffering from. State the possible ‘causes of this defect and explain the method of correcting it, (8) Why do stars twinkle? Explain, Account for the following (2) Part of the human eye that helps in changing the focal length of the eye lens. (6) The condition resulting due to the eye lens becoming cloudy. (6) The factors on which colour of the scattered white light depends. (d) The range of vision of a normal eye. {¢) The sky appears dark to the astronauts in the space. (@) Ifa person wears lens of power - 6D for distant vision and for correcting his near vision he needs a lens of +2D, Determine the focal length of the lenses in both the case. (8) Give reason for the following natural phenomenon: (9 Stars twinkle (i) Planets do not twinkle (ii) Stars appear raised in the sky. (2) State the reasons which lead to hypermetropia. With the help of suitable diagram, explain this defect of vision and its correction, (8) Draw diagram of an experimental arrangement for observing scattering of light in colloidal solution. Name the two chemicals used in this activity (@) How does refraction take place in the atmosphere? Why do stars twinkle but not the planets? (6) State any two effects of atmospheric refraction on the sun as observed from the earth, (@) State two main causes of a person developing near sightedness, With the help ofa ray diagram, suggest how he can be helped to overcome this disability? (8) The far point of a myopic person is 150 cm in front of the eye. Calculate the focal length and power of a lens required to enable him to see distant objects clearly A person cannot see the objects distinctly, when placed at a distance less than 50 cm. (@) Identify the defect of vision (8) Give two reasons for this defect. (©) Calculate the power and nature of the lens he should be using to see clearly the object placed ata distance of 25 om from his eyes, (@ Draw the ray diagrams for the defective and the corrected eye. (@) Explain why colour of clear sky appears blue during the day with the help of diagram. (6) Explain why Sun looks reddish at the time of sun rise and sun set.40 & THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (Self. ractice) QL. A person is able to see objects clearly only when these are lying at distances between 50 cm and 300 em from his eye. Identify the kind of defects of vision he is suffering from. Give reason for your answer. 22. (i) Write the range of distance for a person having normal vision. (ii) A person needs to use glasses for reading newspaper. Identify the defect in his vision and the type of Tens he would need to correct it. (iii) Sometimes when we enter into a dark room from bright sunlight we are unable to see objects clearly. Why? Q3. A beam of white light falling on a glass prism gets split up into seven colours marked 1 to 7 as shown in the diagram: (@) The colour at position marked 3 and 5 are similar to the colour of the sky and the colour of gold metal respectively. Is the above statement made by the student correct or incorrect? Justify. (8) Which of the above shown positions corresponds approximately to the colour of: () abrinjal (i danger signal (ii) neel which is applied to clothes (io) orange?THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD Qu. 22 Q3, 4 41 ANALYZING, EVALUATING & CREATING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) A student cannot read properly from the blackboard while sitting on the front desk in a classroom of a big size. He however, can read clearly while sitting on the last desk of the classroom, (@) Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of image of the blackboard writing by his eye lens when he is seated at the (i) front desk, (i) last desk. (8) Name the defect of the eye from which the student is suffering. (6) Name the type of lens that would enable him to see the blackboard writing clearly, when seated on the front desk. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him to see clearly. ‘A student finds the writing on the blackboard blurred and unclear while sitting on the last desk in a classroom. He, however, sees it clearly while sitting on the front desk at about 2 m from the blackboard. (@_ Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of image of the blackboard writing by his eye lens when hie is seated at the (i) last desk, (i) front desk (8) Name the defect of the eye from which the student is suffering, (©) Name the kind of lens that would help him to see clearly even when he is seated at the last desk. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate how this lens helps him to sce clearly. When one enters a dim-lit room from bright light, one is unable to see the object in the room for sometime. Explain, why. ‘A glass slab is placed over a page on which the word VIBGYOR is printed with each letter in its corresponding colour. (?) Will the image of all the letters be in the same place? (ji) If not, state which letter will be raised to the maximum, Give a reason for your answer. 5. Figure below shows a glass prism placed in minimum deviation position. A ray of monochromatic light is incident on its face AB. Copy the diagram and show the refracted and the emergent ray. Mark the angle of deviation, State any two factors on which the angle of deviation depends. aTHE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD COs Gr been Time: 1 Hour Maximum Marks: 25 42 + Q.1, Define least distance of distinet vision Q.2, What are bifocal lenses? (0.3, The diagram below shows the structure of the eye. Choose words from the list below to label the parts A, B, C and D (ciliary muscles, pupil, retina, cornea, iris, optic nerve) Q4. () A ray of white light breaks up into its components while passing through a glass prism. Draw a ray diagram to show the path of rays. (i) Mark the least deviated colour in your diagram. When a beam of white light is passed through a prism, it splits to form lights of seven colours. Is it possible to recombine the lights of seven colours to obtain the white light again? Explain your answer (6. A child sitting in a classroom is not able to read clearly the writing on the blackboard. (@) Name the type of defect from which his eye is suffering. (0) With the help of a ray diagram show how this defect can be remedied. Q7. What do you mean by the term accommodation? Explain how the eye can see objects at far and near distances. 8. The nearpoint of a person suffering from hypermetropia is at 50 cm from his eye. What is the nature and power of the lens needed to correct this defect? (Assume that the nearpoint of the normal eye is 25 cm), Q9. What is the cause for (i) Myopia and (ji) Hypermetropia? Show the defective eye and explain how it is corrected? Q.10. Draw a labelled diagram of human eye and explain the image formation,ANSWER KEY44 ANSWER KEY + —— CHAPTER O1 LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Ee EP Sen Re ke U A Cee cate) 1 ® 2.(@ 3.@ 40) 5. @) QUESTION BANK Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks) 1. Convex mirror, The diagram is as shown: 3 = 1.78% 10'ms? 3. We prefer convex mirror for observing the traffic behind us; because its field of view is much larger than the plane mirror. However, it gives erroneous idea about the speed of the vehicles behind us. But because of the first advantage, we still prefer it 4, It is defined as the ratio of the height of the image (h’) to the height of the object (H). Mathematically, we have height of the image _ ht height of the object or m= Hn. 2, where is objet distance and isimage distance 5. The focal length of a mirror does not depend upon the nature of the medium in which it is placed whereas the focal length of a lens depends upon the medium in which it is placed. Thus, there will be no change in the focal length of the concave mirror whereas the focal length of the convex lens will change.ANSWER KEY 45 a (@ No refraction or bending would take place. The light will travel in a straight line. () The refraction occurs due to change in speed of light as it enters from one medium to another. 7. Convex lens: When an object is placed closed to a convex lens, its erect and magnified image is formed The diagram is as shown below: 8. (@) When light travels obliquely from one medium to another, the direction of propagation of light in second medium changes. This phenomenon is known as refraction of light. (#) Negative sign of image distance means the image is virtual and erect and is formed on the same side of the object with respect to the lens. 9, At least two rays are required for locating the image of an object formed by a concave mirror. Ray diagram: A concave mirror forms a virtual image of an object when it is between the focus and pole of the mirror as shown: 10. @) 1. Concave mirror 2. Convex mirror 3. Convex mirror (#) Points of difference between a real and virtual image: Real image Virtual image 1. It is formed when the rays of light after [7. It is formed when the rays of light after reflection or refraction actually meet at | — reflection or refraction appear to meet at a point, point. 2. Itean be projected on the screen. 2. Tt cannot be projected on the screen, 3. Itis always inverted, 3. Itis erect 1, We know that 1 = For the same angle of incidence j, the refractive index will be maximum for the medium for which ‘r’ is, minimum ie, for the medium R. Further, we know that = © Thus, velocity of light is maximum in a medium for which 1 is minimum ie, for the medium R. Velocity of light is minimum in the medium R.46 & ANSWER KEY 12, Absolute refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in the medium, If ¢ is the velocity of light in vacuum and v in the medium, then n= of. Ifn, and n, are the absolute refractive indices of the medium A and B respectively, then. n= Sand m= Velocity of light in B_ 9 _ 7, Velocity of lightin A 2,” 13. (@) In this case, the ray of light bends towards normal at each interface because it goes from rarer to denser. The diagram is as shown: turpentoeat —“f (6) In this case, the ray of light bends away from at each interface because it goes from denser to rarer medium, The diagram is as shown: sewer. sleohat 14, (@ The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all le in the same plane. (@) The ratio sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant. Absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vaccum to the speed of light in that medium, Mathematically, n = ¢/. 15, Itis the ability of a lens to bend a ray of light incident on it. Its SI unit is dioptre. The lens having a focal length of +40 em isa convex lens of power P= 1/f(m) = 1/04 The lens having a focal length of 20 em is a concave lens of power. P=1/f(m)=1/0.2=5.0D 16, (@) Given m= +2, f= 10m, 0 We know that m=" or v=mu=21 Using the lens formula 1 f i Aoru=-5em 10° 2e ve (6) Ifimage formed is real, then m= ~2, thusANSWER KEY 47 17. Convex mirror. Use Why: © Forms erect image © Wider field of view. 18. Given h = +5 cm, f= ~ 10cm, w = ~ 20 em, v =?, h As rear view mirror in vehicles. Also in malls, hotels, airports for security reasons, 19. (@) Radius of curvature is the radius of hollow sphere of which the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror forms a part. Focal length is the distance from the pole of the mirror to the focal point F. 20. As the object is moved from infinity towards the pole of a concave mirror the image shifts from the focus of the mirror to infinity. When the object is at infinity, the image is formed at the principal focus or in the focal plane. As the object is shifted, further the image is formed between the principal focus and centre of curvature, then at the centre of curvature, the beyond the centre of curvature, then at infinity and finally the image is formed behind the mirror. The size of the image goes on increasing. 21. (@) The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant and this constant is called the index of refraction or refractive index. Mathematically, =48 & ANSWER KEY 22. The ray diagram is as shown: “> Lateral csplacement The required formula is 1, 30 cm. This means that both u and » 23. (a) From the table of observation, it is clear that for u = 30, 7 must be equal to twice the focal length of the convex lens. Fecal enghfthe convex ino 22S (®) The observation (v) is incorrect, For this observation u i.e, the object is at the focus and the image must be formed at infinity and not 70 cm. (9 Since m= 2, the size ofthe image willbe equal to the size ofthe cbc, fv =u ie, forthe observation (i), 24. (@) Alcohol is optically denser than water. This is because greater the refractive index more dense the liquid/ material The diagram is as shown: ‘oho (®) Given n= 242, 2,= 1.50, 1, Using the expression my _ 242 nen Sh ap 161 25. h,= 45 cm, w= - 12cm, f= 15 em, Using the equation 24h -12 r 1512 Solving for», we have o= +66em 2 _ 66 Now, m= = = 55 Image will diminish.ANSWER KEY de 49 26. (@) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for the light of given colour and given pair of medium. (8) The diagram is as shown: 27. Atmospheric refraction is the refraction of light by the earth's atmosphere. ‘The starlight, on entering the earths atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position. This is shown in the diagram, seas 2 EP Foatuon rs =e 1 Or A student sitting in the class is said to be myopic if he cannot see the writing on the blackboard clearly. Causes: The two causes are: () Either the eyeball is longer than normal or (i) The maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature of the eye lens) of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina. A myopic eye can be corrected with a diverging or concave lens, as in Figure. Concare ens 28. In the case of a glass slab, the two interfaces the light ray has to pass are parallel to each other. In this case, the emergent ray is also a white light because the constituents of white light which are refracted at different angles at the first interface recombine at the second interface and emerge as a single white light. In the case of a prism, the two interfaces the light ray has to pass are not parallel to each other and are inclined at an angle. In this case, the effects of the first interface are not reversed and the colours separated. at that first interface continue along different paths upon leaving, the glass at the second interface. Hence, ‘we observe a spectrum on the other side.50 ANSWER KEY Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) 1. The two spherical mirrors are: (i) Concave and (ii) Convex. (0 Concave: A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror. (ii) Convex: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror. Points of difference: (2) The reflecting surface of the concave mirror is bulged inwards. But the reflecting surface of the convex mirror is bulged outwards, @) Concave mirror produces real and inverted images (except when the object is placed between pole and focus. When the object is placed between F and P, concave mirror produces virtual and erect image). But the convex mirror always produces virtual and erect images, @) The image formed by the concave mirror may be enlarged or diminished, according to the position of the object. The image formed by the convex mirror will be always diminished. 1 2%) @ Forlenses « 1 (9 For mirrors () This means that the image formed is virtual (0) See Important Diagrams 3. @) The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium is called absolute refractive index of the medium. © @ Medium (i), Medium (iil) Towards the normal (o) Less than unity 4. ( Yes (Note: Image must be between F, and 2F,) (ii) = 4.0m, f= +20.em, w =~ 15 em, 0=2,W Nature: Virtual, erect wel xh + 16cm 5. Given f= + 10 em and u = - 8 cm According to lens formulaANSWER KEY 51 = +40.cm, Hence, we conclude that: (2) Image is formed beyond the focus on the same side of lens. () Virtual and erect. (©) Magnified ie, larger in size than the obice 6. Given f = 20 em, « = - 30 cm, » = ry Using the tens formuta 2-2-2, we have 8 pu fF 1 a Therefore, v = 60cm. The labelled diagram is as shown below: oem oem by 7. (@ Ikis an image formed when the reflected rays actually meet at a point. (i) (@ concave (®) plane mirror (0 convex mirror (@ concave (i) The ray diagram isas shown: a into | 8 Ray coming parallel to principal axis will pass through focus after reflection.52 & ANSWER KEY 8. (@) (i) Between F and 2F of a lens. (i) Within the focal length, ® (0) No effect on focal length, but intensity decreases, 9. (@) A number of rays parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a concave mirror meet at a point on the principal axis or appear to come from a point after reflection from a convex mirror on the principal axis. This is called principal focus. (®) When the object is placed beyond C. (0) f=-120m,u=~6om, v=? Using the expression , wehave 4=4-2 orp= 120m fue of iw 10. (9 When object lies between focus and pole of mirror or within focus of concave mirror. Image formed will be real and magnified when object is placed between C and F. (ii) The diagram is as shown:ANSWER KEY 4 53 11. Convex lens can be used as magnifying glass. (2) When object is between optical centre C and focus F, (8) When object is at 2F, 12, () Activity: Hold a concave mirror in your hand and direct it towards the screen. Direct the light reflected by the mirror on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror. Move the sheet back and forth slowly until a bright, sharp spot of light is seen on the paper. The distance of this image from the position of the mirror gives the approximate value of focal length of the mirror. Gi) Size of the image becomes smaller, (iii) The extent of bending of the ray of light at the opposite parallel faces PQ (air-glass interface) and SR (glass-air interface) of the rectangular glass slab is equal and opposite. 13. (@) This means that the ratio of speed of light in air/vacuum and speed of light in diamond is 2.42. (®) The two figures are drawn below:54 & ANSWER KEY (0) Virtual image produced by concave mirror is magnified; that produced by plane mirror is of the same size and the virtual image produced by convex mirror is diminished. (@) Itindicates that the image is real 14. (a) The ray diagrams are as shown: (ii) () Magritcation (n) «height of image height of objet = 2 m= —1 signs (0 size of image = size of object. (fi) Negative sign indicates that the image isreal and inverted. A concave mirror when objectis at centre of curvature, 15. (a) The two laws are: () The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, al lie in the same plane. (Gi) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell's law of refraction. (8) The path of rays is as shown in figure: A 16. (@) See chapter at a glance. (8) Given f= #12 cm, u=?, 0 = +48 om 1 Using the expression = ig the expr ; 2.11 2 8 w 2li tia ° SRBANSWER KEY 55 17. 18, . The beam of light must be passing through the optical centre. The re or = 16cm (@) () The image is virtual (i) Highly enlarged (ii) Erect (@) Formed on the same side as that of the object (© Given f=~20 em, m=1/3,u=? Fora lens m = v/ /3=0/u oro= 3 Using the lens formula, we have u=2f=2x-20=-40em Given u = ~ 60 cm, f= ~ 30 em, v=? (Using the lens formula Titi ai. Or v=~20em (i) Virtual, on the same side as that of the obj highly diminished and erect. (ii) The ray diagram is as shown: APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) son being that the middle part of a lens is like a thin glass slab, so no deviation and very slight lateral displacement of the incident ray. s . (Convex lens (i) Concave lens. 4, Initially the object is placed beyond the focus. As the object is brought towards the mirror, the image shifts away from the mirror and its size increases. By further bringing the object towards the mirror, the image gels magnified and it moves away from the centre of curvature. When the object is at the focus of mirror, the image is at infinity. Ifthe object is further moved towards the mirror, the image now becomes erect and ‘magnified and it is formed behind the mirror.56 & ANSWER KEY ANALYZING, EVALUATING & CREATING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) 1. As the object is moved away from a convex mirror, the distance of the virtual image, formed behind it, from. the mirror increases (between pole and focus) ie, the image shifts from the pole towards the focus and the size of image gradually decreases. When the object is at infinity (very far), the image is at its focus. 2. The ray diagram is redrawn as shown below: Since the angle of incidence = angle of reflection, therefore, @ = 90° - 35° = 55 3. The focal length of a mirror does not depend upon the nature of the medium in which it is placed whereas the focal length of a lens depends upon the medium in which it is placed. Thus, there will be no change in the focal length of the concave mirror whereas the focal length of the convex lens will change. 4, Hold the given piece of glass over some printed matter. (Ifthe letters appear magnified, the given piece is a convex lens, (i the letters appear diminished, the given piece is a concave lens. (ii If the letters appear to be of the same size, then it is a plane glass piece. 5. Yes, the type of lens changes if itis placed in a medium having a higher refractive index than that of the lens. 6, The reason for this warning is that the virtual image produced in a convex mirror is reduced in size and, therefore, looks smaller, just as a distant object will appear in a plane mirror. An unwary driver, thinking that the side-view mirror is a plane mirror, might incorrectly deduce from the small size of the image, that the vehicle behind is far enough away to ignore. 7. The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal at the point of incidence. A line joining the centre of curvature and the point of incidence is a normal at the point of incidence. Thus, the given two points are Cand Y as shown in figure. The course of rays is as shown below: 8. (i) Refracted ray BD is shown in figure A aANSWER KEY & 57 (ii) The point through which the refracted ray passes the principal axis is known as the principal focus (F, as shown) of the lens. 9. fan object is placed at the focus of the lens, it forms its real, inverted and highly enlarged image. Thus, the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is equal to the focal length of the lens = 10 cm, ‘The ray diagram is as shown below: 10. () Light speeds up when it travels from an optically denser to an optically rarer medium, In other words, from a medium of high refractive index into a medium of low refractive index. Therefore, fone such pair is from crown glass into water or from diamond into crown glass, (i) Lightslows down when it travels from an optically rarer to an optically denser medium. In other words, from a medium of low refractive index into a medium of high refractive index. One such pair is from water into diamond. 11. The refctveindex of medium sgvenby the expression n= £, where isthe ped fightin he given meio Sine cis aconstnt therefore 2 Thus smaller he facie indexof he medium agers the speed of light through it. Hence, speed of light is maximum in water out of the three. 12. The lateral displacement depends upon: (@ the angle of incidence, on the incident ray PQ, on the face DC of the given glass slab and (ii) the thickness of the glass slab. The perpendicular distance between the emergent ray and the ray PQ produced forward. Late ‘3 F Displacement 1 13. Power is related to the focal length as P= —, An increase in power means a decrease in focal length. Thus, f to bring the sunlight to focus on the screen she will have to move the lens closer to the screen. ‘Mathematically, she will have to reduce the distance to half its previous value.58 ANSWER KEY + —— CHAPTER 02 THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD ASSERTIONS AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice] &) 2. (a) 3.0) 4a) 5. CMe aLs Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks) 1, It depends on the presence of atmosphere containing smoke particles, tiny water droplets, and suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam. becomes visible. It is because in space there are no air molecules to scatter light. 2. (a) Myopic eye: The eyeball is longer than normal, due to this the image formed by the eye lens lies in front of the retina, (6) Hypermetropic eye: The eyeball is shorter than normal, due to this the image formed by the eye lens lies behind the retina, 3. (a) Hypermetropia, : (@ Focal length with correct unit f= 7 1 fimy= Gen2m Convex lens of focal length = 2m 4. ‘These two are the defect of the eye Hypermetropia: A person suffering from this defect can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly. In this defect, the near point lies farther away than 25 em, This defect is due to the following reasons: 1 Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or 2. Theciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i, the focal length of the eye lens increases. The condition can be corrected with a converging or convex lens. Myopia: A person suffering from myopia or short sightedness can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see the far away objects clearly. This defect occurs due to the following reasons: 1. When the eyeball is longer than normal or 2. When the maximum focal length of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina, ‘Myopia can be corrected with a diverging or concave lens. 5. (i Ciliary muscles: These are the muscles which hold the eye lens. (i Accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to changes its focal length is called accommodation, (Blind pot: The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. An image formed at this point is not sent to the brain. 6. The impression of an object seen by the eye persists on the retina for 1/16 th of a second, even after the object is removed. If another object is seen before this time, the impressions of the two merge to give us the sensation of continuity. This property of eye is called persistence of vision.ANSWER KEY & 59 7. Issac Newton was the first to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of sunlight. He tried to split the colours of the spectrum of white light further by using another similar prism. However, he could not get any more colours. He then placed a second identical prism in an inverted position with respect to the first as shown. Equlatora Trango or Dapereng Pen, ¢ Woe font made passtiveugh sit se n With HOI Wnts Screen Dispersing Prem This allowed all the colours of the spectrum to pass through the second prism. He found a beam of white light emerging from the other side of the second prism. This observation gave Newton the idea that the sunlight is made-up of seven colours. 8, The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight, on entering the earth's atmosphere, undergoes refraction continuously before it reaches the earth, The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when viewed near the horizon. on, OK Index Further, this apparent position of the star is not stationary, but keeps on changing slightly, since the physical conditions of the earth’s atmosphere are not stationary. Since the stars are very distant, they are approximate point-sized sources of light. As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers ie, the star sometimes appears brighter, and at some other time, fainter, which is the twinkling effect. ‘The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended sources. If we consider a planet asa collection of a large number of point-sized sources of light, the total variation in the amount of light entering our eye from all the individual point-sized sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect, 9. The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. These particles include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible. The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusely by these particles, The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles is called Tyndall effect 10, ‘The molecules of air and other fine particles in the atmosphere have smaller size than the wavelength of visible light. These are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths at the blue end than light of longer wavelengths at the red end. The red light has a wavelength about 1. times greater than blue light. ‘Thus, when sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the fine particles in air scatter the blue colour (shorter wavelengths) more strongly than red. The scattered blue light enters our eyes.60 & ANSWER KEY 11. (@) In the absence of any atmosphere, there will be no scattering of sunlight and the sky will appear dark. (©) In the visible spectrum, the red colour has the largest wavelength. The red colour is least scattered by {fog or dust particles. Therefore, we can observe red colour easily even in foggy and dusty conditions. 12, This is because there is no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter light. Since there is no scattered light which can reach our eyes in outer space, therefore, the sky looks dark and black there. This, is why the astronauts who go to outer space find the sky to be dark and black instead of blue. 13, When the sun is overhead at noon, then the light coming from the sun has to travel a relatively shorter distance through the atmosphere to reach us. As a result, only a litte of the blue colour of the white light is scattered (most of the blue light remains in it). Since the light coming from the overhead sun has almost all its components colours are in the right proportion, therefore, the sun appears white. 14. (a) The sky appears dark from the surface of the moon because there is no atmosphere which can scatter light. (©) The water molecules of the ocean scatter blue light more strongly than light of other colours. So, the ‘ocean appears bluish 15. (@) When a person can see near objects but is unable to see distant objects clearly, the defect is known as near sightedness. This defect is due to either (i) cornea having excessive curvature or (ii) elongation of the eyeball. As a result the maximum focal length of eye lens becomes less than the distance from the lens to the retina. It can be corrected by using a concave lens. (6) When a person is unable to see equally in all directions, then the defect is called astigmatism. The eye lens develops different curvatures along different planes. ‘This vision is corrected by using cylindrical lens. 16. (@) Myopia. (©) This as shown below: yop eye Far pont Feta — Feat etna = Fayetron isa opet pam e (a Myope oe (Coreen or myopia 17. The blue colour of the sky is due to the scattering by molecules of gases in atmosphere. The blue colour being scattered more than any other colour. In the absence of atmosphere on earth, no scattering, will occur, therefore, the sky will appear black. 18. This is because of scattering of light. During sunrise and sunset, sun is red in colour while at noon, the sun appears white as only a litte of the blue and violet colours are scattered. Near the horizon, most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are scattered away by the particles during sunrise and sunset. Therefore, the light that reaches our eyes is of longer wavelengths. This gives rise to the reddish appearance of the sun. 19, ‘The two main causes of myopia are: (i) Byeball is longer than the normal. (i Decrease in the focal length of the eye lens. Image formed by defective eye.ANSWER KEY 61 Image formed by the corrected eye. 20, () The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is 25 em. i) For a long sighted eye, the least distance of distinct vision inereases. A Iong sighted eye can see upto infinity. The minimum distance upto which can see is called the near point of the eye. This distance is more than 25 em as shown in figure. _ TA \ ] 21. For seeing distant objects, the focal length of the eye lens should be large and for seeing near objects the focal length of the eye lens should be small. The focal length of the eye lens can be adjusted with the help of ciliary muscles holding the lens in position. The far point and near point are at infinity and at 25 cm respectively. 22. (@) Ciliary muscles change the curvature of eye lens as per requirement of the eye. This changes the focal length of eye lens. When muscles are relaxed, lens becomes thin and distant objects are scen clearly. While seeing closer objects, muscles contract this thickens the eye lens and focal length decreases. (®) Infinity, 25 em from the eye. 23. (@) The Sun is visible to us about two minutes before the actual sunrise, and about two minutes after the actual sunset because of atmospheric refraction. By actual sunrise, we mean the actual crossing, of the horizon by the Sun. Figure shows the actual and apparent positions of the Sun with respect to the horizon. The time difference between actual sunset and the apparent sunset is about two minutes. The apparent flattening of the Sun's disc at sunrise and sunset is also due to the same phenomenon. ‘Apparent position ofthe sung Observer Horizon ‘Aimaspnere (®) Atmospheric refraction. 24, (i) Hypermetropia. (ii) (@) Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or (©) The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i the focal length of the eye lens is too long. (ii) This can be corrected by using a convex lens as shown.62 & ANSWER KEY 25. (@) Either the hyperopic eyeball is too short or (8) The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i.e, the focal length of the eye lens is too long. This defect is called Hypermetropia. 26. (i) Scattering: Phenomenon of spreading of light (diffused reflected light) caused by minute particles, (dust, smoke, etc,) in the atmosphere (ii) Sky appears blue because blue colour of sunlight scatters more strongly (due to shorter wavelength) than the red colour by the fine particles in the air. or At sunrise, the blue colour of sunlight get scattered due to smaller wavelength while passing through the thicker layers of the atmosphere. The red component (due to longer wavelength) reaches us, giving Se seam red appearance of the Sun. Sun Appears Redah (i 27, ‘The Sun appears reddish at sunrise as well as at the sunset and appears white at noon when it is overhead. Atsunrise/sunset, the blue light of shorter wavelength get scattered away while passing through the thicker layer of air / large distance through air / and red light of longer wavelength reach our eye. Atnoon, the Sun is overhead and the light of the Sun travels relatively shorter distance to our eyes ang little of blue and violet colours are scattered, and white light reaches our eye. 28. (i) The splitting of white light into its constituents is called dispersion of light The diagram is as shown: wiite suntght) (en (i Bhas higher speed.ANSWER KEY de 63 29. Light is made-up of different colours. Each colour travels at its own speed inside a prism. Due to this different colours of light bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray, as they pass through aprism. The red light bends the least while the violet the most. Thus, the rays of each colour emerge along different paths and thus become distinct. Itis the band of distinct colours that we see in a spectrum, white 30. () D = 25 cm, Now, P = 1/f= 100/D = 100/ 25 = 4 D, thus for a person having normal vision, the power of accommodation is about 4 dioptre. Gi) Long sightedness, a convex lens. (Gi) The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye. In bright sunlight, the size of the pupil is small and when we enter a dark room it takes sometime for the pupil to expand in size due to dim light, 31. (a) Scattering of light is the phenomenon of change in the direction of light on striking an obstacle, an atom, a molecule, dust particle, water droplet etc. It depends on the size of the particles of the medium through which it passes. (®) (9 Blue colour of sky. (ii) Red colour of sky of sunrise and sunset. 32. () Weakening of ciliary muscles (i) Diminishing flexibility of the eye lens due to old age. ‘The labelled diagram is as shown: 33, ‘The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length too see the object located anywhere is called power of accommodation, To focus on nearby abjects the ciliary muscles contract making the eye Tens thick. Asa result the focal length of the eye lens decreases and we see the nearby objects 34, A rainbow is a coloured arch seeing in the sky after a rain shower. The ray diagram is as shown: Refraction White eke A fom =e £ Toa intemal Ralabow 35, It is a transparent convex structure suspended behind the iris that helps to focus light on the retina; it primarily provides a fine-tuning adjustment to the primary focusing structure of the eye, which is the64 ANSWER KEY Ee ‘The main function of the ciliary muscles used is to change the shape of the lens in the eye to help with focusing, Another function of the ciliary muscles is to help regulate the flow of aqueous humor in the eye. There is no change in the image distance in the eye when we inerease the distance of an object from the eye To see closer or distant object clearly, the eye, due to its ability of accommodation, can increase or decrease focal length of its lens, so that the image is always formed at retina, Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) (2) The defect is myopia. () Either the eyeball is longer than normal or (ji) The maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature of the eye lens) of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina. Itis corrected by using a concave lens. (8) As the light from the stars enters the earth’s atmosphere it undergoes refraction and bends towards the normal. As a result, to an observer on the Earth the star appears to be slightly higher in the sky than its actual position. Owing to constant changes in density of different layers of air due to convection current or motion of the earth’s atmosphere, the refractive index of the layers also changes. Thus, the apparent position of the stars appears to be changing, This also makes the light from the star to increase or decrease in intensity. Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of light. This makes the star sometimes to appear brighter and sometimes dimmer. The light coming from the stars, therefore, presents a quivering (shaking) appearance thus giving the impression as if the stars are twinkling, (@) Ciliary muscles help is changing the focal length of the eye lens. (6) Cataract: The crystalline lens of the eye is made of proteins that are arranged in a regular pattern, which, ‘makes the lens transparent. When a group of these protein molecules get lumped in the region in the form of a membrane, they make the region opaque. Gradually this membrane grows and the whole Tens becomes opaque. (0) Air molecules, size of the dust particles and pollutants in the atmosphere. (@) From 25 cm to infinity. (¢) There is no atmosphere, hence no air molecules to scatter light. @ @ f-4-4-12~A667em Gi) f © (@ Owing to constant changes in density of different layers of air due to convection current or motion of the earth’s atmosphere, the refractive index of the layers also changes. Thus, the apparent position of the stars appears to be changing, This also makes the light from the star to increase or decrease in intensity. Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-sized sources of light. This makes the star sometimes to appear brighter and sometimes dimmer. The light coming from the stars, therefore, presents a quivering (shaking) appearance, thus, giving, the impression as if the slars are twinkling, P22 (ii) The stars, although very large as compared to the planets, appear as tiny specks in the sky due to their immense distance from the earth as compared to the huge size of the planets. Thus, the stars appear as point sources of light and the planets appear as a large combination of such sources. Thus, the change in the path of light coming from the planets is negligible as compared to that coming, from the stars. Therefore, the planets do not seem to twinkle like star. (i) As the light from the stars enters the earth’s atmosphere it undergoes refraction and bends towards the normal. Asa result to an observer on the Earth the star appears to be slightly higher in the sky than its actual position.ANSWER KEY & 65 4. (@ Hypermetropia is a defect in which a person is not able to see clearly the nearby objects but can see distant one, It means the near point has shifted away from eye. It occurs due to shortening of the eyeball or due to increase in focal length of eye lens. It can be corrected by convex lens of suitable power, Correction for Hypermetropic eye _ () T N An arrangement for observing scattering of light in colloidal solution. Sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid. 5. (a) Change in the direction of propagation of light rays travelling through the atmosphere due to change in density of the different layers of air is called atmospheric refraction. The atmosphere of earth is not evenly distributed it is optically and molecularly denser at the bottom and becomes rarer as we go up, so the velocity of light changes from layer to layer. The molecules of different gases and dust particles have different optical densities, moreover, the hot air is optically rarer than the cold air. These factors form different layers of air and different optical densities cause atmospheric refraction, Stars appear to twinkle because the light coming from the star passes through the atmosphere having various optical densities. Sometimes the atmosphere refracts more amount of starlight, that time the star appears bright and sometimes refracts less starlight, that time the star appears dim. This bright and dim appearance of light gives it the twinkling effect. The planets are closer to earth and the intensity of light coming from them is more and slight refraction does not bring much difference to the brightness ofthe planet. (6) Advance sunrise and delayed sunset, star appears slightly high (above) than its actual position when viewed near the horizon, 6. (a) See chapter at a glance. ( Given f=x=-15 1 _ 100 ra 7. (a) Hypermetropia (®) (@ Either the hyperopic eyeball is too shortor (i) The ciliary muscle is unable to change the shape of the lens enough to properly focus the image i, the focal length of the eye lens is too long, 150m -0.67D Therefore,66 & ANSWER KEY © P= pu 50 25 (@ The ray diagrams are as shown’ Detective e Corrected eye 8. (@) The size of dust particles is comparable to the wavelength of blue colour so these are scattered most and enter our eyes, (®) At the time of sun rise or sun set sun is near the horizon and sun rays have to travel a larger distance in this way all colours get scattered only the red colour which is of longest wavelength reaches the observer, hence sun appears reddish at sun rise and at sunset, APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) 1L. He is suffering from both short sightedness and long sightedness also called presbyopia, 2. (i) Near point 25 cm, far point - infinity. (ii) Hypermetropia ~convex lens. (ii) Because the pupil shrinks in bright light and it takes sometime to open up when we enter a dark room, 3. (@) Asa result of dispersion produced by the prism, the white light is split up into seven colours. These colours as we know are represented by the letters of the word ‘VIBGYOR’. Thus, the colour at position 3 is blue and at position 5 is yellow. These are the colours of the sky and the gold metal respectively. Thus, the statement is correct. (®) The positions of the colours of the given objects are represented by: () Brinjal—7 (i) Danger signal (ii) Neel —6 (iv) Orange —~-2 ANALYZING, EVALUATING & CREATING TYPE QUESTIONS (Self-Practice) 1. @ () Formation of image of blackboard writing by the eye lens of the student sitting on the front desk is as shown below Blackboard lures ‘mageANSWER KEY 4 67 (i) Formation of the image of the blackboard writing by the eye lens of the student sitting on the last [Blackboard Ate —A~ desk is shown below. (6) The student is suffering from hypermetropia or long sightedness Blackboard (0) His eye defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power as shown above. 2. (a) ( Formation of image when the stucent is seated at the last desk. (©) The student is suffering from myopia. (0) His eye defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power as shown below, Retina rn 3. In bright light, the iris contracts the pupil of an eye to allow less light to enter the eye, When, we enter a dim-lit room, the iris takes time to expand the pupil of the eye to allow more light to enter it, Thus, for a short time one is unable to see in a dim-lit room. 4. (i) No, the images of letters of different colours will be raised by slightly different heights (i, The letter, V, corresponding to the violet colour will be raised to the maximum. Thisiis because, Apparent depth = real depth / ‘Now, n is maximum for the violet colour. Its apparent depth would, therefore, be the least. Hence, the violet colour (letter V) would be raised to the maximum,68 ae ANSWER KEY 5. The angle of deviation depends upon: (i) Angle of prism and (i) Refractive index ofthe material of the prism, angle ot Deviation \ cerns apatite teenies