Research New Template Final Copy 1

VACCINE MISINFORMATION AND COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AMONG
GENERATION X
AUTHORS
Carlos, Russel Mark M.
Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M
Maravilla, Nick Arzen D.
Soroan, Carmela Joy V.
Lyceum of Alabang
Muntinlupa City
2023
GENERATION X
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Psychology
Lyceum of Alabang, Muntinlupa City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science In Psychology
Authors
Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M
2023
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled “VACCINE MISINFORMATION AND COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE AMONG GENERATION X” prepared and submitted by the
proponents in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of College of
Arts and Science Major in Psychology is hereby approved and accepted with
an aggregate grade of _____.
__________________________
Thesis Adviser
__________________________ __________________________
Member, Oral Defense Panel Member, Oral Defense Panel
__________________________
Chairman, Oral Defense Panel
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

College of arts and Science Major in Psychology
Date: _________________ ______________________

College Dean
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude with boundless
love and appreciation to Mr. John Marc Balano who helped us bring this
study in reality for the continuous support of our research, especially for
the patience, encouragement and motivation. Without him guidance and
persistent help this study would not have been possible. We would also
like to express our gratitude to Mr. Paul Benavidez who also helped us
and give his full support and cooperation that made a big part of the
study. for giving his time by checking our research paper.
More so, to our family for their guidance. Unending support and for
understanding out circumstances in this study. And last, but not the least,
a deepest gratitude to our almighty God who is always with us wherever
we go, for all the times that we’re up with this study for the strength and
power that he gave us, his guidance and his answers to all our prayers
for the completion of this research study.
THE RESEARCHERS
DEDICATION
To God for strengthening us with His wisdom and for giving us the gift of
patience and intellect; To our family who supported us not only with our financial
needs but also with coping up with our stress and for playing a sympathetic role
on our research. To Mr. Paul Benavidez, for his unquenchable passion to teach
his students and guide his students and for being a caring adviser who guided us
all throughout this academic year. To our classmates and friends who spent
sleepless nights for the completion of our thesis, developing cooperation,
friendship and memories along the way. Thank you for everything. We could not
have done it without you. We owe it all to you.

ABSTRACT
Health officials in the Philippines continue to struggle with vaccine disinformation.
According to the Department of Health (DoH), one of the reasons older people
are hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccine is due to false information about the
vaccine circulating mostly on social media. The specific objective of this study is
to analyze vaccine misinformation among Generation X by relating it to Cognitive
Dissonance. The researchers of the study developed a questionnaire that
focused on determining vaccine misinformation. The survey covered a total of
fifty (50) respondents, whose ages are between 40 to 55 years old. Pearson’s
Correlation was used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship
between the variables. Based on the results of the survey, overall, the
respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation and their overall level of cognitive
dissonance have a high positive correlation at value, r=0.764. This could be
based on the prevalence of misinformation on vaccines that is heightened by
beliefs, myths, conspiracy theories, and rumors from influencers and social
media.
The results of this study can be further used in in filling gaps in clear, public
communication of information, and acknowledgment of the limitations of vaccines
and public involvement in decision-making in vaccination among Generation X in
the Philippines.
Keywords: DoH, COVID-19, vaccine, social media, Generation X, Cognitive
Dissonance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pa
ge
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………………… ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………. iii
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………… iv
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………. vi
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………… vii
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………. viii
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… . 1
Background of the Study ……………………………………………….. 2
Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………. 3
Conceptual Paradigm……………………………………………………
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………….
Hypothesis …………………………………………………………..
Significance of the Study……………………………………………………..
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Thematic presentation of all the variables in the SOP
Synthesis ………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design …………………………………………………………..
Respondents of the Study …………………………………………………..
Sampling Technique …………………………………………………………
Research Instrument …………………………………………………………
Research Methodology ………………………………………………………
Validation of the Research Instrument ……………………………………..
Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………………..
Statistical Treatment of Data ………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings …………………………………………………..
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………..
Recommendations …………………………………………....................
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….
APPENDICES
A. Informed Consent …………………………………………..
B. Research Instrument ………………………………………….
C. Plagiarism Certification (20%) ……………………………….
D. Certification of Language Editor ……………………………….
E. Certification of the Statistician …………………………………….
F. Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES
{insert content after data collection}
LIST OF FIGURES
{insert content}
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
In the Philippines, misinformation about the vaccine is still a challenge for
health officials. The Department of Health stated that misleading information
concerning COVID-19 immunizations is one of the reasons why the elderly are
reluctant to obtain the vaccines, they are also a priority since they are more
susceptible to being infected by the disease and only a small number of them are
vaccinated. Misinformation can be more difficult to address than true, accurate
news, and it can also result in a larger problem. The COVID-19 Vaccine
Communication Guidebook, a handbook that contains information about
countering misinformation, and other alternatives, such as teaching people to
distinguish genuine news from incorrect information through a game, are not
enough to combat misinformation (Todd, 2022). A survey conducted on 2,000
respondents, showed that vaccine hesitancy was caused by concerns and
misinformation that causes many people that there are still unwilling to be
vaccinated, as evidenced by recent months (Deiparine, 2021 In response to the
COVID-19 pandemic, the government enacted Republic Act (R.A) 11469,
commonly known as the "Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.". Section 6 (f) of the law
specifies that persons who propagate false information on social media can face
penalties. In the provision, the law punishes the ‘’people creating, perpetrating, or
spreading false information regarding the COVID-19 crisis on social media, it
includes information that is not beneficial and promotes chaos, panic, anarchy,
fear, or confusion.’’ As of November 2021, over 30,108,097 Filipinos are fully
vaccinated (Kabagani, 2021). In this research, the difficulty of dealing with
misinformation regarding the vaccine may be explained by the phenomenon
called Cognitive Dissonance.
Background of the Study
When the COVID-19 Pandemic started, different kinds of information are
spread globally about the said disease. The pandemic was due to the spread of
COVID- 19 which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which causes respiratory illness in
those who are infected. Old people and those who have underlying medical
conditions are more at risk of experiencing serious conditions (WHO, 2021).
During these times, fake news became widespread, and the circulation of
misleading content became the most concerning in recent months (Hou, et al.,
2020). As an outcome, false news on social platforms has exacerbated public
concern about the COVID-19 outbreak, forcing governments and authorities to
encourage people to verify the veracity of news articles before sharing them
(Huynh, 2020, Hou et al., 2020) This fake news includes hearsay and conspiracy
theories that affected the view of the people towards vaccines. False accusations
that vaccines include infertile substances or can transmit infectious pathogens

like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may cause people to refuse
immunizations. People may be influenced to communicate and share vaccine
misleading information and conspiracy theories if they are constantly involved in
the social mainstream press as well as the online anti-vaccine movement. It is
proven that despite the effort in fighting COVID-19 and vaccination, spreading
misinformation is still a hindrance. The emergence of social media, people’s lack
of trust in the government, media fragmentation, and the polarization of news
sources are some of these factors that have contributed to the spread of this.
(Gollust et al., 2020) Health messaging particularly in times of need can be a
helpful tool for health promotion when used effectively. A strategy that is believed
to use to change behavior and perception is called framed messaging that aim to
attain the desired end or prevent an undesired outcome. (Feng & Jang, 2017).
Despite the efforts of the government to fight misinformation studies have shown
that preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and misinformation are negatively
correlated, these studies are used as proof that exogenous influences such as
conspiracy theories and misinformation influence people’s decisions regarding
vaccination (Enders, 2022). During the pandemic, people have shown
contradictory behavior that has been connected to Cognitive Dissonance.
Cognitive Dissonance is a theory that describes when a person has two
contradicting ideas or behavior that make them feel discomfort (Banerjee, 2021).
It can be used as a driving motivational mechanism for people to accept
unfavorable scientific discoveries—even when those insights have the potential
to save our lives.

Theoretical Framework
The following theories were used to explain the variables of the study:
Misinformation Theory
Psychologist and memory specialist Elizabeth Loftus conducted the first
research on the misinformation effect in the 1970s. Her studies have shown that
memory is much more susceptible to manipulation than previously believed.
Even if a person has a true understanding of a topic or event, inaccurate or
misleading information can nevertheless influence their understanding of it. This
is known as misinformation. Simply put, it occurs when our memory of the past is
distorted as a result of being exposed to false information.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The researchers use Cognitive Dissonance Theory. It was proposed by
Leon Festinger, which was defined as having inconsistencies in their thoughts or
beliefs, and this causes an uncomfortable feeling to them. One of the reason why
people are experiencing this is by knowing or reading new information about
such things. This kind of theory is a psychological phenomenon, which can also
happen to anyone. Also, two ideas can be consonant or dissonant, which means
that consonant ideas logically flow from one another, while dissonant ideas
oppose one another. Cognitive Dissonance is more intense when a person have
many dissonant ideas.
Conceptual Paradigm
IV-DV Conceptual Framework of Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive
Dissonance Among Generation X
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
1. Demographic Profile
1.1 Age DEPENDENT VARIABLE
1.2 Sex
1.3 educational attainment COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
1.4 Employability - Decision Making
- Personal Cognition
2. Vaccine Misinformation - Conflicting Views
2.1 Perceptions towards the
Vaccine
2.2 Health
2.3 Knowledge
2.4 Safety
Figure 1. Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive Dissonance Among
Generation X
Statement of the Problem (SOP)
This study was conducted by the researchers to determine the
relationship between misinformation in vaccines on cognitive dissonance
among Generation X. Specifically, this study was also conducted to know the
answer to the following problems:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
1.3. Educational Attainment
1.4. Employability
2. What is the level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X in
terms of:
2.1 Perceptions towards the Vaccine
2.2 Health
2.3 Knowledge
2.4 Safety
3. What is the level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X?
3.1 Decision Making
3.2 Personal Cognition
3.3 Conflicting Views
4. Is there a significant relationship between Vaccine Misinformation and
Cognitive Dissonance Among Generation X?
Statement of the Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant relationship between Misinformation on Vaccines and
Cognitive Dissonance among Generation X.
H1: There is a significant relationship between Misinformation on Vaccines and
Cognitive Dissonance among Generation X.
Significance of the Study
This study was conducted in the benefit of the following:

Generation X. This study will serve as an information to the Generation X
about some misinformation about the vaccine. It will evaluate their thinking
whether they believe the misinformation about vaccines and how this will be
affect to some of them and this will also guide them to be more careful about
what they have read.
Social Media Users. This study will evaluate the effect of the
misinformation in social media about the vaccine to the Generation X.
Healthcare Workers. This study will be very beneficial to the health
workers, as they will be the one who’s administering the vaccine for COVID-19.
This will help the healthcare workers to prove that the vaccine is safe and it is not
risky. This will also serve as their strategy to address the mistrust of the health
care communities and to engage communities.
Government. This study has benefits to the government, as they have to
build up the trust of some Generation X in the Philippines to assure them that
COVID-19 Vaccine is going to be a successful one. This also helps the
government to handle situations in such a mannerly way. The Society This helps
the society to make some guidelines/protocols in public places when it is the time
of need, and when facing a crisis.
Future Researchers. This study could be an instrument for the future
researchers that can help them to add some information on what is lacking in this
study and on their own research. The ideas that are presented may be used as a
reference when conducting new research. This will also serve as their cross-
reference that will give them a background or an overview to the misinformation
about vaccines. And they will improve their skills and their knowledge when
engaging in research. And lastly, this will serve as a guide to them to have
further understanding of the topic. and they will improve their skills and their
knowledge when engaging in research. And lastly, this will serve as a guide to
them to have further understanding of the topic.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study was conducted to determine the limited amount of time often
workers have a due date for submitting their work. Other jobs have deadlines for
conferences or tasks. If the researchers had more time, the researchers could do
a better job. The researchers don't have an infinite amount of time to study and
gather data. As a result, time is a typical constraint for many studies.
The respondents cover 15 Male, 15 Female. Questionnaires are used to
collect information. The study's respondents include 20-30 people from various
households or groups in the barangay. The researchers will gather data from the
respondent using questionnaires. A questionnaire is a research instrument that
consists of a sequence of questions designed to collect information from
respondents.
Definition of Terms
To elucidate understanding on this study, the following terms are defined:

Misinformation. Information that is misleading or inaccurate, especially
when it is designed to deceive. Social media play an increasingly important role
in spreading both accurate information and misinformation. However, Older
people are almost four times more likely to have shared fake news on Social
Media than the younger generation.
Cognitive Dissonance These contradictions must be addressed by either
changing behavior or beliefs in order to lessen the discomfort they cause. People
come to the conclusion that vaccines don't function to eliminate the dissonance
when they read about the effectiveness of immunizations but are also concerned
about the adverse effects. Anyone can experience this psychological condition.
Fake News. False news stories, often of a sensational nature. Fake news
is information that is incorrect or misleading and is presented as news. It is
frequently used to harm a person's or entity's reputation or to profit from
advertising income and the safety of its people.
Generation X. Generation X acquiring Misinformation on social media is
often fueled by older adults, who share fake news and dubious links more than
other age groups up to seven times more than their younger counterparts.
Generation X is the generation that comes after the baby boomers and before
the millennials. The early-to-mid 1960s are used as starting birth years, while the
late 1970s to early 1980s are used as ending birth years, with the generation
being defined as persons born between 1965 and 1980.

Vaccine Hesitancy. Most public messaging, social media misinformation
has focused on the coronavirus's threat to older adults, who typically are
susceptible to more severe cases of Covid-19 than younger adults. As a result,
many young adults may be less worried about ending up in the hospital than
older adults. It refers to a delay in accepting or refusing immunizations despite
the fact that vaccine services are available. The term refers to outright vaccine
refusals, vaccine delays, vaccine acceptance with reservations regarding use,
and the use of some vaccines but not others.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the review of the related literature and studies which
the researchers perused to shed light on the topic under study.
Cognitive Dissonance
According to Plante (2021), Cognitive Dissonance happens when
someone’s having conflict between their thoughts and beliefs, and there are
changes in their behavior, and it results in to change of their thoughts or
behaviors to resolve the dissonance that causes their discomfort. It is reasonable
that people get anxious and keep themselves and their loved ones healthy by
getting the vaccination that is needed. There is a pandemic that is going on today
which is COVID-19, it is expected that people are scared and anxious, and be
selfish if allowed. There are some people that are anxious and wanted to get the
vaccine as soon as possible and will do everything just to be vaccinated. But
there are also some people that will try skipping the vaccination and will find
ways to sustain their decision and behavior using cognitive dissonance.

According to Perlapani (2021) claims that uncertainty about the reliability
of diagnostic tests currently available, the course of the disease naturally, the
effects of treatment, and the effectiveness of healthcare create an unstable
environment that makes it challenging to understand all the facts and draw
conclusions (Hunink et al., 2020).
This fragile logical structure, with missing or incomplete elements, leads to
cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort
people experience when holding two or more cognitions that are psychologically
inconsistent (Festinger, 1957). People adopted new habits under the imposed
lockdowns to retain their safety. They have learned that being isolated and
distant from others may keep them safe and healthy. The cognitive dissonance is
obvious: while the first goal is the desire to socialize and return to normality, the
second is the desire to stay healthy, leaving citizens hesitant to decide to snap
back to work, go out, or travel. In the global COVID19 literature, hesitancy was
mainly studied to address the reluctance of some people to get vaccinated
(vaccine hesitancy) (Dror et al., 2020; Dubé et al., 2013; Puri et al., 2020), but
from clinical experience, it is apparent that it also influences other significant
aspects of social life or decisions associated with seeking medical advice (e.g.
people’s avoidance of visiting health care facilities, despite having symptoms,
due to fear of contracting the virus).
According to Watts (2019), Vaccination has been heavily criticized for
decades, this includes vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR), and
such myths including linking autism spectrum disorder to the MMR vaccine
although debunked still continue to spread. Although backed up by the
information that vaccine side effects are rare instances by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, a study in 2016 shows that fear of ‘’autism,
brain damage, or behavioral problems’’ caused by the vaccine is one of the main
reasons why parents do not want their children to be vaccinated. Cognitive
biases, according to social scientists, are the reasons why people do not want to
be vaccinated. Dr. Rachelle M. Smith, Chair of Social Sciences and Associate
Professor of Psychology at Husson University in Bangor, ME says that parents
who choose not to vaccinate their children are more likely to have biased
thinking, which occurs when a person makes judgments while they are
uninformed or under the influence of strong emotions. Because vaccinations
cover medical science concepts that many people find difficult to understand and
intense emotions since the public's safety is at stake, a person may succumb to
cognitive bias in this area. One the cognitive biases According to Smith,
Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation wherein a person is experiencing
conflicting thoughts and behavior, when this occurs the individual can either
change their belief or thoughts as a way to relieve the discomfort. For instance,
when a parent learns that vaccines are beneficial but is also worried about their
child's safety, they may remove the cognitive dissonance to support their belief
that vaccines are ineffective. Smith stated that even though it is wrong, parents
used that as a method to feel better about themselves.
Misinformation
According to Dela Cruz (2020), COVID-19 has created substantial
impediments to effective health communication due to the sudden exponential
rise in information. This infodemic caused by pandemic has exposed flaws in
Philippine information systems in a country with 76 million active social media
accounts. However, The Philippine government’s desire to make fake news
illegal could be driven by the noble goal of preserving public safety during the
COVID-19 outbreak. At a time when infection rates in the Philippines have been
continuously rising despite one of the longest and toughest lockdowns in the
world, one would wonder why the government appears to prioritize terrorism over
the epidemic. This could be due to a legitimate security issue.
Solante (2021) stated that vaccine hesitancy shows the greatest obstacle
in the Philippines’ COVID-19 immunization program, infectious disease. Solante
also said that vaccine hesitancy is the biggest challenge and according to the
report from Octa Research, vaccine hesitancy is still high outside the National
Capital Region (NCR) ranges from 21-29% while in the NCR is only less than
10%. Solante pointed out that the acceptance of vaccines in NCR is quite high,
probably driven by economic priorities that the people can work, go to the mall,
go to public places, can eat, and dine in if vaccinated. And Solante concerns the
people in the provinces outside the NCR. Solante also noted that vaccine
hesitancy is urged by the brand preferences of the people, some are waiting for
Pfizer or Moderna, or AstraZeneca, and ignoring the line of Sinovac.

According to Basch (2020), social media is a crucial communication route
via which COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation have been disseminated
quickly. While social media outlets have apparently made strident attempts,
untruths about COVID19 continue to circulate online. Falsehoods occur in a
variety of shapes and sizes, including memes. While COVID-19 memes are
meant to be funny, prolonged exposure to them may perpetuate erroneous
knowledge. Although social media platforms have apparently made steps to limit
misleading material, misinformation about COVID-19 continues to circulate
online.Individuals can use social media to express themselves, according to
Coomes (2020).
Without editorial oversight, quickly generate and share content throughout
the world. Users can choose which content streams they want to see, which
contributes to ideological isolation. As a result, anti-vaccination messaging on
such platforms raises significant public health concerns, including the potential
for downstream vaccine hesitancy, including a loss of public confidence in future
vaccine development for novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2 for the
prevention of COVID-19. However, there is also a significant potential for harmful
misinformation to spread across networks, which may be propagated via the
current anti-vaccination messaging, causing vaccine apprehension.
According to Charlton (2020), many people are using sites like Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp to spread misinformation and gossip, and they
are using these to create panic and confusion. This misleading news and
information such as medical advice can be shared and spread around the world
before anyone can fix it. On social media, misinformation can be spread
intentionally or by accident. This information can spread quickly and there are
billions of people online on the internet every day in various digital sources and
can be trusted easily by people (Armstrong & Naylor, 2019). The misinformation
that is exaggerated, contains conspiracy theories, and information that scare
people that has been circulating on these digital platforms caused the public to
mistrust the facts (Zubrzycki 2017, Strauss 2018). The spread of conspiracy
theories scared people causing them to have wrong perspectives on the
pandemic situation such as using the virus as a weapon to destroy countries,
COVID19 came from Chinese foods, and remedies with no scientific proof
(Duraisamy et al., 2020)
According to World Health Organization (2020), on social media, there has
been a lot of misinformation concerning COVID-19, including misleading "cure"
suggestions like gargling with lemon or salt water and injecting yourself with
bleach and false conspiracy theories about the source of the virus and the cause
of the symptoms. Even determining what constitutes COVID-19 misinformation is
difficult, as new knowledge about the virus's origins and therapies emerges every
time. Nonetheless, it is evident that COVID-19 misinformation is a widespread
issue. Ofcom conducted a poll on the United Kingdom that shows 46% of the
United Kingdom’s population was exposed to fake news on the coronavirus.
(Ofcom, 2020).
According to Charlton (2020), Many people are using sites like Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube, and WhatsApp to spread misinformation and gossip, and they
are using these to create panic and confusion. This misleading news and
information such as medical advice can be shared and spread around the world
before anyone can fix it. On social media, misinformation can be spread
intentionally or by accident. This information can spread quickly and there are
billions of people online on the internet every day in various digital sources and
can be trusted easily by people (Armstrong & Naylor, 2019). The misinformation
that is exaggerated, contains conspiracy theories, and information that scare
people that has been circulating on these digital platforms caused the public to
mistrust the facts (Zubrzycki 2017, Strauss 2018). The spread of conspiracy
theories scared people causing them to have wrong perspectives on the
pandemic situation such as using the virus as a weapon to destroy countries,
COVID19 came from Chinese foods, and remedies with no scientific proof
(Duraisamy et al., 2020)
According to World Health Organization (2020), on social media, there has
been a lot of misinformation concerning COVID-19, including misleading "cure"
suggestions like gargling with lemon or salt water and injecting yourself with
bleach and false conspiracy theories about the source of the virus and the cause
of the symptoms. Even determining what constitutes COVID-19 misinformation is
difficult, as new knowledge about the virus's origins and therapies emerges every
time. Nonetheless, it is evident that COVID-19 misinformation is a widespread
issue. Ofcom conducted a poll on the United Kingdom that shows 46% of the its
population was exposed to fake news on coronavirus. (Ofcom, 2020).

Synthesis
The studies a fore mentioned strengthen the validity of the research
problem itself by giving objective and measurements to subjective conditions.
Providing the need for the research problem to be solved. On social media, there
has been a lot of misinformation concerning COVID-19, including misleading
"cure" suggestions like gargling with lemon or salt water and injecting yourself
with bleach and false conspiracy theories about the source of the virus and the
cause of the symptoms. Even determining what constitutes COVID-19
misinformation is difficult, as new knowledge about the virus's origins and
therapies emerge every time. Nonetheless, it is evident that COVID-19
misinformation is a widespread issue. Users can choose which content streams
they want to see, which contributes to ideological isolation. As a result,
antivaccination messaging on such platforms raises significant public health
concerns, including the potential for downstream vaccine hesitancy, including a
loss of public confidence in future vaccine development for novel pathogens,
such as SARS-CoV-2 for the prevention of COVID-19.
Developing a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine is challenging, but
vaccine hesitancy has discussions about different and unique barriers to
researchers, scientists, government, and community leaders. Vaccine hesitancy
may be encouraged by the health information to obtain a variety of sources,
including social media platforms. As technology has improved, social media has
attained global penetrance. In contrast to the traditional media, social media
allows the individuals to create and share content globally without editorial
oversight. There are considerable public health concerns raised by
antivaccination messaging in many platforms and the potential for downstream of
the vaccine hesitancy.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, the participants of the study,
research instrument and validation, data gathering procedure, and statistical
treatment of the data.
Research Design
The researchers used quantitative research design, which deals with
numerical data and the methods used in investigating those data are called
statistics. It is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered
by the researchers. (Sheard, 2018) The researchers us this because this study
focuses on how the Generation X think, act or feel in specific way about the
COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy, or misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines.
Respondents of the Study
The population of this study is the Generation X of Brgy. Sucat,
Muntinlupa. The researchers used thirty respondents from their target population.
Sampling Technique
This study will use non-probability sampling, specifically the Purposive
Sampling, It is known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. This is
selected based on the characteristics of the population and objective of this
study. (Crossman, 2020) This requires the researchers to have prior knowledge
about the study so that they can choose suitable participants for their
questionnaires. The researchers have their criteria on choosing respondents,
including that the respondents should be a part of Generation X from Brgy.
Sucat, Muntinlupa. (Alchemer, 2021)
Research Instrument
The researchers developed a questionnaires based on the WHO Sage
Vaccine Hesitancy Scale and Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. This
questionnaire focused on determining The Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive
Dissonance Among Generation X and was further validated by professionals.
The researchers collected the necessary data for the study through online
surveys via Google Forms. In order to fulfill the goal of this study, only one
questionnaire is used (See Appendix B for the questionnaire). The questionnaire
is used to identify and compare hesitancy in various contexts of cognitive
dissonance to determine the causes for people's apprehension about vaccines,
which include their personal health and safety concerns.

Validation of Research Instrument
With the help of the relevant professionals, the questionnaire's content
was created. The researchers asked their advisor for assistance. Dean and the
subject-matter specialist.
The questionnaire's initial draft was given to the dean and a panel of
psychology experts for content validation; their suggestions for improvement
were taken into consideration while creating the questionnaire's second edition.
The final draft of the questionnaire was provided to the RDE for final
Validation and approval after receiving the approval of the dean, the psychology
expert, and the adviser.
The four-point likert scale was used to build the questionnaire, and each
item was carefully examined to make sure it related to the study's variable. The
scale was 4 – Strongly, 3 – Agree, 2 – Disagree, And 1 – Strongly Disagree.
Data Gathering Procedure
After the validation of the research instrument, the researchers followed the
data gathering procedures advised by Creswell (2019) such as the following:
The researchers secured a letter of consent from the school’s
administrator to conduct the study. The researchers reached out through
Facebook Messenger and asked if the respondents have ample time to

participate in the study and explained all the information about the
research. After the respondents agreed, they were asked to sign the
informed consent form. The researchers selected a sample by using the
purposive sampling technique from the population of Brgy. Sucat,
Muntinlupa City The criteria for the sampling are to be composed of
participants aged 40 – 55, residents of Brgy. Sucat, Muntinlupa City, and
a user of social media. The survey questionnaires are administered
through Google Forms since the study is only conducted at the
respondents’ own homes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and lockdown
protocols. After the participants answered the questionnaires, the data
are organized, tallied, and subjected to statistical analysis.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Once the survey questionnaire has been completed by the respondents,
data will be tabulated and subjected to the following statistical tools.
Frequency and percentage distribution.
Simple Percentage. Divide one number by another, with the latter,
rebased to 100. Frequency and percentage distribution are used to
describe and analyze the respondents’ profiles.
Weighted mean.
Weighted means is a mean computed by multiplying the weight (or
probability) associated with a certain event or outcome by the quantitative
outcome and then summing the results.
Pearson r.
Pearson r is a method of calculating a linear correlation. It is a number
ranging from -1 to 1 that indicates the strength and direction of a
relationship between two variables. It is used to determine if there is a
significant relationship between Misinformation and Cognitive
Dissonance of Generation X when grouped according to profile variables.

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter represents, analyzes, and interprets data gathered by the
researchers on the user-friendliness on Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive
Dissonance Among Generation X using questionnaire. The findings of the study
were organized based on the statement of the problem and were statistically
treated and presented in tabular and chart form.
Frequency and Distribution
FIGURE 1
Age Distribution of Generation X using Social Media in Sucat, Muntinlupa

AGE
38%
62%
40-50 51-55
This figure shows the age distribution of the respondents. According to the
chart, 62% are between the ages of 40-50, and 38% are between the ages of 51-
55 who are using Social Media in Sucat, Muntinlupa. This indicates that most of
the Generation X in Sucat, Muntinlupa are between the ages of 40-50.
Support Study (RRL)
According to the 2015 census, those aged 15 up to 64 in Sucat,
Muntinlupa, composed of 68.59% (39,441), they are the active population.
There are 42 young dependents, 4 aged/senior citizens, and overall, there are 46
dependents to every working population. The median age in the entire population
is 26, half of the population are from age 26.
As of 2015, the population in Sucat, Muntinlupa from ages 40 to 44
consists of 3,813 (6.63%), then 3,175 (5.52%) for ages 45 to 49, and 2,565
(4.46%) for ages 50 to 54. The total population of Sucat, Muntinlupa is 10.37%,
the age group with the highest population is from ages 30 to 34, and the lowest
population is from ages 80 and above, the ages 30 to 34 consists of 50,636
individuals, and the ages 80 and above consists of 2,505 individuals.
According to Manila Bulletin (2022), 533,944 individuals were fully
vaccinated, 39,824 were senior citizens, 436,008 were from the ages 18 to 59,
40,698 from the ages 12 to 17, and 17,414 from the ages 5 to 11. Based on the
data from Muntinlupa City Health Office, Sucat, Muntinlupa has 92% rate with
40,037 individuals who are fully vaccinated.
FIGURE 2
Sex Distribution of Generation X using Social Media in Sucat, Muntinlupa
SEX
46%
54%
Male Female
In this figure, this shows the sex distribution of the respondents. According
to the chart, 46% are male, then 54% are female, who are using Social Media in
Sucat, Muntinlupa. This indicates that most of the Generation X in Sucat,
Muntinlupa are female.
Support Study (RRL)
According to the National Statistics Office, as of 2010, the population of
Muntinlupa in both sexes are 27,486 for ages 40 to 44, with 12,991 of males, and
14,495 of females. Then 23,278 both sexes for ages 45 to 49, with 10,980 of
males, and 12,298 of females. And 20,274 for ages 50 to 54, with 9,562 of
males, and 10,712 of females.
As of 2023, permanent residents in Muntinlupa consists of 452,493
population, with 194,629 (43.01%) of adults aged 30 to 59. And total residents
for males is 206,337 (45.6%), and 246,156 (54.4%) females. With 14,778 (6.4%)
of males from ages 40 to 44, and 13,738 (7.3%) of females. For ages 45 to 49,
there are 13,529 (5.8%) of males, and 12,698 (6.8%) of females. And for ages
50 to 54, there are 15,402 (6.7%) of males, and 15,404 (8.1%) of females.
The lowest population for males is from ages 80 and above, with 3,538
(1%) of population, while for females is from ages 70 to 74, with 6,661 (3.9%) of
population. Then the highest population for males is from ages 25 to 29, with
17,900 (7.9%) of population, while for the females is from ages 55 to 59, with
17,693 (9.2%) of population.
FIGURE 3
Educational Attainment Distribution of Generation X using Social Media in Sucat,
Muntinlupa
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
4%
10%
20%
66%
None Elementary High School College
This figure shows the Educational Attainment of the respondents.
According to the chart, 9% of the respondents are not finished in their education,
then 22% are the respondents who are elementary graduate, then 20% are the
respondents who are high school graduate, and the 66% are the respondents
who are college graduate. This indicates that most of the Generation X in Sucat,
Muntinlupa are college graduate.
Support Study (RRL)
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2010, 19.1% had
finished high school, while 11.7% had completed elementary, and 10.1% were
degree holders or college graduate. Among those college graduates, more
females have finished college more than males, with 56.1% of females, and
43.9% of males. The educational attainment for the whole country has been
improved since the year 2000, all graduates from secondary and tertiary
increased, as well as to the college graduates. And the number of those who did
not complete any education had decreased.
As of 2010, for the ages 25 and above, 2.5% had not finish any education.
There are 1,071,693 individuals who did not finish any year level, 6,603,148
were elementary graduate, 10,687,099 were high school graduate, and
6,887,692 were college graduate. And overall, the total of individuals in the
report for ages 25 and above were 43,334,514.
According to the survey held by the Philippine Statistics Authority in the
year 2022, with the respondents from Metro Manila, majority of them were
college graduates with 49.7% individuals, followed by 41.9% individuals who
were high school graduate, 2.3% completed elementary education, and the 6.1%
who did not finish any education.
FIGURE 4
Employability of Generation X in Sucat, Muntinlupa
EMPLOYABILITY
48%
52%
Employed Unemployed
In this figure, this shows the Employability of the respondents. According
to the chart, 48% of the respondents are employed, and 52% of the respondents
are unemployed. This indicates that most of the Generation X in Sucat,
Muntinlupa are unemployed.
Support Study (RRL)
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2022, the
employment rate in the Philippines is estimated at 94.0%, while the
unemployment rate is estimated at 6.0%. The employment rate is higher than the
year 2021, which is estimated at 92.3%. Then the unemployment rate has been
decreased than last 2021, with a percentage of 7.7%. There were 2.93 million
unemployed persons in the year 2022, and 3.74 million for the year 2021.
As of 2022, there were 94.1% males who are employed, while there were
94.0% females who are employed. Then for the unemployed individuals, there
were 5.9% of males who are unemployed, and there were 6.0% of females.
There were 19.6 million total of females with labor force, and 29.05 million for the
males.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the unemployment rate
during September 2022 estimated at 5%, and there were 2.5 million individuals
with no jobs, and 183,000 or lower than the 2.68 million individuals who does not
have job during the last month. It is also lower by 1.78 million individuals from the
4.8 million individuals with no job last year, and means that 50 out of 1,000 who
are unemployed individuals that are in the labor force.

1. What is the level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X in terms of:
Perceptions Towards the Vaccine, Health, Knowledge, and Safety?
2.1. Perceptions Towards the Vaccine
Table 1
Level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X as to Perceptions towards
Vaccine
Statements Mean Standard Rank Interpretation
(x) Deviation
1. 3.26 0.75 1 High
2. 1.56 0.64 5 Low

3. 1.78 0.82 4 Low
4. 1.86 0.83 3 Low
5. 2.44 0.84 2 Low
Overall 2.18 0.45 Low
Legend:
3.50-4.00 (Strongly Agree)-Very High
2.50-3.49 (Agree)-High
1.50-2.49 (Disagree)-Low
1.00-1.49 (Strongly Disagree)-Very Low
In Table 1 it is shown that as a whole, the respondents’ level of vaccine
information as to perceptions towards vaccine was “Low” as indicated in the
overall computed mean value of 2.18 with a standard deviation of 0.45.
Statement no. 1 got a mean of 3.26 and a standard deviation of 0.75 with the
verbal interpretation of ‘’High’’. Statement no. 2 got a mean of 1.56 and a
standard deviation of 0.64 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no.
3 got a mean of 1.78 and a standard deviation of 0.82 with the verbal
interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no. 4 got a mean of 1.86 and a standard
deviation of 0.83 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no. 5 got a
mean of 2.44 and a standard deviation of 0.84 with the verbal interpretation of
‘’Low’’. Statement number 1 got the highest rank among the statements.
In a study conducted by Pagan et. Al. (2022), examined beliefs across
different generations. Every generation has different experiences that affect their
beliefs about the pandemic and vaccines. Like other studies shown, COVID-19
vaccination perceptions such as accepting its advantages and disadvantages
were strongly influenced by age and generational cohorts stating that every
generation has a particular ‘’set of social, economic, technological, and/or
political circumstances" depending on increases and decreases. Generation X
are noted for their individuality and risk-taking conduct and the generation that
grew up on the internet’s emergence and did not enter higher education but
instead became part of the laborers, it is found that 80% of them see vaccines as
an effective cure for COVID-19.
Another research was conducted to determine the perceptions of different sexes
and ages about the COVID-19 vaccine. The results have shown that generally,
the perception of the vaccine and its safety varied by age, and when it comes to
willingness it showed that older adults such as 50 years old and above stated
that they were still willing to undergo in getting the vaccination (Belisario et. Al.,
2021).
In a cross-sectional study by Estrela et. Al. (2022), found that older adults who
reside with a younger family member aged 18 years old or below are 14.5 times
more likely to refuse to be vaccinated due to the influence as one of the possible
reasons as also stated in other research other than confusing and lack of
information about the vaccine. As social media is the main source of information
during the pandemic, the older population trusts the information coming from
social media.
2.2. Health
Table 2
Level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X as to Health
(x) Deviation
1. I believe 2.92 0.63 1 High

that the
body is
more
vulnerable
to illnesses
after
receiving
vaccinations
to treat
illnesses.
2. I believe 2.36 0.78 2 Low
that COVID-
19 vaccines
can cause
some
illnesses.
3. I believe 2.12 0.75 4 Low
that COVID-
19 vaccines
can make
the illness
much worse
4. I believe 2.28 0.76 3 Low
that COVID-
19 vaccines
have severe
side effects
such as
allergic
reactions.
5. I believe 2.10 0.71 5 Low
COVID-19
vaccines
increase the
risk of
symptomati
c infection.
Legend:
In Table 2 it is shown that the respondents had a “Low” level of vaccine
misinformation in terms of health as indicated in the overall computed mean
value 2.36 with a standard deviation of 0.49. Statement no. 1 got a mean of 2.92
and a standard deviation of 0.63 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’High’’.
Statement no. 2 got a mean of 2.36 and a standard deviation of 0.78 with the
verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no. 3 got a mean of 2.12 and a

standard deviation of 0.75 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no.
interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no. 5 got a mean of 2.10 and a standard
deviation of 0.71 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement number 1 got
the highest rank among the statements.
Nugraheni et. Al., (2022) cited that, Anxiety and fear are linked with
COVID-19, and vaccine refusal is also associated with high overall anxiety. One
of the few causes of vaccine-related anxiety is the possibility of contracting
COVID-19 after being immunized. The study's findings also revealed that
persons with comorbidities are more inclined to delay receiving the
immunization. Misinformation regarding the potential danger to people with
illnesses produced negative reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine in Indonesia.
Several studies were carried out in Hong Kong to determine the causes of
vaccine hesitancy, particularly among older adults. These older people who
refuse vaccinations have been identified as being vulnerable to diseases that
require vaccine protection immediately. One of the main reasons for reticence,
despite the authority's efforts to convince them, is old age, living independently,
and having less time to engage in social media. Worrying about the probable
negative effects of the vaccine is another. It is also stated that the spread of
misinformation regarding vaccination side effects that damage one's health has
had a negative impact on the minds of older people who are concerned about
their poor health and the potential issues they may face after being vaccinated
(Cheong-Chun Chan et. Al., 2022).

Meanwhile, in the Philippines, a study was conducted in which
respondents shared their negative vaccination experiences, which were caused
by the people's politicized and damaged trust in the Dengvaxia vaccine, which
contributed to the COVID-19 vaccine's hesitation, as well as unprepared health
care demands in the health care system. Vaccines are often viewed as harmful
and deadly due to previous events. It contributes to the reasons why
respondents have vaccine hesitation, despite the fact that they are more afraid of
the vaccine's side effects than of becoming infected with COVID-19. Different
vaccination theories contributed to their concerns, including health-related issues
and uncertainties about the vaccine's efficacy due to the use of new technologies
in its production. However, it contradicts the claims of healthcare providers and
other participants who claim that vaccines are an excellent tool for disease
prevention (Amit et. Al., 2022).
2.3. Knowledge
Table 3
Level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X as to Knowledge
(x) Deviation
1. I got 2.12 0.82 4 Low

COVID-19
Vaccine
information
from
message
chain on
social
media
2. I 2.32 0.74 2 Low
researche
d about
the
COVID-19
and
vaccines
3. I don’t 1.90 0.65 5 Low
have
enough
information
about
COVID-19
and the
vaccines.
4. I still don't 2.68 0.74 1 High
have
enough
information
on the
vaccine's
long-term
effects on
the body.
5. I got 2.16 0.68 3 Low
COVID-19
information
from
famous
pages on
social
media.
Legend:
In Table 3 it is shown that overall, the respondents had a low level of vaccine
misinformation in terms of knowledge as indicated in the overall computed
mean value 2.24 with a standard deviation of 0.56. Statement 4 that stated, “I
still don't have enough information on the vaccine's long-term effects on the
body.” Got a mean of 2.68 and a standard deviation of 0.74. it ranks first
among the other statement. The statement 2 which stated, “I researched
about the COVID-19 and vaccines” Got a mean of 2.32 and a standard
deviation of 0.74. it ranks second among the other statement. Following this
is the statement 5 that stated, “I got COVID-19 information from famous
pages on social media.” Which has a mean of 2.16 and a standard deviation
of 0.68. it ranks third among the other statement. On the other hand,
statement 1 that stated, “I got COVID-19 Vaccine information from message
chain on social media” that has a mean of 2.12 and a standard deviation of
0.82 it ranks fourth among the other statement, Statement 3 which stated, “I
don’t have enough information about COVID-19 and the vaccines.” Has a
mean of 1.90 and a standard deviation of 0.65 It ranks fifth and the lowest
ranks among the other statement.
As stated by Basch (2020) asserts that social media is a vital
communication channel through which COVID-19 false information and
disinformation have been easily spread. Despite what appears to be ardent
attempts by social media platforms, misinformation concerning COVID19 is
still widely disseminated online. Memes are one type of falsehood that comes
in many different forms and shapes. COVID-19 memes are supposed to be
humorous, but repeated exposure to them could lead to incorrect information
spreading.
According to Armstrong and Naylor (2019) Misinformation can be disseminated
on social media by mistake or on purpose. Individuals can readily believe this
information because it can spread swiftly and there are billions of people using
various digital sources on the internet every day.
In the study of Dela Cruz (2020) COVID-19 has significantly hampered effective
health communication as a result of the abrupt exponential growth of information.
With 76 million active social media accounts in the Philippines, this infodemic
brought on by the pandemic has shown weaknesses in the country's information
systems.
The results shows that this was the opposite of the studies of Basch, Armstrong
and Naylor and Dela Cruz. People disagree that they are misinformed in terms of
vaccine knowledge
2.4. Safety
Table 4
Level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X as to Safety
(x) Deviation
1. I believe that 2.58 0.81 3 High

although
most of the
COVID-19
vaccines are
safe,
sometimes
problems
occur.
doctors hide
information
about the
vaccine's
serious side
effects.
3. I am 2.20 0.81 5 Low
suspicious
about the
effectivenes
s of the
vaccine.
4. here is 2.48 0.79 4 High
insufficient
evidence
that
vaccines are
safe.
news media
hide
information
about
vaccines’
side effects.
Overall 2.59 0.44 High
Legend:

In Table 4 it is shown that the respondents’ level of vaccine information in
terms of safety was “High” as indicated overall computed mean value of 2.59
with a standard deviation of 0.44. Statement no. 1 got a mean of 2.58 and a
standard deviation of 0.81 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’High’’. Statement no.
interpretation of ‘’High’’. Statement no. 3 got a mean of 2.20 and a standard
deviation of 0.81 with the verbal interpretation of ‘’Low’’. Statement no. 4 got a
mean of 2.48 and a standard deviation of 0.79 with the verbal interpretation of
‘’High’’. Statement no. 5 got a mean of 2.60 and a standard deviation of 0.83 with
the verbal interpretation of ‘’High’’. Statement number 2 got the highest rank
among the statements.
In Jordan, respondents demonstrate a poor degree of acceptance for
COVID-19 vaccinations, which can be attributed to a range of factors. Although
most of the studies’ participants claim that getting the vaccine is necessary for
protection showing 63% of the results, there are still 49% who are reluctant.
These influences can be seen not only in Jordan but all throughout the world, for
example, the lack of trust when it comes to newly developed mRNA-based
vaccines since it does not have a strong background of results and doubts when
it comes to the speed of creating the vaccine. Respondents reasoned about
safety regarding its side effects that can be associated with the negative
campaign about the vaccines made by anti-vaxxers that spread false and
mistranslated information (AbuAlSamen et. Al., 2021).

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate vaccine hesitancy
among older adults, and it was discovered that the main concern is vaccine
safety. People who are against vaccination are concerned about the validity of
the vaccine as well as its efficiency, which is similar to the most recent findings
from a study in Switzerland. According to the findings of this study, one-third of
the respondents are concerned about the safety of the vaccines; nonetheless,
they still expressed willingness due to their understanding of COVID-19 and the
use of the vaccine provided by clinicians (Abdul, 2022).
According to Basta et. Al., (2002), the factors influencing the willingness of
persons aged 50 and up were investigated. One of the factors is the safety
concerns of the COVID-19 vaccine according to the majority who are unwilling to
be vaccinated along with the reason that they already experienced being infected
by the COVID-19 virus and believed that it is not already that necessary. Like the
other studies, which point out safety concerns as the reason for unwillingness,
however in this study other crucial factors, such as influenza vaccination.
Table 5
Summary of the Level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X
Components Mean Standard Rank Interpretation
(x) Deviation
Perceptions 2.18 0.45 4 Low
towards
Vaccine
Health 2.36 0.49 2 Low
Knowledge 2.24 0.56 3 Low
Safety 2.59 0.44 1 High
Legend:
3.50-4.00 (Strongly Agree)
2.50-3.49 (Agree)
1.50-2.49 (Disagree)
1.00-1.49 (Strongly Disagree)
In Table 5 it is shown that overall, the respondents’ level of misinformation was
“Low” as indicated in the overall computed mean value of 2.34 with a standard
deviation of 0.41 Component rank no. 1 of safety got a mean of 2.59 and a
standard Deviation of 0.44 with a high interpretation. Component rank no 2. Of
Health got a mean of 2.36 with a standard deviation of 0.49 with a low
interpretation. Component rank no.3 got a mean of 2.24 and a standard deviation
of 0.56 with a low interpretation. And an overall of 2.34 mean with a 0.41
standard deviation with low interpretation.
World Health Organization (2020) claims that there has been a lot of false
information about COVID-19 on social media, including false "cure"
recommendations like gargling with lemon or salt water and injecting yourself
with bleach as well as false conspiracies about the origin of the virus and the
reason behind the symptoms. It can be challenging to even define what COVID-
19 disinformation is because fresh information regarding the virus's causes and
treatments is constantly being discovered. However, it is clear that COVID-19
misinformation is a problem that affects many people.
Charlton (2020) asserts that many people disseminate false information and
rumors through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and
WhatsApp in an effort to promote panic and confusion. Before anyone can
correct it, this false news and information, including medical advice, can circulate
throughout the entire world. Misinformation can be disseminated on social media
by mistake or on purpose.
3. What is the level of cognitive dissonance in Generation X in terms of:
Decision Making, Personal Cognition, and Conflicting Views?
3.1. Decision Making
Table 6
Level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X as to Decision Making
(x) Deviation
1. I decided 1.64 0.78 5 Low

not to take
the
COVID-19
vaccine
due to my
religious
beliefs.
2. I still got it 3.20 0.88 1 High
for the
sake of my
family.
3. I know that 2.38 0.95 3 Low
vaccines
cannot be
trusted but
I still get
the vaccine
4. I felt 2.24 0.80 4 Low
confused
when I
decided to
get
vaccinated.
5. I changed 2.64 0.83 2 High
my
perception
s about
vaccines.
Legend:

In Table 6 it is shown that the respondents’ level of cognitive dissonance
in terms decision making was “Low” as indicated overall computed mean value of
2.42 with a standard deviation of 0.60. Statement 2 that stated, “I still got it for the
sake of my family.” Got a mean of 3.20 and a standard deviation of 0.88 it ranks
first among the other statement. The statement 5 that stated, “I changed my
perceptions about vaccines.” Got a mean of 2.64 and a standard deviation of
0.83 ranks second among the other statement to be followed by statement 3 that
stated “I know that vaccines cannot be trusted but I still get the vaccine” it has a
mean of 2.35 and a standard deviation of 0.95 it ranks third than the other
statement. The statement 4 which stated, “I felt confused when I decided to get
vaccinated.” Got a mean of 2.24 and a standard deviation of 0.83 ranks the
fourth than the other statement and finally the statement 1 that stated, “I decided
not to take the COVID-19 vaccine due to my religious beliefs.” Got a mean of
1.64 and a standard deviation of 0.68 it ranks the lowest or fifth among the other
statement.
According to Plante (2021), when someone experiences dissonance
between their thoughts and beliefs, it changes their behavior, which then leads to
a change in their thinking or behaviors to address the issue.

As stated by (Hunink and others, 2020) Cognitive dissonance results from this
flimsy logical structure's missing or incomplete pieces. The psychological
discomfort people feel when maintaining two or more conflicting cognitions is
known as cognitive dissonance.
Perlapani (2021) that the unpredictability of currently available diagnostic
tests, the natural progression of the disease, the impacts of treatment, and the
efficacy of healthcare create an unstable environment that makes it difficult to
comprehend all the information and draw conclusions.
The results shows that this was the opposite of the studies of (Plante), (Hunink)
and (Perlapani). People disagree that cognitive dissonance affect their decision
making to take vaccine
3.2. Personal Cognition
Table 7
Level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X as to Personal Cognition
(x) Deviation
1. I believed 3.06 0.71 1 High

that natural
immunity is
the best
despite
being
vaccinated
.
2. think that 2.94 0.74 2 High
getting the
COVID-19
vaccine
will be
risky
because
many
people that
are
gathering
to be
vaccinated
that
immune
system is
enough for
us to
survive
without
vaccine.
4. I believe 2.40 0.76 5 Low
other
people
died
because of
the
COVID-19
vaccine.
that the
COVID-19
vaccine
will alter
my DNA.
Legend:
In Table 7 it is shown that the respondents had a “Low” level of cognitive
dissonance in terms of personal cognition as indicated in the overall computed
mean value of 2.71 with a standard deviation of 0.57. Statement no. 1 got a
mean of 3.06 and a standard deviation of 0.71 with a no. 1 rank with high
interpretation. Statement no. 2 got a mean of 2.94 and standard deviation with a
no. 2 rank and high interpretation. Statement no. 5 got a mean of 2.62 and a
standard deviation of 0.92 with rank no. 3 and a high interpretation. Statement
no. 3 got a mean of 2.54 and standard deviation of 0.79 with a rank no. 4 with a
high interpretation. Statement no. 4 got a mean of 2.40 and a standard deviation
of 0.76 with a rank of no. 5 that has low interpretation. Statement no. 5 got a
mean of 2.62 with a standard deviation of 0.92 with no.3 rank and high
interpretation. Overall of 2,71 mean and a 0.57 standard deviation with high
interpretation
The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine has been heavily
criticized for years, according to Watts (2019), and despite the debunking of
misconceptions like the one that links the MMR vaccine to autism spectrum
disorder, they still persist. A 2016 study found that one of the main reasons why
parents do not want their children to receive vaccinations is fear of "autism, brain
damage, or behavioral problems" caused by the vaccine. This finding is
supported by the fact that vaccine side effects are rare, according to the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
Cognitive dissonance results from this flimsy logical structure's missing or
incomplete pieces. The psychological discomfort people feel when maintaining
two or more conflicting cognitions is known as cognitive dissonance (Festinger,
1957). In order to maintain their safety during the enforced lockdowns, people
developed new routines. They've discovered that living alone and apart from
people may keep them secure and well. The cognitive dissonance is clear: while
the urge to socialize and resume regular life is the first goal, the need to maintain
one's health is the second. As a result, people find it difficult to decide whether to
go back to work, go out, or travel. Hesitancy was primarily researched in the
global COVID19 literature to address certain people's resistance to vaccination
(vaccine hesitancy)
3.3. Conflicting Views
Table 8
Level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X as to Conflicting Views
(x) Deviation
although
most of the
COVID-19
vaccines are
safe,
sometimes
problems
occur.
2. I believe that 2.16 0.82 5 Low
doctors hide
information
about the
vaccine's
serious side
effects.
3. I am 2.34 0.75 4 Low
suspicious
about the
effectivenes
s of the
vaccine.
4. There is 2.44 0.88 2 Low
insufficient
evidence
that
vaccines are
safe.
5. I believe 2.38 0.88 3 Low

most of the
side effects
of the
COVID-19
vaccines are
severe.
Legend:
In Table 8 it is shown that the respondents’ level of cognitive dissonance as to
conflicting views as “Low” as indicated in the overall computed mean value of
2.40 with a standard deviation of 0.65. Statement no. 1 got a mean of 2.66 and
a standard deviation of 0.80 with no.1 rank with high interpretation. Statement
no. 4 got a mean of 2.44 with standard deviation of 0.88 with a no.2 rank and
with low interpretation. Statement no. 5 got a mean of 2.38 and a standard
deviation of 0.88 with no. 3 rank with low interpretation. Statement no. 3 got a
2.34 and a standard deviation of 0.75 and no. 4 rank with low interpretation.
Statement no.2 got a mean of 2.16 and a standard deviation of 0.82 and a no. 5
rank with a low interpretation. Overall of 2.40 mean and a standard deviation of
0.65 and a low interpretation.

Plante (2021) claims that cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's
ideas and thoughts are in contradiction, changes in behavior occur, and the
person then alters their views or behaviors to try to eliminate the dissonance that
is causing them discomfort. It makes sense that people would feel nervous and
take the necessary precautions to protect their health and the health of those
they care about. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is normal for people to
feel terrified, nervous, and, if they are permitted, selfish.
Perlapani (2021) asserts that the unpredictability of currently available
diagnostic tests, the natural progression of the disease, the impacts of treatment,
and the efficacy of healthcare create an unstable environment that makes it
difficult to comprehend all the information and draw conclusions (Hunink et al.,
2020).Cognitive dissonance results from this flimsy logical structure's missing or
incomplete pieces. The psychological discomfort people feel when maintaining
two or more conflicting cognitions is known as cognitive dissonance (Festinger,
1957).
Table 9
Summary of the Level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X
Components Mean Standard Rank Interpretation
(x) Deviation
Decision 2.42 0.60 2 Low
making
Personal 2.71 0.57 1 High
Cognition
Conflicting 2.40 0.65 3 Low
Views
Legend:
In Table 9 it is shown that the respondents’ level of cognitive dissonance
was “High” as indicated overall computed mean value of 2.51 with a standard
deviation of 0.46. The personal cognition ranks the first among the other
components that got a total mean of 2.71 and a total standard deviation of 0.57
while the decision making ranks the second among the other components and
got a total mean of 2.42 and a total standard deviation of 0.60 to be followed by
the lowest rank than the other components which is conflicting views, it has a
total mean of 2.40 and a standard deviation of 0.65.

In the study of (Festinger, 1954) in which he claimed that people are compelled
to compare themselves to the opinions and abilities of others to the extent that
they are unsure about the accuracy of their own ideas and abilities. Festinger's
motivation is quite strong. People had to make accommodations for it because it
was a motivational necessity rather than a sentiment or choice.
As stated by (1985; Shaw & Contanzo). Dissonance most frequently manifests
when a person is forced to choose between two opposing views or activities.
Even when two people are in the same circumstance, their options can vary
depending on the circumstances. This difference arises in a person's capacity to
endure discord, the approach selected to lessen dissonant circumstances, and
the manner in which a problem is seen by a person as consonant or dissonant.

4. Is there a significant relationship between Vaccine Misinformation and
Cognitive Dissonance Among Generation X?
Table 10
Relationship Vaccine Misinformation as to Perceptions towards Vaccine
and Cognitive Dissonance
Variables Computed Significance Interpretation
Vaccine Misinformation r Value Value at 2-
as to Perceptions Tailed
towards Vaccine and…
Decision Making 0.479 0.000 Low Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Personal Cognition 0.238 0.096 Negligible
Correlation, Not
Significant, Accept
Ho
Conflicting Views 0.606 0.000 Moderate Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Overall 0.592 0.000 Moderate Positive

Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Legend:
0.90 to 1.00 (-0.90 to -1.00) -Very High Positive (Negative) Correlation
0.70 to 0.90 (-0.70 to -0.90) -High Positive (Negative) Correlation
0.50 to 0.70 (-0.50 to -0.70) -Moderate Positive (Negative) Correlation
0.30 to 0.50 (-0.30 to -0.50) -Low Positive (Negative) Correlation
0.00 to 0.30 (-0.00 to -0.30) -Negligible Correlation
As shown in Table 10, the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation as
to perceptions towards vaccine; and their level of cognitive dissonance had a
moderate positive correlation which was significant (r=0.592, sig. at 2-
tailed=0.000). This means the increase or decrease of the respondents’ level of
vaccine misinformation can moderately increase or decrease their level of
cognitive dissonance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.
Base on the studies of Curnalia (2016) It is based on the premise. that people
like to think of themselves as being consistent and logical in both cognition and
conduct.
as a result, individuals select deliberately how to react to information or actions
that challenge them the way they think.

As stated by Aronson E. (1969) Vaccine-hesitant People may experience
cognitive dissonance as a result of getting immunized or refusing to be
immunized. Due to the vaccination or non-vaccination statistics, people who
have cognitive dissonance if they have reservations about vaccinations. To seek
the consistency of the internal reality, they either minimize enhancing fresh
cognition or avoiding cognitive dissonance reducing cognitive dissonance and
enhancing it interacting with new cognition
Table 11
Relationship Vaccine Misinformation as to Health and Cognitive
Dissonance
Vaccine r Value Value at 2-Tailed
Misinformation as
to Health and…
Decision Making 0.385 0.006 Low Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Personal 0.208 0.148 Negligible
Cognition Correlation, Not
Significant,
Accept Ho
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Overall 0.525 0.000 Moderate Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Legend:
As shown in Table 11, the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation as to
health; and their level of cognitive dissonance had a moderate positive
correlation which was significant (r=0.525, sig. at 2-tailed=0.000). This means
the increase or decrease of the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation as
to health can moderately increase or decrease their level of cognitive
dissonance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.
A study on the effect of narratives on persuasion discovered that self-
narratives can influence beliefs. Despite the fact that narratives have the capacity
to lower resistance to persuasive messages, there is only a minor positive effect
on vaccination when pro-vaccine narratives are used. It means that it is useful to
use narratives on persuasion when it comes to health attitudes. One of the
explanations for this is cognitive dissonance, which occurs when people
articulate views that contradict their pre-existing beliefs. To alleviate the
discomfort caused by contradictory concepts, the individual may develop self-
persuasion arguments to push and shift their beliefs (Huang & Green, 2022).
Azarpanah et. Al., (2021), conducted a study to find out what is the role of
cognitive biases in vaccine hesitancy. There is an importance in both cognitive
biases and decision-making, people often use heuristics when making a
decision, it is helpful if only use appropriate variables however it can result in
biases when not used correctly. People frequently stick to their opinions because
fresh information that contradicts their beliefs generates cognitive dissonance. It
is advised that the medical environment be modified in order to build people's
trust in vaccines, such as bridging the gap in effective communication of
evidence-based information about vaccines and their risks (Harrison and Wu,
2020).
Table 12
Relationship Vaccine Misinformation as to Knowledge and Cognitive
Dissonance
Misinformation as
to Knowledge
and…
Decision Making 0.641 0.000 Moderate Positive
Correlation,
Significant
Personal 0.176 0.220 Negligible
Cognition Correlation, Not
Significant,
Accept Ho
Conflicting Views 0.746 0.000 High Positive
Correlation,
Significant
Overall 0.702 0.000 High Positive
Correlation,
Significant
Legend:

to knowledge; and their level of cognitive dissonance had a high positive
correlation which was significant (r=0.702, sig. at 2-tailed=0.000). This means
the increase or decrease of the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation as
to knowledge can highly increase or decrease their level of cognitive dissonance.
Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected.
As stated by (umar,2020) The ability of people to understand when,
where, and who should be immunized depends on their knowledge, information,
and awareness, The correct dissemination of immunization information is
necessary to boost Generation X's awareness, which will significantly help to
lessen vaccine hesitancy.
According to (Rahman 2022) Vaccine hesitancy, which is defined as "the
decision to delay vaccination or the reluctance to vaccinate despite available
vaccination services," may be caused by a lack of knowledge and attitude.
Hesitancy to get the influenza, papillomavirus, and pneumococcal immunizations
has previously been noted. In certain nations, there was also reluctance to
provide the COVID-19 vaccine. Numerous studies carried out in the Czech
Republic, Italy, Lebanon, and Bangladesh revealed that a number of socio-
demographic factors, behavioral patterns, vaccine accessibility, side effects, a
lack of knowledge or a lack of trust regarding the COVID-19 vaccine may all be
involved in the hesitancy.
According to (Lee, 2021) Knowledge was linked to attitudes and
preventive behaviors, and it can play a significant role in improving the practice
of public preventive behavior. The impact of knowledge on health behaviors has
been validated in many public health areas based on the idea that the public can
make "informed decisions" about health behaviors by utilizing knowledge about
pertinent health issues. It is difficult to say how much knowledge is sufficient
enough for achieving desirable changes in health outcomes.
Table 13
Relationship Vaccine Misinformation as to Safety and Cognitive
Dissonance
Misinformation as
to Safety and…
Decision Making 0.583 0.000 Moderate Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Personal 0.380 0.007 Low Positive
Cognition Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Legend:
to safety; and their level of cognitive dissonance had a high positive correlation
which was significant (r=0.736, sig. at 2-tailed=0.000). This means the increase
or decrease of the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation as to safety can
highly increase or decrease their level of cognitive dissonance. Therefore, the
null hypothesis was rejected.
Support Study (RRL)
According to the World Health Organization, Vaccine Hesitancy is one of
the top threats when it comes to health. The common cause of it is
misinformation, mostly from the internet or social media. All individuals must
decide when it is about vaccination, and some perceptions the individuals make
are based on the information they know about it, maybe some of it are
misinformation, most especially when it comes to social media. Social Media
may have a good and bad effect about it, it depends on how the individuals view
it.
In the study conducted by Amit et Al. (2022). During the COVID-19
pandemic, there are so much misinformation about the COVID-19 and the
vaccine, and some of it are threats especially on taking vaccine, and most of it
are health misinformation. And in that misinformation, many individuals have
trouble on deciding whether they will take the vaccine or not.
Table 14
Relationship Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive Dissonance
Overall Cognitive r Value Value at 2-Tailed
Dissonance
and…
Perceptions 0.592 0.000 Moderate Positive
towards Vaccine Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Health 0.525 0.000 Moderate Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Knowledge 0.702 0.000 High Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Safety 0.736 0.000 High Positive
Correlation,
Significant, Reject
Ho
Correlation,
Significant,
Reject Ho
Legend:
As shown in Table 14, the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation; and their
level of cognitive dissonance had a high positive correlation which was
significant (r=0.764, sig. at 2-tailed=0.000). This means the increase or decrease
of the respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation can highly increase or

decrease their level of cognitive dissonance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was
rejected. Support Study (RRL)
In the study conducted by Cook et Al. (2012). The widespread of
misinformation, such as false beliefs and myths. Misinformation can be from
rumors, and it can also be from your vested interests like influencers. The level
of misinformation of every individual view about their perception to the vaccine.
Another study was conducted that trust is very important on accepting the
vaccine, it includes the confidence of an individual on taking it, COVID-19
vaccine will likely the reason to social anxieties, frustrations, anger, and
uncertainty, multiple perceptions about the vaccine can be the reason about it.
(Bardosh et Al., 2022)

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings based on the data gathered from
the study, the conclusions drawn, and the future directions offered by the
researchers.
Summary of Findings
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms
of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Sex
1.3. Educational Attainment
1.4. Employability
 For Age, Participants who are 40-50 years old had the frequency of thirty-
one (31) respondents, followed by 51-55 years old with the frequency of
19 respondents.
 In the Sex distribution of the respondents, there was a total of twenty-
seven (27) female respondents and twenty-three (23) male respondents.
 For Educational Attainment of the respondents, there were 4 groups
namely: None has two (2) respondents, Elementary graduates have ten
(10) respondents, High School graduates have ten (10) respondents and
College graduates have thirty-three (33) respondents each.
 For the Employability of the respondents; unemployed has the frequency
of twenty-six (26) respondents, and employed has twenty-four (24)
respondents.
2. What is the level of Vaccine Misinformation in Generation X in
terms of:
2.1 Perceptions towards the Vaccine
A summative mean of 2.18 showed that the respondents are ‘’Low’’ in
Misinformation in terms of Perception towards the Vaccine.
2.2 Health
Misinformation in terms of Health.
2.3 Knowledge
Misinformation in terms of Knowledge.
2.4 Safety
A summative mean of 2.59 showed that the respondents are ‘’High’’ in
Misinformation in terms of Safety.
3. What is the level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X?
3.1 Decision Making
Cognitive Dissonance in terms of Decision Making.
3.2 Personal Cognition
A summative mean of 2.71 showed that the respondents are ‘’High’’ in
Cognitive Dissonance in terms of Personal Cognition.
3.3 Conflicting Views
Cognitive Dissonance in terms of Conflicting Views.
4. Is there a significant relationship between Vaccine
Misinformation and Cognitive Dissonance Among Generation X?
Results revealed that in terms of Vaccine Misinformation as to Perception
towards Vaccine and Health, it was found that there is a Moderate
Positive Correlation. Results also revealed that the terms Vaccine
Misinformation as to Knowledge and Safety as a High positive Correlation

to Cognitive Dissonance. Overall, the result of the study revealed that
there is a High Positive Correlation between Vaccine Misinformation and
Cognitive Dissonance.
Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
 Most of the respondents are 40-50 years old, and majority of them are
females. Also, most of them are college graduates, and unemployed
individuals.
 The level of Cognitive Dissonance in Generation X was high, with
Personal Cognition as the highest rank among the components, while
Conflicting Views as the lowest rank.
 As to Perception and Health, the level of Cognitive Dissonance of the
respondents had a moderate positive correlation and significant. And it
results to reject the null hypothesis.
 As to Knowledge and Safety, the level of Cognitive Dissonance of the
respondents had a high positive correlation and significant. And it also
 Overall, the level of Vaccine Misinformation and Cognitive Dissonance of
the respondents had a high positive correlation and significant. Which
 The result of the survey questionnaire showed that the respondents which
is Generation X from Sucat, Muntinlupa did not affect their cognitive

dissonance about the vaccine on the misinformation in social media about
it.
Recommendations
Generation X. this will be their guide to avoid fear panic and hate to take
vaccination and making the situations less difficult. They should be looking for
some reliable sources or journals that could mislead them to false information
about Covid -19 vaccine
Social Media Users. They should be aware on what they are sharing across
social media platforms and carefully read the information to avoid misinformation
Healthcare Workers. they should boost the credibility and the likelihood of being
seen and believed over misinformation of Covid-19 vaccine, expound that
vaccines are not risky for those who still doesn’t have vaccine, and this will serve
them as their safety and precautions
Government. should and are asked to be aware of this Vaccine misinformation.
They should suggest new initiatives to combat the spread of vaccination
misunderstandings
awareness and understanding of the Covid-19 vaccine's effects and safety. This
will enable the government to fulfill its potential and contribute to society to the
fullest.
Future Researchers They ought to conduct the study with a larger sample size
in several schools and investigate additional external factors that can influence
the respondents' cognitive dissonance and misinformation. They also ought to
conduct in-depth interviews with the respondents. Also, they are urged to
broaden they’re by looking into more COVID-19 Vaccine myths that weren't
covered in this study. And it also can aid in the problem-solving of others,
particularly adolescents.
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The Educational Attainment of the Household Population . (n.d.). Muntinlupa

City: PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY.
Utami A, M. A. (2022). Determinant Factors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Among Adult and Elderly Population in Central Java, Indonesia.
DOVEPRESS.
E. Parlapani V. A. Nikopoulou, S. K. (Published: 04 May 2021). Hesitancy to
Return to the Pre-pandemic Routine.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10942 -021-00396-1
Vivian Hsing-Chun Wang, ⁎. D. (2022). Generational differences in beliefs about

COVID-19 vaccines. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
Watts, S. (2019). Cognitive Biases That Explain Why People Still Don't
Vaccinate.
FORBES. https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarahwatts/2019/02/21/5 -
cognitive-biases-that-explainwhy-people-still-dont-vaccinate/?
sh=4fb94ca24414
Westerman, A. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: A nationwide challenge in the
Philippines. THE WORLD. https://theworld.org/stories/2021-05-
19/vaccine-hesitancy-nationwide-challenge-philippines
Xiao, J. A. (2021). BMC Public health. COVID-19 vaccine rumors and
conspiracy theories: The need for cognitive inoculation against
misinformation to improve vaccine adherence.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/
journal.pone.025160 5
APPENDICES
Informed Consent
Lois Eunice Jemima Lopez, M.A.
Dean, Psychology Department
Lyceum of Alabang
Dear Madam,
Good day!
We, the researchers from BSPSYCH31A1, would like to ask for your permission
to conduct an interview for our Research in Psychology 1 which is entitled, ‘
“vaccine misinformation and cognitive dissonance among generation x.”
The purpose of this study is to know if there is a significant relationship between
misinformation and cognitive dissonance of Generation X during the COVID-19
Pandemic.
We can assure you that we will keep the transcriptions and answers of our
participants with utmost confidentiality. We will also provide a letter of consent to
the participants before we will conduct the survey. We will make sure to follow all
the ethical considerations while conducting the survey. Rest assured that their
identities as well as the information gathered will be treated with strictest
confidentiality.
Your favorable response to this matter is highly appreciated. God bless!
Respectfully yours,
The Researchers
Noted by:
Paul Kenneth Benavidez, RPm
Professor, Research in Psychology 1
Lyceum of Alabang Participant Consent Form and Information sheet
NAME OF PARTICIPANTS:
Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M.

Title of the project: VACCINE MISINFORMATION AND COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE AMONG GENERATION X
Main investigator and contact details:
Email Address: arzenmaravilla@gmail.com
Contact No: 09972055722/403-5298
We agree to take part in the above research. We have read the Participant
Information Sheet which is attached to this form. We understand what my role
will be in this research, and all our questions have been answered to our own
satisfaction.
We understand that We are free to withdraw from the research at any time, for
any reason and without prejudice.
We’ve been informed that the confidentiality of the information we provide will be
safeguarded.
We are free to ask any questions at any time before and during the study.
We have been provided with a copy of this form and the Participant Information
Sheet
Data Protection: We agree to the University processing personal data which We

have supplied. We agree to the processing of such data for any purposes
connected with the Research Project as outlined to me. We give permission for
the researcher to use and publish any data gathered.
Lyceum Of Alabang
PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET
SECTION A: The Research Project The title of this research project is:
GENERATION X
The purpose of the study is to find out if the misinformation on Facebook has an
relationship on cognitive dissonance of the Filipino Generation X and how will it
affect their perceptions towards the vaccine, brand of the vaccines, health
concerns, and safety concerns through reading articles, news, post, on social
media.
Anti-vaccination advertising has increased vaccine hesitancy, according to

numerous studies of particular countries and populations. The goal of our
research to identify the influence around Sucat, Muntinlupa. To see the increased
vaccine reluctance and real vaccination levels were linked to social media
organization and local disinformation.
For further information please contact:
Contact No: 09972055722/403-5298
Email: arzenmaravilla@gmail.com
Section B: Your Participation in the Research Project
You have been invited to take part because you have relevant experience related
to the research, for example. You may refuse to take part and can withdraw at
any time by completing the form on the consent letter.
If you agree to take part you will be involved in one or more of the following
methods of data collection:
1. It has also been added that we can ask if they are part of the target
population in our research
2. Email correspondence
3. Completion of a questionnaire
4. Attendance as a participant in a validation group
Data collected during the research will be kept securely and then destroyed when
the research project is complete. Your participation in the research will be kept
anonymous and confidential as you will not be named at any stage and a code
will be used to represent participants.
PART II.
DOMAIN 1: MISINFORMATION TOWARD VACCINE
Directions: Put a check (/) to your corresponding choice.
Legend:
4 = Strongly Agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly Disagree
A. PERCEPTION TOWARDS VACCINE Relevance
1 2 3 4
1. I receive reliable and trustworthy

information about vaccines.
2. I don't believe that COVID-19 exist.
3. I believe that I should not get

vaccinated because it does not always
work.
4. I think that COVID-19 will be easily

cured even without the need of
vaccine.
Part I. Demographic Profile

Age:
Gender: Male Female
Educational Attainment:
Employability:
5. I believe that news media hide

information about vaccine’s side
effects.
B. SAFETY CONCERNS RELEVANCE
1 2 3 4
1. I believe that although most of
the COVID-19 vaccines are safe,
sometimes problems occur.
2. I believe that doctors hide

information about the vaccine's
serious side effects.
3. I am suspicious about the

effectiveness of the vaccine.
4. There is insufficient evidence

that the vaccines are safe
5. I believe most of the side effects

of the COVID-19 vaccines are
severe
C. HEALTH CONCERNS RELEVANCE
1 2 3 4
1. I believe that the body is more

vulnerable to illnesses after
receiving vaccinations to treat
illnesses.
2. I believe that COVID-19

vaccines can cause some
illnesses.

vaccines can make the illness
much worse.

vaccines have severe side
effects such as allergic
reactions.
5. I believe COVID-19 vaccines

increases the risk of
symptomatic infection
D. KNOWLEDGE RELEVANCE
1 2 3 4
1. I got COVID-19 vaccine

information from message
chains on social media.
2. I researched about the

COVID-19 and vaccines.
3. I don’t have enough

information about COVID-
19 and the vaccines.
4. I still don't have enough
information on the
vaccine's long-term effects
on the body.
5. I got COVID-19 information

from famous pages on
social media.
PART III.
DOMAIN 2: COGNITIVE DISSONANCE TOWARD VACCINE
Directions: Put a check (/) to your corresponding choice.
Legend:
4 = Strongly Agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly Disagree
A. DECISION MAKING Relevance
1 2 4 4
1. I decided not to take the COVID-

19 vaccine due to my religious
beliefs.
2. I still got it for the sake of my

family.
3. I know that vaccines cannot be

trusted but I still get the vaccine.
4. I felt confused when I decided to

get vaccinated.
5. I changed my perceptions about
vaccines.
B. PERSONAL COGNITION RELEVANCE
1 2 3 4
1. I believed that natural immunity is the

best despite being vaccinated.
2. I think that getting the COVID-19

vaccine will be risky because many
people that are gathering to be
vaccinated.
3. . I believe that immune system is

enough for us to survive without
vaccine.
4. I believe other people died because

of the COVID-19 vaccine.
5. I believe that the COVID-19 vaccine

will alter my DNA.
C. CONFLICTING VIEWS RELEVANCE
1 2 3 4
1. . I hear from other people/friends

about the risks of getting the COVID-
19 vaccine.
2. I do not believe in the efficacy of the

vaccine even though I was
vaccinated.
3. I am confused by information about
the vaccine on various social media
platforms.
4. I feel conflicted about what to believe

at the time when I saw posts about
vaccine information.
5. I am confused whether to receive or

not the vaccine because of the
information that I saw on social
media.
DEBRIEFING
This study is about the Misinformation from Facebook about the COVID-19
Vaccine that Generation X has read and having a second thoughts about taking
a shot of the vaccine. This is to know what the cognitive dissonance that
happened to them about the Misinformation on Facebook about the COVID-19
Vaccine. Cognitive Dissonance is when a person has conflicting thoughts or
behaviors upon reading much information about the COVID-19 Vaccine. In this
study, you were asked to answer 15-30 questions from our questionnaire, the
questionnaire is all about the COVID-19 Vaccine, and the misinformation you
have read on Facebook, and we will test how it affects you and your thoughts on
taking a shot of the vaccine. All participants have the time to answer our
questionnaire, and they are free to ask the researchers what they do not
understand in the questionnaire. Our study will examine The Impact of
Misinformation on Cognitive Dissonance of Generation X Facebook Users of
Sucat, Muntinlupa The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain to know and
investigate how misinformation affects vaccine hesitancy in generation X. The
researchers acquire an idea that the lookup will help elevate and handle this
problem, the researchers will focus on determining the effect of misinformation
on vaccine hesitancy among generation X. in terms of Perception towards the
vaccine, Brand of the vaccine, Health Concerns, and Safety Concerns. We
suspect that the participants from Sucat, Muntinlupa Generation X, are the
selected volunteers who will actively participate in this study on how people
behave across the lifespan, both independently and in relationships. This will
assist individuals with physical, social, and behavioral health problems in
improving their sense of reducing anxiety, The researcher will be drawn on
contributors who are male and female ranging from 40 – 55, residents of Sucat,
Muntinlupa. By doing this study, we want to show the people, especially the
students, and the parents on how Misinformation results from misleading
information concerning COVID-19 immunizations as one of the reasons why the
elderly are reluctant to obtain the vaccines, they are also a priority since they are
more susceptible in being infected by the disease and only a small number of
them are vaccinated. It showed that vaccine hesitancy was caused by concerns
and misinformation that causes many people that there are still unwilling to be
vaccinated, as evidenced by recent years. And our goal is to know which one is
the best and to share the results or knowledge with the people. Numerous
people will gain from this, and they will continue to do so.
Future research may be done on this topic. In the current era of social media,
more than half of the people worldwide utilize these platforms to exchange and
find out information. The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on how people
used social media, which they relied on to get information. In addition, there was
misinformation about the virus and the vaccines that led to fear in the public and
vaccine hesitancy. By doing this study, it will be possible to learn more about
how misinformation affects the minds of the users of these platforms. Especially
details on Covid-19 and the importance of vaccination. The researchers will be
able to disseminate information from the study's findings that will aid in the
campaign against misinformation. Future researchers looking for information on
this topic who will use it as a reference can also benefit from the study. If you are
interested more on learning about the effects of misinformation and vaccine
hesitancy, you may research by checking our related literature and references. If
you would be interested to receive a copy of the report of this research when it is
completed, this can be made available for you. If you have any questions or
concerns about this study, you can contact one of the researchers, Nick Arzen
Maravilla, at arzenmaravilla@gmail.com. Thank you, your participation and
presence today are greatly appreciated.

CONTENT VALIDATION LETTER
Lois Eunice Jemima Lopez, M.A

Program Chair, Psychology Department, Lyceum of Alabang
Dear Ma’am Lois Eunice Jemima Lopez, M.A
Greetings of Peace and Prosperity!
We are the 4th year students from BS Psychology 41A1, and currently conducting our
research entitled ‘vaccine misinformation and cognitive dissonance among
generation X’
The main purpose of this study is to determine and analyze vaccine misinformation
and cognitive dissonance among generation X surveys using questionnaires, an in-
depth study on thirty Generation X in Sucat, Muntinlupa to know and investigate how
misinformation affects the vaccine-hesitancy on Generation X.
We want to ask you for your permission to guide us by validating our questionnaire. We
will appreciate whatever comments as well as suggestions that you will give for the
improvement of our research.
We will be using a 45-item questionnaire measured using a 5-point Likert Scale (4 =

Strongly Agree, 3 = Agree, 2=Disagree, 1=Strongly Disagree). To measure the
correlation between the variables, the following numerical rating, numerical range,
categorical response, will be used in describing and comparing the results and data of the
questionnaire and interview. Attached herewith is the copy of the research instrument for
your perusal.
Your favorable response to this matter is highly appreciated. Godspeed!
Thank You and God Bless.
Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M. Carlos, Russel
Mark M.
Maravilla, Nick Arzen D. Soroan, Carmela Joy

V.
Recommended by:
Paul Kenneth M. Benavidez, MAP-CP,Rpm
Paul Kenneth Benavidez, M.A., RPm

College Professor
Psychology Department
Lyceum of Alabang
Dear Sir Paul Kenneth Benavidez, M.A., RPm
generation X’

your perusal.
Mark M.
V.
Recommended by:
Jerwin Bismar, RPm

College Professor
Psychology Department
Lyceum of Alabang
Dear Sir Jerwin Bismar., RPm
generation X’

your perusal.
Mark M.
V.
Recommended by:
CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE
STATISTICIAN CERTIFICATE
LANGUAGE EDITOR CERTIFICATE
CURRICULUM VITAE

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VACCINE MISINFORMATION AND COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AMONG

Carlos, Russel Mark M.

Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M

Maravilla, Nick Arzen D.

Soroan, Carmela Joy V.

the Faculty of the College of Psychology

Lyceum of Alabang, Muntinlupa City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science In Psychology

Carlos, Russel Mark M.

Lontok, Chrystine Elaine M

Maravilla, Nick Arzen D.

Soroan, Carmela Joy V.

This thesis entitled “VACCINE MISINFORMATION AND COGNITIVE

DISSONANCE AMONG GENERATION X” prepared and submitted by the

proponents in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of College of

an aggregate grade of _____.

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Date: _________________ ______________________

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude with boundless

the patience, encouragement and motivation. Without him guidance and

study. for giving his time by checking our research paper.

a deepest gratitude to our almighty God who is always with us wherever

for the completion of this research study.

sleepless nights for the completion of our thesis, developing cooperation,

have done it without you. We owe it all to you.

Health officials in the Philippines continue to struggle with vaccine disinformation.

to analyze vaccine misinformation among Generation X by relating it to Cognitive

Dissonance. The researchers of the study developed a questionnaire that

focused on determining vaccine misinformation. The survey covered a total of

respondents’ level of vaccine misinformation and their overall level of cognitive

dissonance have a high positive correlation at value, r=0.764. This could be

based on the prevalence of misinformation on vaccines that is heightened by

communication of information, and acknowledgment of the limitations of vaccines

and public involvement in decision-making in vaccination among Generation X in

Summary of Findings …………………………………………………..

{insert content after data collection}

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In the Philippines, misinformation about the vaccine is still a challenge for

health officials. The Department of Health stated that misleading information

vaccinated. Misinformation can be more difficult to address than true, accurate

Communication Guidebook, a handbook that contains information about

countering misinformation, and other alternatives, such as teaching people to

enough to combat misinformation (Todd, 2022). A survey conducted on 2,000

respondents, showed that vaccine hesitancy was caused by concerns and

vaccinated, as evidenced by recent months (Deiparine, 2021 In response to the

COVID-19 pandemic, the government enacted Republic Act (R.A) 11469,

spreading false information regarding the COVID-19 crisis on social media, it

fear, or confusion.’’ As of November 2021, over 30,108,097 Filipinos are fully

vaccinated (Kabagani, 2021). In this research, the difficulty of dealing with

misinformation regarding the vaccine may be explained by the phenomenon

called Cognitive Dissonance.

Background of the Study

When the COVID-19 Pandemic started, different kinds of information are

COVID- 19 which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which causes respiratory illness in

conditions are more at risk of experiencing serious conditions (WHO, 2021).

2020). As an outcome, false news on social platforms has exacerbated public

concern about the COVID-19 outbreak, forcing governments and authorities to

that vaccines include infertile substances or can transmit infectious pathogens

immunizations. People may be influenced to communicate and share vaccine

misleading information and conspiracy theories if they are constantly involved in

the social mainstream press as well as the online anti-vaccine movement. It is

Date: _ ______