ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 91 Due to light weight, erection e: sssembly, and simple foun: ing reinforced and Tt scvtingae towers; guy grouted anchors: loadings and 1s; design and construction considerations; guy instal= jon tolerances, oligo 786402849 ISBN O-7844-n284-2 [ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 91 Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures | | ASCE | "AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERSASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission[MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE (As developed bythe ASCE Tea 1935, Febrney 1962, Ap 1982), al Procedures Commitee, July 1930, and revised March ‘A mana or report in his series consis of an orertypresenstion of ats 08 fr nonengines, paper (which expresses only one ed assemble snd ‘Wins pei cack eral poceses through which it has passed in review, in order “Manual and Reports on Engineering Practice oni the joint commits, pasting of Journal publications may be authored.MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE “echnical Procedures fr City Surveys Accommodation of Ulf Mat Wii the Righ-oayof Urn Sues and ighays tions foe Civil Engineer and Maintenance of irigation and Drainage Systems Design of Nuclear Plan Faces Comparer Pricing Practices Guidelines fr Elecical Transmission Line Swuctural Loading Righ-of Way Survey Design of Maicgal Wastewater Treaent Plans sigh and Consraction of Urban Strmwatr Management Systems ‘Seca Fire Protection Stel Pestocks Ship Channel Design Guidlines for Cloud Soesing to Augrent Precipitation ‘Mantle Inspection and Rabaitation CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Guyed Structures Configurations 2.1 General 7 2.2 Single Poles or Masts 2.2.1 Guying configurations... 22.2 Pole or mast base 26.1 Guyed portal 26.2 Guyed V . 2.6.3 Cross rope -.. 2.6.4 Guyed hinged ¥ 3 Guys and Guy Fittings 3.1 Guy Materials 32 Guy Fittings 33 Tensioning Devices 4 Guy Anchors and Foundations... 4.1 Deadman Anchors 4.2 Screw Anchors 43 Grouted Anchors 5 Analysis... 5.1 Cable Behavior 3.2 Poles or Lattced Masts with Single Gay Atachment Point 5.2.1 Single guy I 5.2.2.inale 5222 eifet of temperature 7DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES vels and hinged base 5.3.2 Multi-guy levels and fixed base 5.4 Structures with Four Guys 5.5 Buckling Strength of Poles and Latticed Masts 5.5.1 Pole buckling strength 5.5.2 Equivale 6 Design 6.1 Loadings and Design Restrictions 6.2 Guy Clearances, . 62.1 Electrical clearances 6.2.2 Mechanical clearances 6.3 Guy Design . 63.1 Guy, 6.3.2 Allowable tensions 63.3 Guy slope ... f 64 Guy Anchorage 4 65 Connections 65.1 Guy connections to poles 652 Connections al Design of Laced Rigid Frames and ‘Masted Towers 7 Construction and Maintenance .. 7.1 Design Considerations 7.2 Construction Considerations 73 Guyed Poles 7.3.1 Erection 7.3.2 Guy installation 7.4 Guyed Rigid Frames and Masted Towers CONTENTS 75 Erection Tolera 7.5.1 Guyed poh 75.2 Guyed rigid 7.6 Inspection and Maintenance 8 Examples 8.1 Wood Poles 8.1.1 Dead-end pole jguys in single Analysis and buckling capacity by manual methods 8.1.1.2 Analysis and buckling capacity by nonlinear computer analysis... 8.1.2 Ninety-degree angle pole with in-line guys 8.1.2.1 Analysis and buckling capacity by ‘manual methods ... 8.1.2.2 Analysis and buckling capacity by nonlinear computer analysis : 8.2 Tubular Steel Poles . 8.2.1 Bisector guyed pole 8.2.2 Bet of guy properties. on behavior of pole 83 GuyedV 83.1 Ani 8.32 Analy ‘outer phase ... 8.3.3 Analysis and longitudinal loads Appendices ‘A REFERENCES B NOTATION Index ‘combination of vertical, transverse, 7" a 8PREFACE In 1991 the ASCE Committee on Electrical Transmission Structures (CETS) recommended ide for the design of guyed transmission tion of d ‘tural and geometric design of 1 poles and frames, pres- fubstation structures. It was felt ipeoming guides contained enough information ding guyed st Therefore the CETS Subcommittee on Guyed fansmission Structures was established in 1991 to prepare this publication, __ This guide represents the consensus of opinion of the subcommittee and although the subject matter of the guide has been thoroughly researched, its ‘pplication should come only after sound engineering judgment has been used. ‘The many and unique contributions of H. Brian White to this document ough his work with the subcommittee and his paper on guyed structures (White 1993) are greatly appreciated. “The subcommittee wishes to thank the Peer Review Commit assistance of the three chairmen of the CETS dur twas conceived and developed: Anthony DiGioia, Alain Pe ‘Clayton L. Clem James $, Cohen LaRosa Ronald F, Randle ishac Randall L. Samson Massoud Khavari Joe Springer Richard Kravi D. Vandergriend Jerry Lembke an White Robert M. McCafferty ry WongChapter 1 INTRODUCTION Guyed structures are commonly used to support electric transmis ‘es. They generally have the advantage of light weight, erec- fe, pre-assembly, and simple foundation design. There is a Considerable range of applications, from the simple guyed wood poles to the very large guyed steel iatticed structures. Although the advantages of guying a si designers, there is gener: benefits or problems ass In addition, there is currently very scribing appropriate analysis or design techniques applicable to ‘guyed transmission structures. This manual was prepared! to supplement the various ASCE and IEEE guides for the design of lectrical transmission structures (ANSI) ASCE 1991; ASCE 1990; ASCE 1991; IEEE 1985; IEEE 1991) Wwith much needed information on the proper use and design of guyed structures. Guyed structures made o! Gre covered (reinforced or prestressed concrete, “Section 2 describes the various types of guyed structures that have been used and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Typical Wys and fittings are presented in Section 3 and guy anchors and Sundations are illustrated in Section 4. In Sections 5 and 6, analysis and design techniques specific to guyed structures are presented. Section 7 discusses unique construction and maintenance problems presented by guyed structures. Finally, in Section 8, both hand and Eomputer calculations illustrate some of the concepts discussed in the document.Chapter 2 GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS 2.1. GENERAL -onfiguration of a guyed structure is a function of line ‘gap clearance requirements, ground clearance fend magnetic field limits, insulation require- ing, number of circuits to be supported, con- Guctor phase arrangement, configuration of the circuits, right-of-way requirements, and aesthetic design criteria Guyed or unguyed, transmission structures can be classified as suspension, strain, or dead-end. The conductor phases pass through, or by, a suspension structure and are suspended by insulators. There {5 generally no longitudinal load from imbalance of cable tensions on ‘2 suspension structure as long as the conductor system is intact, fdjacent towers have not fallen, or no unbalanced ice condition e- in a strain structure, the conductors are directly attached to the structure through i fulators, Thus any imbalance of cabl tension has to be carried by the structure. A dead-end struct similar to a strain structure except that its d with the conductors and ground wires pulling on only one si the structure. In strain and dead-end guyed structures with perma- nent unbalanced tensions and in all angle structures, there is perma: nent loading in the guy system requiring careful consideration of how potential creep Sf the anchors can change the distribution of forces. ses of guyed structures are many. When conditions ble, large economies can result if the best type is che many and varying conditions that can face the errain type (fat, rolling, mountainous), access and fon, erection techniques, procurement and ease- ral loadings, and electrical constraints are all parame- ters that can influence the selection of the structure type. 34 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES A guyed structure is not always the best sol the use of guys are sometimes sufficien ing to lead to the selection of other types of support. For , Buyed structures will almost always require a larger site area for the anchoring of the guys and this alone may rule out their use in farmlands where large equipment is used. The guys can present a hazard to the equipment and, conversely, large machinery may pose a threat to the guys However, this may not be decisive; witness the 25-year old 768 kV guyed V tower lines successfully running through Indiana and Ohio farmland (Kravitz and Samuelson 1969). The guys of these towers were steeper than optimal to better accommodate farm equipment In urban and suburban areas, the right to get passage for s new line may depend on minimizing ‘the occupied land area and this may force the use of compact rigid self-supporting construction, 's convenient to classify guyed structures into general catego- 1) single poles or masts, (2) stub poles, (3) H-frames, (4) guyed jowers. There are similarities in the Way and H-frames are analyzed or designed les as their main components. Rigid frames sted towers usually do not use poles 2.2 SINGLE POLES OR MASTS Depending upon strength, material, and height gle guyed pole or mast can be designed to support ground wire and one or more phases or circui Guyed poles are most common at line angles, locations where large permanent loads from cabl ent. Angle poles can be used ei condition or in a strain condition. Guyed single poles of wood, con- crete, or tubular steel are the most common types of guyed struc- tures. Latticed masts can be used instead of poles. 2.2.1 Guying Configurations Guying on a running angle structure (Fig. 2-1) is generally set jinst the res transverse loading in the direction opposite the bisector of the line angle. For strain structures, true and back) guys, modified in-line guys, bisector or bisector - line guys can be used (Fig. 2-2). The addition of a bisector guy is generally used for angles (say, less than 30 degrees) be- ‘Cause of the lack of 1e58 of the in-line guys. The configura- tion of Fig. 2-2(c) provides mngitudinal capacity in case of bro- ken conductors or events. Guy slope: and sizes affect the guys’ effectiveness and consequ bution of forces between the guys and the structure as discussed in Section 5. GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS: FIG, 2-1. Bisector Guyed Running Angle Pole reg eo minimise bending inthe pole, ora intermediate ‘Sbokions, This is generally a function of allowable structure deflec- tion and material strength. 2.2.2 Pole or Mast Base Guyed single poles or masts can have pinned, fixed, ox part fixed Bass. There is an aval compression lad and ashen force ata ined base, In adltion, there is a base moment fr partially or fully Tied bases. ‘The force dstrbutton between guys and pole and the ultimate buckling capacity of the pole are affected by the base ¥ ¥ oe © FIG, 2-2. Guy Arrangements at Small Line Angle.ENE ON TEM ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES tion, which is therefore an important parameter of a guyed pole analysis (see Section 5). m et Ned or partially fixed bases can be furnished principally by either Rathod (1) direct embedment of the pole with sufficient depth to develop the groundline reactions, or (2) rigidly connecting the pole toa moment-resisting foundation 2.2.3 Limits of Use Naturally grown round wood poles are generally restricted by strength and height. Engineered wood poles such as laminated ‘wood poles can be manulgcraned for higher strength and heights up typically manufactured to round Hood pole equivalent sizes. Longer lengths are possible with momee factured wood poles, but shipping and handling may require sphocs Guyed wood poles are most commonly used st 115 kV and below, but have also been used at voltages up to 345 kV. Due to initial cost, guyed tubular steel poles are generally not used es (69 KV and below). However, if maintenance, life reliability are considered, they can be competitive ular steel structures are‘used in transmis. sion lines through 500 kV. Concrete poles are available in two bas poles and spun cast round poles. Both tressed and produced in one piece. available in lengths up to 36 m (120 f ier than spun cast, especially as heig! static cast generally have lower co: may not economically be shipped arras. Therefore the selection of pole type depends essentially upon phat is economically available near the job site. Special measures to prevent damage or breakage of concrete poles during transportation may be required. Since the major load in a guyed pole is « compressive strengtt guyed construction. High Voltage (EHV) lines, most use isin lines of up to 343 kV. ‘tom a structural standpoint, any reasonable configuration of height and column width can be used for a guyed latticed mast. 2.3 STUB POLES GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS 32 sua FIG. 2-3. Stub Pole the main suc, nent ofthe overall guyed system which includes t . the spam guys the guy stub pole and the guy of the Boy stub used). 2.4 H-FRAMES (MULTI-POLE STRUCTURES) a ey pp uate le a gi SI ng nr hn ue Ti tl oe lsc ef a set eo Sotcntng li aeck event long cascading fs laced externally on the poles at the connec- ‘uys are generally placed externa of the Sebraces te reduce bend 3-4), Heframes can also be guyed FIG. 2-4. Guyed H-Frame,8 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES ET rn ar oy ekg tore gestrepiet ee ieee hc 7 ue eel ge a grin hon med rst fom 62 poles that can be obtained. These structures are generally restricted erat ree te Eesha fn al wae nee he peers eat eee eee i ae om pene should be investigated of the fe ‘distre forequilheightpoles.” ee 2.5 RIGID FRAMES This category includes steel latticed or tubular rigid frames (ex cluding mulltpole structures) stabilzed with a Teast four guys splayed in the transverse and longitudinal directions to give support in all directions. The four-guy arrangement also provides torsional strength and rigidity when properly dotailed. 2.5.1 Guyed Rigid Latticed Portal E ‘The guyed sig laticed portal me i sims to an Lsrame except that poles and crossarms are made up ofa rigidly connect assembly of lticed steel angle member sections, This & shown in Fig. 25. 1 can be guyed internally or eternally. FIG. 2-5. Intemally Cuyed. GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS: 9 2.5.2 Guyed Rigid Y Examples of outlines of guyed rigid Ys are shown in Fig. 2-6, where the Y and the crossarm can be latticed or tubular steel. The stem and upper branches of the Y are rigidly connected, 2.5.3 Guyed Delta ‘The single-circuit guyed latticed delta is derived from the single- circuit latticed delta tower by replacing its body by a mast tapered towards the ground and four guys, as shown in Fig. 2-7(a). Clear- ance to guys and torsional stiffness are improved by crossing the guys. Torsional resistance to a single longitudinal load on an outer phase may suffer as rotation will cause the lines of action of the Fesisting guys to get closer together with significant second order increases in guy and anchor loads. This is one of the guyed latticed towers that clearly justifies a geometrically nonlinear elastic com- puter analysis. Some designers use secondary stabilizing arms as Shown in Fig. 2-7(b) to prevent this secondary increase in loads and distortion as the arms act to maintain guy separation with twist. The guyed delta can also be fabricated with tubular steel as shown in Fig. 28. 2.6 MASTED TOWERS ‘This category includes structures made up of pin-connected straight latticed masts stabilized by guy cables. Unlike the structures in the previous categories, masted towers are near statically determi- nate; that is, the axial compression forces in the masts and the ten- Sions in the cables can be calculated manually with good accuracy using principles of statics. Normal guy strains and structure distor- tions have negligible effect on overall strength. ‘The first three structures in this category, the guyed portal, the guyed V, and the Cross Rope Suspension (CRS) or “Chainette’* are Each based on the concept of two tripods, each tripod consisting of a WMA AK 7 1 1 FIG, 2-6, Guyed Rigid Ys.10 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES i) «») FIG. 2-7. Latticed Guyed Delta, ‘compression mast and two guys. The crossarm of the portal h the ast tps apart the ed V croscerm hls the ps ote masts together. For the CRS, the mast taps are held again outward pull of the guys by the inward cross-rope pull which r from the vertical loads of the insulators. All three structures will be stable in the event of removal of one guy as the conductor: ground wires (if used) will help to stabilize the structure a ‘ith reduced transverse capacity. ie guyed mast family of towers is the most comm in world for EHV lines (White 1983) The Guyed Portal has Been used extensively since the 1930s in Northern Europe, Russia, and neigh- boring countries, and the Guyed V extensively elsewhere. The CRS FIG. 2-8, Tubular Delta, GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS 1” has recently been used at EHVs where the simple cross-rope wire assembly readily replaces the otherwise massive crossarms. 2.6.1 Guyed Portal ‘The guyed portal (Fig. 2-9) fits best on flat ground, and if itis not too high, the four guys can be brought to two guy anchors (Fig. 2.9(b)) for a saving in cost and land use. However, at a given voltage land as the height increases, the transverse spacing between each mast footing and the guy anchors does not increase proportionally with excessively steep guys for the higher towers in the set. Guys are too steep cause high loads in the masts, guys, and anchors. ‘The height limit can be overcome by crossing the guys and using four separate anchors. Use on transversely sloping the portal arrangement for assembly and rotation up structure is also sensitive to the resisting guys come clos terrain poses the biggest problems for ith the unequal length masts, ground 10 place becomes very difficult. This sional loads as the lines o jogether as twisting 2.6.2 Guyed V ‘The guyed V (Fig. 2-10) is a derivative of the guyed portal wherein the bases of the mast are brought to a near single point but the guys are splayed outwardly. This removes the problem of the guyed portal unequal mast length during construction in stoping terrain. ‘They can also be used in rough terrain when the guy slopes are mned sufficiently so that the guy leads do not become exces Tong. However, steepening of the guys will result in higher ;, guys, and anchor loads. Guyed V structures are not very sensitive to normal anchor to base differentials. J ow Yu FIG. 2-9. Intemally Guyed Portal.12 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES \ / a FIG. 2-10. Guyed V. In order to minimize guyed V with haunches uelson 1969) whereby but at the base hase spacing at high ig. 2-11) was developed (Kr: the crossarm and possible additional longi- in the masts, GUYED STRUCTURES CONFIGURATIONS. 13 2.6.3 Cross Rope The CRS configuration is simple in both concept and design (Fig, ‘spacer oF construction cable is used ing and tensioning the guy system before the \ductor system is in place and able to provide a ‘ension. It also maintains a constant distance between the mast tops so that the pre-cut and pre-assembled cross-rope assembly ccurately. The CRS is probably the lightest, lowest cost, and easiest to erect structure for EHV lines. Its strength can match any rational load specifics and it automatically develops great failure containment properties. The CRS requires a large spacing of anchors at each structure location but the possibility of reduced phase spac- ings, an important parameter regarding Surge Impedance Loading (GIL), may also permit a reduction of right-of-way requirements be- tween structure positions (White 1993). .__ The original CRS with a six-part rope suspension as shown in Fig, ‘a2 is sutable for galloping Conditions. A simple and less costly single rope suspension has been used with insulator assemblies attached to the cross rope with inverted suspension clamps (Behnke et al. 1994), delta conductor configuration is also possible 2.6.4 Guyed Hinged Y ‘The guyed hinged Y structure can be configured in two basic ways as shown in Fig, 2-13(a) and (b). A guyed hinged Y is essentially a small guyed V mounted (hinged) on top of a guyed vertical stem. A FIG, 2-12. Cross-Rope Suspension Tower.14 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES. (a) (») FIG. 2-13. Guyed Hinged Y. minimum of eight (8) guys is required although connecting to onl four anchors The structure of Fig. 213() wil collapse should one ot the lower guys be removed. The Y of Fig. 2-13(b) will not fall with the removal of two of the eight guys because the connection at the base of the V is a hinge and not a pin. The hinged connection can transfer longitudinal moments from the V to the stem. Chapter 3 GUYS AND GUY FITTINGS ‘The effective guy modulus of elasticity needed for analysis is de- fined in Section 5.1. Guy pretension and maximum working ten- sions are discussed in Sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2. Guy installation is discussed in Sections 7.3.2 and 7.4.4, 3.1 GUY MATERIALS Guys are typically of strand construction which permits sufficient flexibility for installation, the greater individual wire sizes giving better corrosion resistance and higher stress modulus of the com- plete stranding than do wire ropes. Typical strandings are shown in Fig. 3-1. Wire ropes are made of multiple strands but are not nor- ‘mally used in transmission structures. These ropes are more flexible as they are made of smaller individual wires. They are also more ‘Susceptible to corrosion and the effective modulus of elasticity of the rope is lowered in an almost direct relationship to the flexibility ‘Galvanized high-strength strandings are most common, although some use is made of Alumoweld strandings where corrosion condi- tions are thought to be severe. A 7-wire stranding is practical to about 12 mm overall but beyond that, the individual wire size ex- ceeds 4 mm and the stranding becomes very stiff and hard to handle, thus the change to 19 strands and subsequently to 37, ‘Some typical FHS (Extra High Strength) and some small Canadian Grade 1300 strand sizes (CAN/CSA-G12-92; ASTM A475-89; ASTM ‘A586-92) and Rated Breaking Strengths (RBS) are shown in Tables, 3-1 and 3-2, the sizes up to 12 mm and possibly 15 mm being used for low valtage construction, whereas the sizes of 19, 25, 28, 32, and even up to 35 mm are usually found on guyed EHV structures. The values shown are for information only and may not be applicable to designs, 1816 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES. sINcte mW UvER wo yer ced ee FIG. 3:1. Strand Configuration. s91w TABLE 3-1 Typical Guy Wires—EHS Grade (Imperial Sizes) Rated Breaking Strength Diam, i) No. (KN) (kips) 6.35 3 30.0 67 7.94 3 40.4 31 952 3 524 ug 4.76 7 W7 40 6.35 ? 2010 67 794 7 49.8 u2 65 27 > ms oe 15.88 7 188.6 424 429 » 99 337 19.05 192593 58.3 40 9 4643 10455 28.58 7 5BL7 1308 31.75 37 7214 162.2 GUYS AND GUY FITTINGS "7 ‘TABLE 3-2 Typical Guy Wires—Grade 1300 (CSA-G12 Metric Sizes) Rated Actual Breaking. Nominal Diam, No. Diam. (rom) (mm) __ Strands 63 72 8.49 90 10.8 12.6 Beeeve }32 GUY FITTINGS ble termination devices (see flexible strand sizes up to about ings with wed} preformed grips, and countless other types hav‘ used e selection depends on local availabil dence in long-term The overall rigi precludes devices such as the strand to perform. Clamps that depend on surface friction can become very lengthy on large strandings as the needed holding strength varies as the diameter squared whereas the surface area varies only with the diameter. ‘Standard preformed grips or helical wire terminals perform well up to about 25 mm stran point, speci long grips are required or the twisted grip part may have to be supplemented by a cone wedge device. Preformed grips may be reapplied up to two times for the purpose of retensioning with no significant loss of holding strength, but if installed for more than about three months, apparent and act tracts vandalism which can be thwarted by compressing a ring clip to the upper end of the assembly. ‘Swaged or compressed fittings are economical and easily applied in the shop or field but care must be taken in the selection of the steel. Some compressed fittings have cracked in britle fracture un- der a combination of extremely low temperature and high internal Stress levels that are produced during the swaging operation. This problem is no different than that of correct steel the Gead-end fittings for the conductor although larger stronger are sometimes required for the guys.18 DESIGN OF GUYED ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES, U-Bolt Clips with Thimbles > aaa Wedge Sockets Turn Back Loop with Aluminum Sleeve and Thimble CS Flemish Loop with Strand Sleeve and Thimble Helical Wire Terminals FIG. 3-2. Typical Guy Fittings (1 of 2). GUYS AND GUY FITTINGS 9 ® ss Wedge-Assisted Helical Wire Terminals ‘Open Type Closed Type Compression Stop Sleeve Terminals (Open Type Closed Type » Fs) Poured Sockets—Open or Closed (Resin or Zinc) 5 (2 of 2.