CAVITATION F. Ronald Young, ma pm MoGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANYQC 20 asus Bon olen ‘Cony 1989 McG Hoo Company (UK) Line, Ais ened otprof th puso may be repose, fed meta cof ec ty om yoy an ns ca i, ocean 1a AP 09 ‘ype and prin in Great Briin by Te Alden Pos, Oo 22 SEP Ba? To NANCYCONTENTS Forever by Profesor Wesley Nybors Preface sto symbols Uefldinensoes parameters Note nis of vcs 11 Hisory 12 Definitions 13 Hydrodynamic caviation 1.3. Opticand parce cavitation Referens Capt Two Babble dynamics 21 ntodtion 232. Bubble mile: Blake thesold 22 Genera equations of bubble dynamics A Dynamical equation of spherical coping bubble 2451 Empty bubble ~ 247 Gas bubbe Noting, Nepriras fod Porky 243 Apel derivation for gas Sub 2.44 uation olving compresbiy ofthe baud 25. Solon of bubble equations 26 Rayleigh analy ofa cavity and it extensions 261 Raleigh anljsis ofan empty avy = 262 The ai tates of «pela cay -263 The generation of ‘Shock waves 2.64 The solution by Pujkaws tnd Akama 65 The soltons by Vokurka Referens ‘Chapter Tine Accu csitation aie mM 0 3612 Nut and entation destds 321 Nac 2322 Youn, ily and ofits nvet pion of mc 43 Skt Son 35 inca hyo alton of a buble 3:32 Drumring of abe bes 3 Mae ion of us Ahroup he bbe wfc ited dition) 3.34 Thera Ahonen trough tebe artis = 33 Nowa tvations oes "8 38 Th fer pow by {eis arson 34 Trace exvtaton 4 Slain: ofthe buble sation fr rant caviaon 1.42 Trmaca caving ee: Phen 349 Tiaset taaon elas Apel Pang the peo babble tavowr Apel 24.3 Ping he peo one tetaour Neppine “244 Chaco of evn by Mauphn and Lesa Gp crtation process S51 The rane eavtaton ce 3.52 The desing le 58 Theron! DBE ce ihe emson or mer. abhi ce waves) 254 Buble growth above the ‘onc aie 3.83 Canon eaten 336 Cation tywerse Ao Nowra able mtn (tie waves 38 Tar manbty~Ne2 Inbar, fee '349 Sabity of cling sent iy at Sibi of an cain abe eniy = 365 Gena Sarton ofthe distortion othe seas separating feo imme igus - 3 Exprinena ruts 37 Aco ein 5171 minton ow intents: he ale aitaton regime — 372 Fiona high ints th anon craton regime "3.3 Lantos wrk on aout ond ‘omic ius 34, Hh sed photographic sti of babe metion 581 Phtogap tas at he Calls sof Tech- tology" Photograph tds the Ueto Michigan 3.83 Photograph eas tte Ready of Scns Moscow = 3.44 Phtoprapi i at e Une fy of Gina 49 Vapour bbs Sito Liga etm 3.11 Foes on bbb in sod ele: kes foes iNT Radon foo aici san wae ato forsee bs” 1. Radiat freon shape ositition) im 1st 186 ‘312 Microteaming near a vibrating Babble 11 5.13 Sound propagation in bubbly igs 163 [NIM Speed of sound in Bubbly gid - 3.12 The seater prewure eld 1133 Absorption saterngcroseseton of [Bs bubble — 3.154 The dynamics of cavity esters 3133 ‘Cotve phenomena i BuBy igus 314 Cavitation experimentation [LIK Keow thy had 3.102 Know thy sound fed — 3.143 Know when something happens Referens (Chapter Four Hyérodymamic cavitation 461, Cavitation na owing stream {411 Tatoduction "12 Fhed cvits — 4.3 Traveling hits tt Cavitation a sear ows: wakes - 415 Super: ‘ies — 4106 Buble entrainment ~ 1.7 Cavitation shear ows vortex eit "418 Water cay 42 Kasand vortex ngs BY Het Wort ings 43. Civ atached to wale: Ding {84 Catton rom hydrtos 45 Gavan from propels 486 Cavitation in pumps {87 Cavitation in water turbines ‘88 Cavitation nhbaton earings amd squsce ins 45. Cavitation between rotating ars {810 Cavitation betncen ge sth ‘410.1 Experiments with a pear box ‘AIL Cavitation i pipes and valves ~ 4.11.2 The water fami” 4113 Cavitation in dams and ance ~4114 Ca ation in oishore strates 4.12 Castaton aise ‘1121 Prope aviation noise - 4122 Hydrate machine 4415 Caviationeron £4153 Psa mochanioms that ease cava eeson 44118 esl of experiment on evitaton erosion “4.14 Caviation in nom Newtonian gids 415 Water anaes 4102 Experiments with m ais ae 2» Bs m 2 Fe)416 Tense song of tigids ANG The Berbcot abe method - 4.162 The coal Ingo 4163 Dysanicsrewsne fa gid bythe reton Piniple = s.164 Dynamic sresang by the ab ino metho 41169 The we ofa water shock tube” 4.166 Measurements ‘ing the drop keitation ernie = 4.16.7 Greens te Tachi easements. 168 Reviews of eth mes turing tes ets fis 4169 Et of tne Strength of wale 08 Reteenet (Chapter Five Sonataminacese 51 Inuodation 52. Dependence of rnoluminacence of varius fstrs 52:1 Hydroutatc pressure and the ound peste amplitude — 52.2 Frequeny of the sound fl 3.3 Temperature 334 Rote of he solvent 53. Rote of the disofed as 4, Spectra of ronlutneance 55, Sonoluminecece fom Bydrodnamic cavitation 56 Light ftom aptated mercury 457. Light fom cols gle ophoree 38 Theor of sonolumienonce 59. Sonoluminecence fom sbutdecok”ascited wih ingle ans bubble 510 Observations of sonotuminececs sng ia ntensction 5.11 Sonoluminssence fom sae cavaion Referens ‘Chapter Six Sonochemistry 61 Historia review 62 Grereacions 663, nrc reaction: nkibition of HO formation {4 Iniaton of polymerization wth alisound 163. Evidence for fe radicals produced in aqueous solutions by siagnosteuluasound {66 Appeations of ultasound to organic chemistry 67 Organometaticsnochomisty {8 Chemial ees of pulsed sound Reterense a0 oe was 2 as a a Et 38 so 30 36 37 we 6 6) m (Chapter Seen Babble spectrum analysers om 2 fntodstion a 12. Acoustic methods: sbsomption of razon energy m 72 Acoustic meted: atenunion (ealenng) mm 14. Optical saterng mato 36 13 Holographic methods m 1 Coulter tonnes x 17 Dope bale deters 3a 718 Second harmonic bubble detectors 2 79 hbble detection by the nonincar mixing of two fequences 383 1.10 Reset opieal deere ea 711 Pressure pulse method 6 712 Rie time of free babes 36 Reterenss eS (Chapter ight Apptations| ~” 1 Phase applications 8 12. Blog aptieatons 3 53. Medi applications 1 4. nostril applications to 35, Everay examples of evitation a Reference a Mala references ” Index 2 iirested the challenge of an intriguing push ao cee oe ust the ‘abject fora lone rvearcher wih few resus And sot reds rough PD and superviaory work, vit at ome and abroad to confersnew ad laboratories, ding which ine f mace many fends, ding eat (ut "hope not aly) 0 the production of ths book “The writing hasbeen Jone over a peiod of teaty Jer, sometimes in uni places sch as hospitals, ote and mountain huts Dui hs ese have incurred the debt fa age amb of peopl shoul,theeore, ike tothank Dr RWB, Stephens who made tall prs he wo Pinas of Watford Cotegs, Dr} Howard ad ths ate Dr D0. Bop, who pve me ‘constant suppor and encouragement: Profesor Wesky Nybore wo ed thedrart manscript roe the Foreword and pave rch valuaeaic DF Peter Ls De Pa Vaughas Dr Sidney Leeman, Dr Tin Mason a he Dr B.A. Nepis, wo etal read some of he chapters and suggiiod ‘many improverens Mr Joe Gram ands Jet Merpy in he Hoary ‘Watford Coflee: Mrs Jean Harris, who type the maser with pret penis; and she many setts al over tbe word who indy seat me ‘otprins, reports and phowograpis. Final, I mould keto expe my rite to Mark Corte and Penny Walker at McGrail Rona Young pee LIST OF SYMBOLS, ona cl ao a en aig ble 12nd ‘pen tie 3 poe ror gu ade ue al ‘Se pme g ho ied nS 1) Sed ementssimasaaaa! nas ecaaaaa ‘oe ie orf frig Som ol S342 Se Sh Sra) Soa Meare eee SSggeeerecamecteroee ‘sy gc ey a ba a Saee e ae USEFUL DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS reps rane R= 24 = ee p= ety " co, 22 Sa nar nr (ie higher is, he ess he impor tan of veo) . Som eg dumeter soa Froude number F = © 5 where ~ acs nd to (The higher is the esis he importance of gai) rod abe = f= (The higher isthe preter the reuen:y~ of 3-8 Mat plate of Fengthd advancing nal aia speed ad vlan a soe rea atitde at reqoeny/) APR Weber umber W = AP = pressure ifesence Fetwen the tw sds col he iterice (The biher Ws, the siete n= R= ad ace uence of sala tenon) = suoe reson Pit number P= 228 7 > (Tbe higher Pi, he ess thei ence of dius) fama of sluion using sors unt en per ee and i the tea which the ‘iolved subsane shes normal to theDeborah mater De = 7 = ts ruton ie sine were oe (Meth eis te ner whe Feros Porta ofthe relation tine) Prandtl number P, where ‘a inate vty = # wre = viscsiy = ‘Semiy and where ‘thermal diffusivity = A hema itty = where K — thermal onde: tity C, = specie heat at constant peessue Mach number a = Where = velocity of bubble g fortis = veo of sound thee oe constant easy inv direston and A Ay are sep of tie and ‘elation Courant number © = ‘Otter numbers canbe found in Measures in Scene and Brgiring, Te Exgresion, Relaon and Interpretation by BS. Massey, publabed by Es Horwood. 1986 NOTE ON UNITS OF VISCOSITY Dynamic viscosity y= gm 's (or Nsmm) Kinematic vizosiy v= = mst ‘The Poise isthe ce it of danamie vss ‘The Pas (Pasa second) the MKS unt of dynam vcs, “The Sikes the es unt of Kinematic vison. Dynami vigsty of water at 20°C = 1.00 x 10-*Nsm 100 * 10 2zmsem = 100 x 10 PoseNOTE ON UNITS OF PRESSURE "have wed oth bars and atmospheres as unis of pressure inthis book. This is because sometines on nit seems appropri, asin discussing the tense ‘reat of igus an sometimes the ther anit Also ators of papers se Aire units and sara posnbl have wei he the same it of Prestre swsed bythe author na eeenced pope By defnon 1 bar = 10"N Sine by iiton 1 Pama the mame given to LN ‘Then [Lar = 10°Pa] 1 aumosphore i died a 101325 Pa “Tero, approximately [Liar ‘Also | atmosphere seguialeat (bat aot exaely equal) to the pressure ‘xed by 260mm of mere. "Than Fatmomphore = 0.760 % 1.36 10" 981 O13 x 1O'Ne ‘Therefore 1 stnosphere = 013% TPs, which mel ares withthe statement above ONE INTRODUCTION Cviy learned word. dente halons. om pas Wetter Dicionary 1 HISTORY ‘Newton inhi Opin 1708, ws thes person to ecrd the observation of etaton in te Tow pressure reson orbed betwee olin surfaces He Sos euaminag Newton's ing formed betwen conver Ine and 4 Pane ‘aw sorface and aye one ter wes tei fn ove eer iy aia Se at li ne i ie [Newion goss om toy ‘ede howd he ns at eee Fm We [Neon apparently did ote that this twas due oa coming out I lton andr the action ofthe reduc pressure and then resolving Skinner has found thatthe elest uc tore pronounced with» more ‘gous gid ike elyeeine o aban ol When tes re miata With agus light gut large vicaoos spaces, regently brea up iat @ umber of anil babes, ae obained (Fig. 1) He found that an even Iter ecg is to we desl coloured iui, such asa song slation ‘Tian in erin, with transite ab This al soa 30 deeply “olor tht even up othe pon whee the nis ae nearest soe eal ‘ow apd hat Hight is only righ teasmite atthe place where thee ‘Nein the ghdee. Coes hing on le ‘The tendency which hereof sais hiv in cetain aman es, tle ther ol onthe mater and consequent tet the eins ace had mystified engines in the spatoeth sentry, although Eur had inated thin 1754 in his work onthe theory of turbines: Reynolds in [475 aveigted he problem bya clase sre oi xperiments wil mode teat 3 inches Lng iving ne 2s SRS el 8 Reynolds showed hat te rcing could occur even when opto the sre sear eapsod io thea, at that proved he ate was exp eng mo ‘acing occured, He conc tha he aemison ofa bein he Bakes of {propeller wl reduce he power the opt upp Vl wih ter. ‘famous cae, where the performance of ship was wel Blow her skesign pod of 27 kta, ovured 891 he a the destroyer WMS arin Baoaby ant Pare tae he reel ped 4 por rope fvformance de tothe formation of water vapour bubbles on the Blades Short afterwards the fit turin ship the Tabi te sn dias, Parsons’ relied that Barnaby and Pantone and Barnaby and Thornyerof wrote paps The presi eld srroding the eallapsing cavity can Be eval ted by prog similar o hates i previous Formulations” 262 The adiabatic collapse of a galled cavity sei an ow aerate bt el is aie Qn ter a ee hs ry re ye eer ete SS eee a eae Se ere repeat conan cea Mg, =) = to Hehe thal 029 shes pa peer pb in ain SV era Pa z)+ bez = 9 wher Z = () z Rayleigh say" Whatever be the poi) value of 0. Reomes again to 270 tefonecompetcollapx Thebundary ects betwee wo pont one oF hic ete ial Thos Rayleigh peice osilatons in 1917 "Equation (225) ge, forthe Dubble wal velo wee ‘Slaps more elt The babe wal odon snow gen by 4.2.15. ‘ich ie mest srl enon ai we eplace he ui preset Iniy by (eligi pressure a ansiet cally), becomes 3 Lf gf Ram)" mete =Hfolle)-n] em Zz) hoe BZ -0' ex 1A namical integration wi now give the R-1curve. This follows the Rayleigh slation for mont of is taetry. Diferentaton of te above ‘equation ges the aceeratin of the buble wall feel) Or gins] Fel nn?) Seung = Oi Ba, (227) tbe minum ais Fy eased by the cols ing cavity sven by te [0 7 Re * RD, approximately assuming Q < P,fora ypc sous peer ai, ‘The mas clap speed, sen by A = occur at (= Bet = (8) approximately and its vale is 2 = [rate — 0 7 a = pan Ro= 0) om ae oF Unde iat compression we cai ind the maximum pressure Pag and asia temperate Ta, ached By the rm = [= 2] = oz P= 0) em Tm ® e wheres the nips and 7, the ial tempera ofthe ps in he he, “The Mach nimber A’ = AIC forthe bubble wal motion ca be writen ho rn (2.27) oF Ba. (2.29), Expose i terns ofthe radial com2 cvstaron ope 2 ie ah err ha yr ie pression ratio, its maximem ratio = (oo1s Se)" (f)" ve om) 4 Roa roe tan sve 4 Rie conta ul rss ‘eth claps prion Fg 27M pay a faction 0 Sith Pate parameter We tow ti te incmpesibe esto, on Thlstbe tion sed sty va ony upto = 0 Frm Fg 2) {Tiedt he vay of the saumpon ca a be exe ato S¢ Pong. For cumple he smn joie or QP ow 3 ‘able 2.4 Comparison of compressible and ncampresibe theory fr elapse gail cas = 1) o ineooraite en erent when the collapse preset tm, but ony for Qf, € about ‘percent ora elle presare of TDatn. “Table 21 inde therange of validity ofthe simple expresion (224) foc the collapse by comparing ts preiion ofthe minimum Dubie siz: wth ‘heones that ake account of he gui eompresibiy The ies corm that the incomprenbeteory te rensonably eal for vals Ps up 82 bout 001. A we dave se, this coresponds fo matimum Mach numbers Up toabour 02-03, ‘oro has caused the cllapse tine fora gale babble from the formula “wan ui Te ome) (2) sit ken to be Thier from he corespondingRayigh olpse Tine by te factor (b+ Oa) “The presire eld surounding the collapsing gs led bubble can be evaluated using procedure smi f that forthe emp avy ners Pend tbe hgui pres i given by Nolingk and Neppeas” ROzG) — 94+ 02 on] -® feet gay) fue AE] "his funeonis plot n Fig. 28 forever! values ofthe compreson rat, and with i= T0.As the collapse prose the highly compres shel fa iguiows the bubble wal the peak sting ase to te boundary. ‘nu at maximum compression the maximum hau pesue xcs atthe ble wall, xa othe ps prestre iad, eve By oe oft ‘The very high lid pressures developed around the imploding bubble sc inportant in crttin wellnown eff of liasonce, mich as erosion Aioperson and molesar degradation. The photograph of Fig. 29 frm [epirn'shows the room plimarks iat develop on the adaing sua: ft metalic magstostctve transducer den or low pei at high Inns The erson pater ls te cavationseamer acti. The high temperatures developed within the collapsing guile bubble ave and fdsToe Baw Fees 24, Poste dh ne lac canpen /0 = rssponsbe for sonoluminesence and sonochemsey. The masimum tn ertie reached 7," whore Ty the ambient temperature. REX Pros in terms of and 0 the matimum peste and temperature are Feapestvely Q(P,/30¥ and 3/30). where ne have taken 7 = With P= aim and Q= OOtaim, the” maximum pressure i about 2% Wraim oF 120kgmm "Aa intemitent or aerating pressure of Tis magnitude would escent to faigue most metals. With T, = 300, thematimum temperature would be shou 10000, sulin a Sexount ar Equation (226) ges reasonably acurate results for the colpse of _seflled bubbles whe gid vlostes remain below about 02M. Am even over appronch io ely obtained ty ung the Hering ill eation 2's). Pung OCR in Eq. (218) ges wnGa(s- 2) o3e(1- 3) - 8) (498) An iterestin diction of hit equation i hen by Prospect Zs oblainel norms of by umencl iteration abd second inpaton gies the 1 sharers. Examples have been given. by ‘Ste cameo ih Tiling" Gimore obtained several very complica expression for the Dresure Held inthis ease. When the acoustic approsimation i sed (Ea Ga the preire fel an be btsnad exp tem of Rnd r= fa -ne(s where A, = Oky/ RP? This equation must be sled simultaneously with 4: G.I?) 1 obtain the presse as a Fetion ofr and Wien, that IC, known to apprch or excsed ity, i is ecemy to gone sep further and make we ofthe Gore approximation [iq 219), Hickling snd Plt” obained the most complete st of ‘omput ena avabe fo he Buble wall motion and he prs ldioe cae 7 . a [e Ie .. ie (0G cont y= came pence = 10a 7 enn (conta y = LO ambi ponte P= Ft er 2 oan fcr se Sr nin i te ac ‘Sea (To swansea mens in Solution (Neppiras." on p. 202). Figre 2.10, reprodused from thee pape, hows the dependebs of te bubble wal loi on te rail compres ‘ato for several values of and ambient press. The exact ehton is compar with that obainedfFom Gilmore's theory (which se the Krk ‘wood-Bethe hypothess) and with he incompressible case. Climo theory [vs rerlts in ose agrsment wit exe thar. ecep nthe ial age “The dstibutin of pressure in he qu uring the collapses sown in Fig.2atom te same source. Then presse of esin the bubble wa taken as 0.00 bar- The results are gienforscsesave times, measured fom the time of minimum bubbles, expesed ba fraction of the tine for ‘complete colpe. Thee rete may Be compared with those shown in Fig 2.8 getved on the bas ofthe incompresuble sumption snd where th compresin ati rather than the clase ine wed the variable Als) Shown in ig. 211 isthe presure wave formed on te rebound and it [opr as propagts into th ied and neater shock font The esse pak forms ery lon tothe bubble wal nd arenes approx Sey a6 Irn avelng outwards fom the sours, The peak prssrsare {herfore confined to the nme rinty of the cllped babe. Ex ‘waplating from the init o whic he eaelations apply «pak presse of tout 200aum i obaalned a Ray = 2 with O= ID-atm Thee hardly futiient ous any severe damage to tough materia "wany and Hani made nln sito tho of Hist ing and Pls. They incladed the else of surface tension and vicoaty. Their acon Ww mt ate (se on ge 1 Frese esol ee il aomg a de ling md ‘ima a eng Pe)results confi the assumption we have asly mad, that eter suace Tension nor ison alse the general bevour a the collapsing Dube 26.3 The generation of shock waves Following Flynn? wecan consider th conditions under which he aviating bubble ate ara source of sound propagating into the gui a the eve Frequeny snd ample are creas: |. For very show changes in babble si, disturbances can be regarded as Dropasring instananconly. This stable condition ad the aPDro- ‘rte ode! or the gud Would bean incompresbie one, The eaty ‘ust thn te ropated as on-adiating, the mork being done on the Tigh Alo the ney pase to the aud, daring the expansion phase ‘the hoe onion. i eared tothe bubble on contraction. Tass yunalen o ing thatthe radiation resstunce is negible when the Frequency very sal, 2, For more rapid ching inthe bobble siz, wil eventually become Imeaingal ova that the pressure developed inthe iu at any poi | will depend onthe motion ofthe bubble at some carbene thee 2m lg Betwoon presse inthe Idd the motion of the bubble Wall Ths time Tap implies energy sisiption, this energy being ropa into he surrounding iu, which then can be coniered 10 Prost tnt radiation eistancet the babe The appropriate mode [ths cate would be the acoustic approximation 5, Weknow: howeves, hit the veloc of sod in he Bgl s an increasing Funston of he presure. Intranet event, the gad pressure ard | thebabble, sit implods aod rebounds. may inereate to the pon whee the veleiy of sound eerily altel. Datarbances woul then ed toovertske hoe tha started eae. The waves woul the sa 0 cow tne another and thi jst the condition required fora shock wave to ‘evelop. The appropiate movel to use woud thea be one, ike the Gilmore approximation, where he velocity of sound i aacton ofthe “Thestength of the caiation shook nd their range of action have been sud by Schcier® Brand Benjamin" Alc and colleague eb in detail by Hicking and Pleset" As we Nave sea, Hickling abd Pest Found radiate presure waves obeying the geometric attenuation law (am- plitude 17. However, Abuehe and colleagues, asin ther computations ‘nthe Gilmore approximation, found the stensnon tobe mach more rapid iam ths the premure peak maven vay fr he cavity wall. Thy so show that ia aosk wave fo Tom aa rt develop within about {P= 20R fom theca any case as Hickling nd Pest ao shows, the shock wil emain stone only within a ew radi dstanses from the ‘bbl Therefore cavitation fers that depend on shock pressrescan ake ‘ce only in the dite vn of he colasing bubble Ths has Been fonened experimentally Beni ed ery simplesnodel to study whet, the ebound the shock would form He found ertsion in terms of the makina Bat [reste Py dele nthe collapsing babble With Pn, fe Ebars Be found the Flowing simple forma forthe stance rat which the shock seo or ra = t4(neze) ‘ists hen amc than 2 te shk an fom ony Imrmot prot land iene weak Howe eh Peter Sono sasha key ta the sek wi Tom a 4 Renna sce. The more ent snd ove eat elton of Fike and Monet he her at about 84 whcn > ism, Teal neve ory ne re urhed dt th nlig bbe il seman pasa Phtopapicviee ono ar shown ha ‘Phrase cn esl Sor andl ay {Rkkn enurh onc ae 2264 The sl of Fujkawa and Akama The ore ent solton of Fujikawa and Akamai takes ino acount the iets of compres of he igud,nomequiivm condensation af he ‘anows, het conduction isd the bubble and inte surrounding gui, and The wmporature contin a the phase itrtace Figure 212 shows the "stun tcnperatare profile imide and outsde the buble. Fora pushy Sapovous bbl the nate the thine of thei thera boundary Tiger tobe stout aneteth of the minim Babb rads, Forgas and ‘pour bubble, te lgud thermal boundary lye i ofthe ode of few Tete ofthe minimum, buble rads “They formate the probe by considering aspheric bubble ont inghoth vapour and asin avacouscompresible hi. Attime ~ O they ‘sere abet pres fo beraine instantaneous tsome alex: “secquetl the bubble Desist cllapue apd this accompanied by phase ‘hung (condensation nd bet conduction though he Dubie wal Before ‘hy woe dow thei base equation the following ssumplins are made: 1. The bubble alvays remains spherical 21 Lig compressbity and costly donot at each other. 4, Geaviy and dif eflects are negile 4 The presario thoughout te ise of he bubbleSx st ey 22 tem pr pi) ee a egeri 5. The vapour and gx inthe bubble are nvincl and obey the pet ns law 6 The temperatures ofthis vapour an gs are equal, 1. The thermal boundary layers both inside and eutside the Bubble ae thi compared wit he bubble ai, 18, Thre isa thin bat ite aomequlsam repon atthe phat interface esse of the continod change of phase hee. 9. The psi properties ofthe ligand pn are constant. As Trevena remarks al hiss fr ey thm Rayleigh’ simple mode On the ass of these assumptions the autho denve thee sets of quitions fora) the eternal region dcapeby the lig, (the aside of ‘he bubble ccupid bythe mstre of apes a gah ano) the phase uma neat 36 seta Ttn ct ret en ee Souci scikeeeltCanmelto Saran ra iSeiiiochacame ccna Inerfae, The wotion ofthe equations rather formidable and kngthy procure und dea snsy be found in the orginal paper The main rere Fay be surmarzat av folios, Ik was found that presre wave Was ‘haat ito ths bua the stan of ebound othe collapsing buble: the ‘ae show that sch presure wave would also accra the rebound of ‘bubble hat contains vapour oly, Ts lo possible to obtain Rios ofthe bbe ais the Dube wal velocity he temperature he bbble outa and the surrounding Bgud, and the vapour pressure and gas Dessre inde the bubble. The radii pressure distbutons in the itil ‘ute the hubba various tines were also aud iste 211 shows the tne history ofthe Babble conta fora Lm radi sed bubble in water The al line is he emporatre Ty athe abl centre the dashed Une te trpertue Tat the bubble all nd theehuined ine with one St the temperate fora bubble contin it ‘sdergoin an alabatc proces us wells the strated vapour In this ese the maimum temperate atthe centre and atthe interface, Ty, ofthe hubhleare dan S413K rexpstivey Ths temperatures are moch ower than thon Sn the abate collapse (878K). The bubble wall empertureTry ofthe buble fs 10 292.4 at a tine 2p aerhe rst rebound, Desase the bubble rapily expands. The temperature atthe bubble een, on the ter hand. decensy adiabatically during T14s after the rebound, and then imal a abut 570K. 1265 The solutions by Vokurka ‘Vokurka®™* has resent analysed the fee non-tinen osilaions ofa gs ‘bole acorng tothe Raykigh mode. The bubble excited by insta {neous delivery hatin the bubble Is er papers, Vohra” anaes ‘ther methods of exition of gus bubbles nto ee oslo, compared Rayleigh’ Herings and Gore's model, an formats sag for fe cxilations of gas buble, References sig. Naga My Wh A, Rm, DC Nin an Ni 8 sh Si ad 8 8 8 16 Nn AeA ait Aya SSH ttm om ne ne tn 1, Rc nahin ia ym ai as Pe. 1: pda team, no Ba, Cane 189 1. Mmm 7 Carma F Pees ra a 1S Pm im OME de Mas 1 Rain Aon Me Se. I Ring. nd pan A Pee B Land) 88, 50 Rey ian UE Raia ngws Api Sohese ME HS 3B Tae md Diy RMT Se Pao Ta Yak ML “hie eh Cem Uae ep, a ANE a sel Bye NN, Ue, a Pro, 2 he ote i Rem Dhan Rpt 29 MDAC Ree 2 Ge? iio Rg Caaf F 2 Ker) Ban Kole LJ dp e218. 18 2% Ge Una pinnate Urey re, 1 yon Dole to Se an 8 HAIER ey Er. Roe hn vs Ra nn pre i ge ie tpt 1 RoE at ae 9 ra gv De Le, 8 2 Sot a ine ‘Pawns Mg ahi {Botan exeh gem ts ae A lees 8 (i pny Litt Reine