REPRODUCTIVE

LIFE
PLANNING
Presented by: Joan Alferez
includes all the decisions
an individual or couple
make about whether and
when to have children,
how many children to
have, and how they are
spaced.
Most women who bear children
whose conception is unintended are
Adolescent.

The women may be less likely

to:
Breastfeed
Seek Prenatal care
Protect her fetus from
harmful substances
RISK FACTORS
Low birth weight
Death in the first year of life
Maltreatment and insufficient
healthy resources for
development
CONTRACEPTION
Until the 1950s, contraceptive
products (products to prevent
pregnancy) were not very reliable
or could not be easily purchased.
Today, as many as 40 million
women in the United States use
some form of contraception, a
figure that represents 65% of
women of childbearing age
Important things to consider when
helping a couple choose a method that
will be right for them:

Personal values
Ability to use a method correctly
How the method will affect sexual
enjoyment
Financial factors
Status of a couple’s relationship
Prior experiences
Future plans
Ideal contraceptive should
be:
Safe
One hundred percent effective
Compatible with religious and cultural
beliefs and personal preferences of both
the user and sexual partner
Free of side effects
Convenient to use and easily obtainable
Affordable and needing few instructions
for effective use
Free of effects after discontinuation and
on future pregnancies
 The contraceptive approach of natural
family planning (also called periodic
abstinence methods) involves no
NATURAL introduction of chemical or foreign material
into the body or sustaining from sexual
FAMILY intercourse during a fertile period.
PLANNING The effectiveness of these methods varies
greatly from 25% to 85%, depending
mainly on the couple’s ability to refrain
from having sexual relations on fertile days
or days on which the woman has the most
likely chance to become pregnant
 CALENDAR (RHYTHM)
METHOD
NATURAL The calendar
method requires a
FAMILY couple to abstain

PLANNING from coitus (sexual

relations) on the days
of a menstrual cycle
when the woman is
most likely to
Methods conceive (3 or 4 days
before until 3 or 4
days after ovulation).
 BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
METHOD
NATURAL Just before the day of ovulation, a woman’s
basal body temperature (BBT), or the temperature
FAMILY of her body at rest, falls about 0.5° F. At the time

PLANNING of ovulation, her BBT rises a full degree because

of the influence of progesterone.

Methods
 LACTATION AMENORRHEA
METHOD
NATURAL As long as a woman is breastfeeding
FAMILY an infant, there is some natural
suppression of ovulation.
PLANNING As a rule, after 3 months of
breastfeeding, the woman should be
advised to choose another method of
Methods contraception
 COITUS INTERRUPTS

It is one of the oldest known methods

NATURAL of contraception.
FAMILY Because there may be a few
spermatozoa present in
PLANNING preejaculation fluid, fertilization may
occur even if withdrawal seems
controlled. For these reasons, coitus
Methods interruptus is only about 75%
effective
Hormonal contraceptives are, as the
name implies, hormones that cause
such fluctuations in a normal
menstrual cycle that ovulation does HORMONAL
not occur. Hormonal contraceptives CONTRACEPTION
may be administered orally,
transdermally, vaginally, by
implantation, or through injection.
ORAL ROUTE
Oral contraceptives, commonly known as the pill, OCs
(for oral contraceptive), or COCs (for combination oral
contraceptives), are composed of varying amounts of
synthetic estrogen combined with a small amount of
synthetic progesterone (progestin). HORMONAL
CONTRACEPTION
Side effects & contradiction:
Nausea
Weight gain
Headache
Breast tenderness
Breakthrough bleeding (spotting
outside the menstrual period)
Mild hypertension
TRANSDERMAL ROUTE
refers to patches that slowly but continuously release a
combination of estrogen and progesterone

Patches may be applied to HORMONAL

one of following four areas: CONTRACEPTION
upper outer arm
upper torso (front or back, excluding the
breasts)
abdomen or buttocks
They should not be placed on any area where
makeup, lotions, or creams will be applied; at the
waist where bending might loosen the patch; or
anywhere the skin is red or irritated or has an
open lesion.
IMPLANTATION
Five subdermal implants, rods the size of pencil lead are
embedded just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm.
Once embedded, the implants appear as irregular lines on
the skin, simulating small veins. Over the next 3 to 5 years,
the implants slowly release the hormone, suppressing HORMONAL
ovulation, stimulating thick cervical mucus, and changing the
endometrium so that implantation is difficult. CONTRACEPTION
A disadvantage of the implant method is its
cost ($500 on average) and side effects such
as: Weight gain
Irregular menstrual cycle such as spotting,
breakthrough bleeding, amenorrhea, or
prolonged periods
Scarring at the insertion site
Need for removal
 INJECTION
A single intramuscular injection of medroxyprogesterone
acetate (Depo-Provera [DMPA]), a progesterone, given every
12 weeks inhibits ovulation, alters the endometrium, and
changes the cervical mucus. The effectiveness rate of this
method is almost 100%, making it an increasingly popular HORMONAL
contraceptive method
CONTRACEPTION
Advantageous effects: Potential side effects:
reduction in ectopic irregular menstrual cycle
pregnancy headache
endometrial cancer weight gain
endometriosis
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
is a small plastic object that is inserted into the uterus through
the vagina. IUDs became popular as a method of birth control
in the 1980s, and although still a popular choice worldwide

HORMONAL
Side effects and contraindications: CONTRACEPTION
A woman may notice some spotting or uterine
cramping the first 2 or 3 weeks after IUD insertion;
as long as this is present, she should use an
additional form of contraception, such as vaginal
foam.
 Barrier methods are forms of birth
control that work by the placement
of a chemical or other barrier
BARRIER
between the cervix and advancing
METHODS sperm so that sperm cannot enter
the uterus or fallopian tubes and
fertilize the ovum.
 A spermicide is an agent that causes the death
of spermatozoa before they can enter the cervix.

BARRIER Advantages of
spermicide
Side effects &
Contraindication
METHODS They may be purchased without a
prescription or an appointment with a
Vaginally inserted
spermicidal products are
health care provider, so they allow for
contraindicated in women
Chemical greater independence and lower costs.
When used in conjunction with another with acute cervicitis,
because they might
Barrier contraceptive, they increase the other
method’s effectiveness. further irritate the cervix.
Various preparations are available,
including gels, creams, sponges, films,
foams, and suppositories.
 A diaphragm is a circular rubber disk that is
placed over the cervix before intercourse
BARRIER Side effects & To prevent TSS while using a
METHODS Contraindication diaphragm, advise women to:
1. Wash their hands thoroughly with soap and
Mechanical History of toxic shock
syndrome (TSS;
water before insertion or removal.
2. Do not use a diaphragm during a menstrual
Barrier staphylococcal period.
infection introduced 3. Do not leave a diaphragm in place longer
through the vagina) than 24 hours.
Allergy to rubber or 4. Be aware of the symptoms of TSS, such as
elevated temperature, diarrhea, vomiting,
spermicides
muscle aches, and a sunburn like rash.
History of recurrent
5. If symptoms of TSS should occur,
UTIs immediately remove the diaphragm and
call a health care provider.
 A male condom is a latex rubber or
synthetic sheath that is placed over the
BARRIER erect penis before coitus to trap sperm
METHODS
There are no contraindications to the use
of condoms except for a sensitivity to
Mechanical latex.

Barrier
 Condoms for females are latex sheaths made of
polyurethane and prelubricated with a spermicide.
The inner ring (closed end) covers the cervix, and
the outer ring (open end) rests against the vaginal
BARRIER opening.

METHODS

Mechanical
Barrier
Surgical methods of reproductive life
planning, often called sterilization,
include tubal ligation for women and
vasectomy for men. Many people
SURGICAL
choose these surgical methods METHODS OF
because they are the most effective REPRODUCTIVE
methods of contraception besides
abstinence, because there are no LIFE PLANNING
further costs, and because they have
no effect on sexual enjoyment.
 In a vasectomy, a small incision or puncture wound is
made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens at
that point is then located, cut and tied, cauterized, or
plugged, blocking the passage of spermatozoa.
SURGICAL
Spermatozoa that were present in the vas
deferens at the time of surgery can remain viable
METHODS OF
for as long as 6 months. Therefore, although the
man can resume sexual intercourse within 1
REPRODUCTIVE
week, an additional birth control method should LIFE PLANNING
be used until two negative sperm reports have
been obtained (proof that all sperm in the vas
deferens have been eliminated, usually requiring
10 to 20 ejaculations). Vasectomy
 Sterilization of women could include removal of the uterus or
ovaries (hysterectomy), but it usually refers to a minor surgical
procedure, such as tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes
are occluded by cautery, crushing, clamping, or blocking,
thereby preventing passage of both sperm and ova.
SURGICAL
Contraindications to tubal ligation surgery if done
by laparoscopy are an umbilical hernia, because
METHODS OF
bowel perforation might result, and extensive
obesity, which would probably require a full
REPRODUCTIVE
laparotomy to allow adequate visualization. LIFE PLANNING
Some women develop vaginal spotting,
intermittent vaginal bleeding, and even severe
lower abdominal cramping after tubal ligation;
these symptoms are labeled posttubal ligation
Tubal
syndrome.
Ligation
THANK YOU!