Control of Particulate Pollutants (Ib Deloria)

CONTROL OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
ILDE B. DELORIA
(LECTURER)
Lecturer: IB DELORIA
CONTENTS
 Settling Chamber
 Cyclone
 Fabric Filter
 Scrubber
 Electrostatic Precipitator
Control of
Particulate
Pollutants
ILDE B. DELORIA
What is PM, and how does it get
into the air?
PM stands for particulate matter (also called particle
pollution): the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid
droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt,
soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the
naked eye. Others are so small they can only be detected
using an electron microscope.
Particle pollution includes:

•PM10 : inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally
10 micrometers and smaller; and
•PM2.5 : fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are
generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller.
• How small is 2.5 micrometers? Think about a single
hair from your head. The average human hair is about
70 micrometers in diameter – making it 30 times larger
than the largest fine particle.
Sources of PM
These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of
hundreds of different chemicals.
Some are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites,
unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.
Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex

reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which
are pollutants emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.
What are the Harmful Effects of PM?
Particulate matter contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so

small that they can be inhaled and cause serious health problems. Some
particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can get deep into your lungs
and some may even get into your bloodstream. Of these, particles less than
2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as fine particles or PM2.5, pose the
greatest risk to health.
Fine particles are also the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in parts of
the United States, including many of our treasured national parks and
wilderness areas.
Settling Chamber
It was one of the first devices used to control particulate emissions and is simply an expansion
chamber in which gas velocity is reduced, allowing time for particles to settle out under the
action of gravity. Long used by industry for removing solid or liquid particles from gaseous
streams, settling chambers have the advantages of simple construction, low initial cost, low
maintenance, low pressure drop and simple disposal of collected materials.
The settling chamber, however, is generally limited to the removal of particles larger than about
40-60 μm diameter.
5.1 Types and Components
There are basically two types of settling
chambers:
1) the simple expansion chamber and
2) the multiple-tray settling chamber.
The principal parameters that control collection

efficiency are the 1) settling time of the particles
and 2) residence time in the chamber.
A typical simple expansion settling
chamber is shown in Figure 5-1. The
unit is constructed in the form of a
long horizontal box with a gas inlet
and outlet and dust collection
hoppers. The particle-laden gas
stream enters the unit at the gas inlet
and flows into an expansion section.
Expansion of the gas stream causes
the gas velocity to be reduced to the
chamber velocity. As the gas flows
through the chamber, particles in the
gas stream are subjected to the force
of gravity and settle into the dust
collection hoppers. Momentum
separators cause the gas to change
directions and add a downward inertial
force to supplement the gravitational
force.
Howard Settling Chamber
The multiple-tray settling chamber, also called
the Howard settling chamber, is shown in
Figure 5-2. Several collection plates are
introduced to shorten the settling path of the
particles and to improve the collection
efficiency of smaller particles. Although the
trays are shown as horizontal, they are
typically angled vertically upward to provide
for gravity cleaning. The gas must be
uniformly distributed as it flows through the
passageways created by the trays. Uniform
distribution is usually achieved by the use of
gradual transitions, guide vanes and perforated
plates or screens.
Advantages:
• Low Capital Cost
• Very Low Energy Cost
• No Moving Parts
• Few Maintenance Requirements
• Low Operating Costs
• Excellent Reliability
• Low Pressure Drop
• Device Not Subject to Abrasion
• Provides Incidental Cooling of Gas Stream
• Dry Collection and Disposal
Disadvantages:
• Relatively Low PM Collection Efficiencies
• Unable to Handle Sticky or Tacky Materials
• Large Physical Size
• Trays in Multiple-Tray Settling Chamber may Warp
5.2 Performance Evaluation
Understanding the principles governing particle
collection in a settling chamber begins by
examining the behavior of a single spherical
particle in the chamber (see Figure 5-3). The
gas velocity is assumed to be uniform
throughout the chamber, and the particles move
horizontally at the gas stream velocity, vg. The
particle also has a downward vertical velocity as
a result of the effect of gravity. This is the
terminal settling velocity, vt discussed in
Chapter 4. Suppose a particle enters the
chamber at a height, hp. The particle must fall
this distance before it travels the length of the
chamber, if the particle is to be collected. In
other words, the particle will be collected if the
time required for the particle to settle is less
than the time that the particle resides in the
chamber.
Substituting Equations 5-5 and 5-6 into Equation 5-2 and then
substituting that into Equation 5-1 gives:
(5-7)
To expand the applicability of Equation 5-7 to multi-tray settling

chambers, we can add the parameter Nc, the number of parallel
passageways through the chamber. For a simple settling chamber, Nc is
one. For a multi-tray settling chamber, Nc is the number of trays plus
one. The final relationship for the efficiency of a settling chamber then
becomes:
(5-8)
For a simple settling chamber, Nc is one. For a multi-tray

settling chamber, Nc is the number of trays plus one.
The collection efficiency relationship for particles in the
laminar region:
Particles that are smaller than 100 μm generally fall into this
Where region. However, the linear relationship for drag coefficient can
L = chamber length (ft) be extended into the transition region, up to a particle
vg= gas velocity (ft/sec) Reynolds number of about 5-10, without introducing
Q = gas flow rate (ft3/sec) significant error.
W = chamber width (ft)
H = chamber height (ft)
vt = particle terminal settling velocity (ft/sec)
g = acceleration of particle due to gravity (32.17 ft/sec2)
ρp= particle density (lbm/ft3)
μg= gas viscosity (lbm /(ft· sec))
dp= physical particle diameter (ft)
The design variables for a settling chamber include the length, width and height of the chamber. These parameters
are chosen by the equipment manufacturer to remove all particles above a specified size. The chamber design
must provide conditions for sufficient residence time to capture the desired particle size range. This can be
accomplished by keeping the velocity of the gas through the chamber as low as possible. If the velocity is too high,
dust re-entrainment will occur. However, the design velocity should not be so low as to cause the chamber volume
to be exorbitant. Accordingly, units are typically designed for gas velocities in the range of 1 to 10 ft/sec.
In settling chamber designs, the velocity at which the gas moves through the chamber is usually called the
throughput velocity. The velocity at which settled particles become re-entrained is called the pickup velocity. In
order to avoid reentrainment of collected dust, the throughput velocity must not exceed the pick up velocity.
Pickup velocities for several materials are given in Table 5-1. If no data are available, the pickup velocity should
be assumed to be 10 ft/sec. In this case, the gas velocity through the chamber must be less than 10 ft/sec.
Example. Estimate the collection
efficiency of a 75 μm diameter
particle in a simple settling chamber
10 ft wide by 10 ft high by 30 ft
long when the gas velocity through
the chamber is 5 ft/sec. Assume a
particle density of 120 lbm/ft3 and
gas stream conditions of 68°F and
1 atm.
DESIGN OF CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR
12/7/2011 Lecturer: IB DELORIA 1

INTRODUCTION
Cyclone is one the most widely
used industrial cleaning devices
Inertial collector where the
particulate-laden gas is directed
For particle sizes greater than
10 um
12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

Lecturer: - Lecturer
IB DELORIA 2
• The first cyclone was patented in 1886
Advantages of cyclones are:

Low capital cost
Ability to operate at high temperatures
Low maintenance requirements because there are no
moving parts
Disadvantages of cyclones are:

Low efficiencies (especially for very small particles)
High operating costs (owing to power required to
overcome pressure drop).

IB DELORIA 3
SOME INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF CYCLONE
Rice mills
Corn mills
Feed mills
Precleaner
Etc.

IB DELORIA 4
TWO MAIN TYPES OF CYCLONES
Large Diameter Cyclone
o 1 ft to more than 12 ft in
diameter
o Collection of large diameter
particulate matter
Small Diameter Multi-cyclones

o Typically 6 to 12 inches in
diameter
o Better removal capability
IB DELORIA 5
PRINCIPLE OF CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR
IB DELORIA 6
CYCLONE DUST
COLLECTOR ANIMATION
IB DELORIA 7
DESIGN OF CYCLONE
Most common method of design is based
on the work of Lapple (1939, 1940)
consisting of
Optimum cyclone proportions
Design formulas

IB DELORIA 8
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Standard Cyclone Dimensions (Conventional)
Parameter Ratio
B Body Diameter; D/D 1.0
Height of Inlet; H/D 0.5
Width of Inlet; B/D 0.25
Diameter of Gas Exit; De/D 0.5
Length of Vortex Diameter; S/D 0.625
Length of Body; Lb/D 2.0
Length of Cone; Lc/D 2.0
Diameter of Dust Outlet; Dd/D 0.25

IB DELORIA 9
Number of Turns
H
 = p(2Lb + Lc) (Davis and Cornwell)
H Lb
where:  = no. of effective turns

H = height of inlet duct
Lb = length of cyclone body
Lc = length of cyclone cone Lc

IB DELORIA 10
Cut Diameter
d0.5 = (9B2H) (Davis and Cornwell)
(pQg) H
B
where:  = dynamic viscosity of gas
B = width of entrance
H = height of entrance
p = particle density
Qg = gas flow rate
 = effective turns

IB DELORIA 11
Inlet Gas Velocity I
B
Vi = (Qg)/(HB) D
E
L
O
Where: Qg = Gas flow rate R
I
A
Pressure Drop
Hv = (KHB)/(De2) (Shepperd and Lapple)
Where: K = 12 to 18 (Caplan, 1962) however
Licht (1984) recommends K = 16
De = Exit duct diameter

IB DELORIA 12
Pressure Drop
DP = 0.50(g)(Vi2)Hv
Where: g = gas density
Vi = inlet velocity
Power
Wf = Qg DP
Where: Qg = gas flow rate

IB DELORIA 13
Efficiency
Using Empirical
Cyclone Efficiency Chart
by Lapple (1951) eff
where: d0.5 = cut diameter

dp = particle size
Empirical Cyclone Efficiency (Lapple, 1951)

IB DELORIA 14
Design Example
Design a standard cyclone dust collector for a gas
flow rate of 0.4 cu.m/s having a temperature of 25
OC. The gas contains particles with an average
diameter of 20 m.
Assume the following:

•Gas density = 1.17 kg/cu.m
•Gas dynamic viscosity = 0.0000185 Pa-s
•Particle density = 800 kg/cu.m
•Inflow concentration of particles
12/7/2011
= 1000 g/cu.m
ILDE B. DELORIA - Lecturer 15
• Solution:
Step 1: Determine Cyclone Proportions
Assume Cyclone Barrel Diameter = 0.50 m
Parameter Ratio Dimension, m
Body Diameter; D/D 1.0 0.50
Height of Inlet; H/D 0.5 0.25
Width of Inlet; W/D 0.25 0.125
Diameter of Gas Exit; De/D 0.5 0.25
Length of Vortex Diameter; S/D 0.625 0.3125
Length of Body; Lb/D 2.0 1.0
Length of Cone; Lc/D 2.0 1.0
Diameter of Dust Outlet; Dd/D 0.25 0.125
IB DELORIA 16
Step 2: Solve for the Number of Turns
 = p(2Lb + Lc)
H
= p [(1)(2) + 1]
0.25
= 37.7 turns

IB DELORIA 17
Step 3: Solve for Cut Diameter
d0.5 = (9B2H)
(pQg)
= [9(0.0000185)(0.125)2(0.25)]
[(800)(0.4)(37.7)]
= 7.342 x 10-6 m or 7.342 m

IB DELORIA 18
Step 4: Determine Cyclone Efficiency
Using Lapple (1951) Empirical Cyclone Efficiency Chart
d/d0.5 = 20 m/7.342 m
= 2.724
Efficiency from the chart

is ~ 0.90 or 90%
Or using the formula

= {1/[1+(7.342/20)2}]}
= 0.8812 or 88.12%
IB DELORIA 19
Step 5: Check Concentration of PM at the Outlet
Conc. of PM at the Outlet = (1-Efficiency/100) x Initial PM Conc.
Conc. of PM at the Outlet = (1 - 90/100) x (1000 g/cu.m)

= 100 g/cu.m < 150 mg/NCM o.k.

IB DELORIA 20
Step 6: Solve for Inlet Velocity
Vi = (Qg)/(HB)
= 0.4____
(0.25)(0.125)
= 12.8 m/s

IB DELORIA 21
Step 7: Solve for Pressure Drop
Hv = (KHB)/(De2)
= 16(0.25)(0.125)_
(0.25)2
=8
DP = 0.50(g)(Vi2)Hv
= (0.5)(1.17)(12.8)2(8)
= 766.771 N/sq.m
= 0.767 kPa
IB DELORIA 22
Step 8: Solve for Power
Wf = Qg DP
= (0.4)(0.767)
= 0.307 kW

IB DELORIA 23
DRAWING PLANS
ISOMETRIC VIEW
12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA - Lecturer 24
THANK YOU!

IB DELORIA 25
FILTER
LECTURER: ILDE BAL. DELORIA
Types of Filter
When high efficiency control of particles smaller than 5 mm is desired,
a filter may be selected as the control method.
Two types are in use:
◦ (1) the deep bed filter, and
◦ (2) the baghouse.
The deep bed filter resembles a furnace filter. A packing of fibers is

used to intercept particles in the gas stream. For relatively clean gases
and low volumes, such as air conditioning systems, these are quite
effective. For dirty industrial gas with high volumes, the baghouse is
preferable.
Mechanisms of Collection
The fundamental mechanisms of collection include
• screening or sieving (where the particles are larger than the openings
between the fibers),
• interception by the fibers themselves, and
• electrostatic attraction (because of the difference in static charge on
the particle and fiber).
Once a dust cake begins to form on the fabric, sieving is probably the dominant
mechanism. As particulate matter collects on the bag, the collection efficiency
increases.
The buildup of the dust cake also increases the resistance to

gas flow.
Methods of Cleaning
At some point the pressure drop across the filter bags reduces the gas flow rate to
an unacceptable level and the filter bags must be cleaned.
The three methods used to clean the bags are mechanical shaking, reverse air flow, and pulse-jet cleaning.
Design
The fundamental design parameter for baghouses is the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the gas to be
cleaned to the area of filter fabric. This ratio is termed the air-to-cloth ratio.* It has units of m3/s m2 or
m/s. According to DalSanto (undated), for a dust collection system to function adequately engineers
must design and operate the system to maintain the (4) key design parameters of CFM, FPM, Vacuum
Pressure and Air to Cloth Ratio (or A/C).
Typical air-to-cloth ratios are shown in Tables 9-18 and 9-19.
Baghouses have found a wide variety of applications. Examples include the carbon black and gypsum
industries, cement crushing, feed and grain handling, limestone crushing, sanding machines, and coal-
fired utility boilers. Of all of the particulate control devices, filtration is the only technology that has the
potential to include the addition of adsorption media to facilitate concurrent removal of gas
phase contaminants.
*It may also be called the gas-to-cloth ratio, filtration velocity, or the face velocity.
Design Example
L
LIQUID / WET SCRUBBER
Overall emission reduction efficiency, % (ER)
Control Technology Efficiency, %
Cyclone 90*
Electrostatic Precipitator 95-99
Baghouse 99.5
Wet Scrubbers ≥90**

50-60***
*for particles larger than 5 µm

**for venturi scrubbers operating on wood-fired boilers
***for oil-fired boilers
Source: Manuals on Pollution Abatement, 1999
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP)

Control of Particulate Pollutants (Ib Deloria)

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CONTROL OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS

Particle pollution includes:

Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex

Particulate matter contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so

The principal parameters that control collection

To expand the applicability of Equation 5-7 to multi-tray settling

For a simple settling chamber, Nc is one. For a multi-tray

12/7/2011 Lecturer: IB DELORIA 1

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

Advantages of cyclones are:

Disadvantages of cyclones are:

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

Small Diameter Multi-cyclones

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

 = p(2Lb + Lc) (Davis and Cornwell)

where:  = no. of effective turns

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

where: d0.5 = cut diameter

Empirical Cyclone Efficiency (Lapple, 1951)

Assume the following:

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

= 7.342 x 10-6 m or 7.342 m

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

Efficiency from the chart

Or using the formula

Conc. of PM at the Outlet = (1-Efficiency/100) x Initial PM Conc.

Conc. of PM at the Outlet = (1 - 90/100) x (1000 g/cu.m)

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

12/7/2011 ILDE B. DELORIA

LECTURER: ILDE BAL. DELORIA

The deep bed filter resembles a furnace filter. A packing of fibers is

The buildup of the dust cake also increases the resistance to

Typical air-to-cloth ratios are shown in Tables 9-18 and 9-19.

Control Technology Efficiency, %

Electrostatic Precipitator 95-99

Wet Scrubbers ≥90**

*for particles larger than 5 µm

Source: Manuals on Pollution Abatement, 1999

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