2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)
Emotion Sentiment Analysis of Indian Twitter-Data
of COVID-19 After Lockdown
2021 2nd International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communications (ICSCCC) | 978-1-6654-4415-6/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSCCC51823.2021.9478166
Dilip Kumar
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar, India
dilip-kumar15@outlook.com
Abstract— This COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected
countries around the world. The intensity of the pandemic in
India is also increased. The number of new cases is increasing
day by day. In the past six months, the total number of cases
crossed 50 lakh and the total number of deaths is almost 1 lakh.
It has been observed that the sudden outbreaks of such
pandemics affect public mental states and emotions. This
pandemic also results in either constructive or destructive
behavioural changes among people. Anger, Sadness, and fear
are the most common emotions witnessed among the people
during several pandemics. Social media platform like Twitter
and others have rich sources of information from people. So, we
are here going to analyze the emotions of the peoples after the
COVID-19 six month's phase. It can help to detect how a person
is feeling and can help those persons to not feel negative or can
be able to stop them from taking any wrong decision.
Keywords— COVID-19, sentiment, emotion, classification,
LSTM.
I. INTRODUCTION
This Sentiment analysis is an important research topic for
understanding the people's reviews and opinions on
anything’s like reviews against a product like in favour of that
product or in against of the same or it may be tweet over the
tweeter whether they are posting negative tweets or positive
tweets all matters by analysing a large amount of information
from the reviews or the tweeter data [1]. In this large number
of peoples are expressing their opinion or thought about some
things or on some current hot topic in news. We can detect
how peoples are reacting to some current event topic or news
on the social platform. We can do text sentiment analysis
finding the opinions of the peoples and their thoughts whether
they are thinking positive or negative about that current news
or topic or things [10].
Active feedback of peoples is a very essential part of any
business and public opinion about anything whether it is a
public voice for something and in election time. it also
indicates many things about the situation.[7] So, in this paper,
we are focusing on the emotion of the peoples during the after
6 months of COVID-19 how the peoples are thinking and how
their mental conditions are now after 6 months of the COVID-
19pandemic. We have the tweeter data collected for a week
duration worldwide using the scrapping method. We are here
to find the emotions of the peoples using the emotion
sentiment analysis.
Emotions sentiment from COVID-19 related tweets on
Twitter. – We have created a machine learning-based model
that is LSTM for emotion sentiment detection of COVID-19
hashtags tweets text, gives good outcomes in comparison with
various well-known machine learning algorithm methods. We
discuss and discover meaningful insights about COVID-19
978-1-6654-4415-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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Urvashi Bansal
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Dr BR Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar, India
urvashi@nitj.ac.in
Twitter data. We find the emotion semantics of the text of the
COVID-19 tweet related to emotion sentiment and opinion
analysis. We have five emotions categories Happy, Sad,
Angry, Fear and Shame [5][12]. We using deep learning
methods for the detection of the emotion sentiment from the
text.
II. EMOTION SENTIMENT ANALYSIS
Emotion sentiment analysis is like normal sentiment
analysis except that it having multiclass classification rather
than a binary class that is different emotion of humans in place
of positive or negative polarity [5][11]. Emotion sentiment
analysis focus on different multiclass classification of the
textual information in different emotions like happy, sad,
angry, shame or fear. In this whole text sentence or paragraph
is analysed based on the emotion consist of the given text
according to the emotion sentiment. Here we are using a
machine learning approach for detecting the emotion from the
unlabelled data. We here using the labelled data from different
standard data available for the emotion sentiments like smile
dataset which is very famous emotion sentiment labelled data
to train our model.
Emotion sentiment analysis results can be used to find the
mental health of the person or can detect the unusual activities
that are going to be carried out by a person or we can stop a
person by knowing the emotion of a person from its last post
the social network. So, we can stop a person from taking the
wrong step in his life or we can stop a person from doing some
shameful work. We can also use this for predicting how much
a customer is happy with a product. We can predict that the
customer is happy or sad about using that product or feeling
angry because of the product [10]. So, it can play a very
significant role in business or our daily life. By use of this
analysis on social media, it will be beneficial for a person who
is going to take a wrong step and helping alerts can be
generated to their friends based on the emotion or text of that
person. So, emotion sentiment analysis gives a very deep
insight into a product and also give a strong opinion of a
person in emotion. How a person is feeling using a product.
So, it will be used to improve productivity as well as the
product which is in the market.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Emotion sentiment analysis is a computation way to
predict the opinions or emotions expressed by peoples through
the text. Nowadays it is a common research area to predict the
opinions of large crowd people’s sentiments in different
aspects as the review comment of the customer of different
eCommerce products or offline products. It can be used for the
prediction of the stock exchange, news sentiments, political
 2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)

analysis through political text articles, news, natural speeches the hashtags related to the COVID-19 and location in India
& many more [3], [8], [10]. using the scrapping process. We also use the standard smile
dataset for the training data so first we used that data to train
Many machine learning or deep learning algorithms is our model for the labelled data. For the five different
used to analyse a large amount of data and to predict the categories like Happy, Sad, Angry, Fear and Shame [5], [11].
sentiment on many topics. By using machine learning
methods, the opinions of peoples can be predicted through
social platforms. LSTM has very good noticeable accuracy in
analysing people’s opinions on Reddit, Naves-Bayes & KNN Social
Media
algorithms also get good accuracy for the sentiment analysis
for binary classification for detecting influenza in the Arab Web Scrapping
region through social media[1], [2], [3], [4]. Twitter is much
common source to collect data for research analysis purposes. Drop NA Remove
Hyperlinks
Records
There are many works of literature concerning peoples to the
action by posted text in social platforms, which can be Convert Data Gathering Remove
differentiated by the type of things that occurs in reaction to Emoji to Punctuatio
Text n
and through the target study.[4][7] These events types include
Remove
criminal and terrorist activities and protests or health Drop stop words
Duplicate
associated events or maybe nature disasters. Studies Pre-
Processing
conducted for many purposes including analysis of spreading Convert to
Remove non
English words
of the information on the various social media platform small case
[14][15][16][17]. Tokenize
Extract text
Sentiment analysis of tweeter data has been a hot research Hashtags
Labelled Dataset
area topic interest worldwide for more than 10 years. The Stemming
Remove
researchers did many analyses on the tweeter data for finding single
text

the sentiment polarity of the text in almost every domain. Or

it has significant value in every field where the people’s Add Word Vector embedding
opinions matter [13][14]. We have used the LSTM for better
accuracy for the multiclass classification [4], [6]. We have
collected the data from tweeter after the lockdown to detect
the emotion of the Indians after the lockdown. Almost after Build
LSTM
six months how the Indians are feeling and there is fear or Model

sadness exist. We have collected the data from Twitter using

the scraping methods for the topic or hashtag related to
COVID-19. In the COVID-19 pandemic, situation Train
Model
maintaining social distance is can play important role in
sentiment analysis [2]. In social media comments and retweets
of the tweets, their reaction to the tweets and the emojis used
in the tweets can say more about their mental health and their Performance
Comparison
emotions. We will discuss the mental health of the peoples in
India and try to understand the emotions of India how people
expressing their emotions.
We are using the data of the smile dataset for training our Make
model and then we perform the predictions on our collected Prediction
data for predicting the various emotion from the tweets. Here
we are using the LSTM model.
Fig. 1. Workflow of the whole process.
IV. METHODOLOGY
B. Pre-Processing
Here we discuss all the working process of our model. We
used TensorFlow 2.2.3 for training and evaluating our We need to clean the data for getting proper results as the
proposed LSTM model. We need to clean our data before the data consist of many noises and have many duplicate data. If
training process of the model, as we found that there are many we didn’t do this in our data, we get misleading insight from
redundancies in our data and have many noises exist in our the data and we get wrong outcomes from the analysis. We
data. So first we require to pre-process the collected data that have a few steps in our diagram that we have done in our data
we will discuss in the pre-processing part. Then we will [1], [2],[9], [18].
discuss our used LSTM model. Fig. 1 shows the whole process
at once glance as below. • Drop Empty (NA) Records: We dropped all the
A. Data Collection records with NA and empty values to prevent
inconsistency of the dataset so that it doesn’t affect the
Data is a very essential part of the machine learning process. sentiment analysis.
Machine accuracy builds upon the quality of the data obtained
and the quantity of data. So, if we provide more data to • Convert Emoji to Equivalent Text: We have replaced
machine learning models, so it will predict more accurately emoji’s in the tweet for better vectorization for the
and efficiently, we have collected our data from tweeter for model.

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 2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)
• Drop Duplicate Record's: Here we dropped the
duplicate records to prevent extra processing power or
affect our analysis.
• Convert all text data into Small Case: We converted all
the data into the same case so the data will not make
any inconsistency in our analysis.
• Extract Hashtags: Extracting hashtags is essential for
analysing the tweets
• Remove Single Character Single character: doesn’t
have any sentiment meaning so it will not add up any
sentiment meaning to our sentiment analysis so we just
removed it from our tweets.
• Remove Hyperlink's: Hyperlinks are just URL’s and
don’t have any sentiment meaning as it is a string of
some combination of the specified format so we
removed it using the below regex expression.
• Remove Punctuation & Special Character's:
Punctuations doesn’t have any special meaning in the
text or special character also don’t have any meaning
so we removed the same as using the below regex
expression.
• Remove Stop Words and extra spaces: In Natural
Language processing, stop words are words which are
which doesn’t affect the meaning of the sentence so we
filter out all stop words. The most common words in a
language are known as stop words, there is no single
list available for stop words used by all NLP tools. So
we removed all the stops words from all tweets. Using
the stop words list that we have created.
• Remove Non-English: We here are doing sentiment
analysis of the English language as English is the most
preferred language on social media so other language
words don’t add any specific sentiment to our analysis
so we removed all non-English words.
• Tokenize Text: we need to tokenize all text tweets of
our dataset. Tokens are individual terms or words, and
tokenization means splitting a text or a string into
multiple tokens.
• Stemming: Rule-based splitting of the suffixes (“ing”,
“ly”, “es”, “s” etc) from a word is known as stemming.
Taking eg. “play”, “player”, “played”, “plays” &
“playing” are the dissimilar variations of the same
word – “play”.
• Convert to Vectors: we need to convert each tweet into
its equivalent vector that is a numeric representation so
it can make sense to our developed machine learning
model.
C. Word place-in
Word place-in provides us with a way to make a feasible
and strong method in which the matching words will encode
similarly. Moreover, we don’t need to apply this manually.
The embedding process has a dense type vector that has a
floating-point value. Basic embedding has 8 dimensions and
for a large dataset, this number is 1024. Word embedded with
high dimension gives a better result but we need to provide
more data for learning. In embedding the words are converted
into a dense vector. Within a continuous vector space, the
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projection of words is described by a vector. It learns from the
placement of text words into the vector space. It is done on
given words and it encloses when it is in use. In our process,
here we have the predefined function to convert the words into
vector form using the SKlearn library
D. Proposed Model
We have used the LSTM model for our task. LSTM (Long
Short-Term Memory) is a certain kind of artificial neural
network that works good enough for the text type data[1]. It
works very efficiently in long time dependencies. In LSTM
there is term memory which keeps track of the info for a long
time in its memory.
Here we have created the LSTM model, few CNN [12]
tasks remain the same there is no change. We have used 256
dimensions for the embedding layer with a vocabulary size of
2000. For non-linearity, we use a ReLU activation function
[11]. Then we introduced a hidden layer to the LSTM model
of 128 sizes. For reducing overfitting, we also added 0.5
dropouts. For connecting the output of previously made layers
we introduced a fully connected layer. At last, to distinguishes
input sentiment into five classes that are Happy, Sad, Angry,
Fear, and Shame. Fig. 2 describes our proposed LSTM model.
Finally, we compile the created model using the Adam
optimization algorithm as an optimizer and categorical cross-
entropy as a loss function. After this, we start our training
process. We have achieved 94% accuracy after the training
model process.
Input: (None, 32, 256)
Embed input: Input Layer
Output: (None, 32, 256)
Input: (None, 257)
Lstm: LSTM
Output: (None, 257)
Input: (None, 257)
SoftMax: Dense )
Output: (None, 5)
Fig. 2. Applied LSTM model.
V. EXPERIMENTS RESULTS
We need to set some hyperparameter to measure the
performance of the LSTM model [1], [2]. Sometimes we
change these parameters for detecting which parameters will
yield us better results in term of accuracy for given data.
TABLE I. LSTM model Hyper-parameters
Hyperparameter Used Values
LSTM model hidden layer size 256
Size of Dropout 0.5
Size of Batch 512
No. of Epochs 50
Rate of Learning 0.005
We compile this model after setting these
hyperparameters. We used the Adam optimization algorithm
as our optimizer and the loss function is categorical cross-
entropy. After this, we started the training process for our
model. Our model achieves an accuracy of 94% after the
 2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)

training process. Accuracy training vs accuracy validation and not used for the training. This shows the comparison of the
loss training vs loss Validation performance comparison using accuracy of the model at training data and after the training
the plotted graph for each epoch used in the next part. predicting the data which is not used for the model. If the
A. Model Performance Plot accuracy of validation data is the same as the accuracy at
training, then the model is predicting rightly but if it is giving
In this section, the plotted performance graph of our model very low accuracy at validation data then there is a problem
for the training data and the validation data is shown in Fig.3 in the model. As in our model, the accuracy of the validation
and Fig. 4. is near to the accuracy for the validation data so our model is
The graph is plotted between training data loss vs predicting rightly.
validation data loss and training data accuracy and validation
data accuracy of the LSTM model. VI. EXPERIMENTS RESULTS
Below Fig. 3 the graph is plotted between the loss at training
We get a very interesting result after applying the model
and loss at Validation time. Three possible conditions tells
to our data. Our model achieved an accuracy of the 94%
about the model that it is overfitting underfitting or perfect
which is very good accuracy. We get the different number of
fit.
1. Overfitting tweets counts for the different emotions over the India tweets
of duration after the lockdown in India from date.
This condition arises when Training loss is much smaller
than the Validation loss means Training loss <<
Validation loss.
2. Underfitting
This condition arises when Training loss is much greater
than the Validation loss means Training loss >>
Validation loss.
3. Perfect fit
This condition arises when Training loss and Validation
loss are nearly equal to each other or they are converging
over time it means we are doing things right.
Training loss == Validation loss.
As in our graph, it is nearly converging so there is no
overfitting and underfitting in our model.

Fig. 5. Tweets counts of a different emotion.

In Fig. 5 We have the different counts of tweets according

to the emotion sentiment they consist in the tweets. So, we
have a slightly sad no. of tweets than the happy tweets so we
can say that somehow peoples are sad because of the COVID-
19 and peoples are also happy because in this duration the
lockdown is started lifting so this creates some happiness in
the peoples so they can buy things of their daily needs now
easily.

Fig. 3. Training data loss vs Validation data loss.

Fig. 6. Percentage of different emotions over tweets.

In Fig. 6 We have the higher percentage of sad tweets and

Fig. 4. Training data accuracy vs Validation data accuracy
The next graph Fig. 4 is plotted between the accuracy at
training time and accuracy after training for the data which is
the second highest in the happy emotions tweet counts it is
because we have collected the data after the lockdown is lifted
in India so we have a slightly less percentage of happy
emotions tweets as compared to the sad emotion’s tweets. And
other emotions have their little share approx. similar
contribution to the emotional sentiments of the Indian sweets.

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 2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)

We created the word cloud for the different emotions

which show the different emotions words present in the text
of the tweets. In Fig. 7 We have created a word cloud of
happy emotion tweet’s words. It includes the top 100 words
which frequently occurs in the happy tweets. And we can see
that food, active and free etc. are the words in the happy
tweets. We have the most frequent words that occurred in the
happy emotion tweets and the more frequent is the word it
has the bigger weight of size.
As shown in Fig. 8 Word Cloud we can see that the happy
words have a large weight in the word cloud like active
fighting, food etc. Here we can see that we have words like
poor, sorry and distort etc. which consists of sad tweets.

Fig. 7. Different Emotion tweets over the given duration

In Fig. 7 the plotted graph of the duration after lockdown

with no. of counts of the tweets each day for the different
emotions [5]. It shows that there is a hike in the happy tweets
also because the lockdown is lifted in India and started
opening the things in one by one. And we have sad emotions
tweets rise from 13 September to 16 September an then it is
going down and there is the sudden rise in the happy tweets
because of the unlock down started in India.

Fig. 10. Word cloud for the angry tweet’s words.

Here in Fig. 10. that the words which show the anger of
the peoples in tweets. So, there are words like blame, cross
etc. which represents the word cloud for the angry emotion’s
tweets.

Fig. 8. Word cloud for the happy tweet’s words.

Fig. 11. Word cloud for the Fear tweet’s words.

In Fig. 11 we have the words from the fear emotion tweets

and we see that emergency, conspiracy, blame, and effect will
show the fear in peoples.
Here the words like an emergency, shot, killing, postpone
etc. words creating fear in persons so it will represent the word
cloud for the fear emotion tweets words.

Fig. 9. Word cloud for the sad emotion tweet’s words.

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 2021 Second International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC)

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