y
Data wSaral
Facts observationsand information that
oe oer vedi han are kaern anaes
Generally 2 types of data are used. tyregular class interval: When the lass
intervals are of varying sizes.
+ F.g0-15,15-20, 20.30.
Ungrouped data is data in its original or. Ctass width — upper class imi — lower
1) Ungrouped Data
‘Tabular Representation
of Data
Frequency table
‘A frequency table or
distribution shows the
occurrence of a particular
variable in a tabular form,
Ungrouped frequency table
raw form. The observations are not ‘laselimit Grouped frequency table
‘lapitfiog te grows Statistics g Graphical Representation
2 = of Data
2) Grouped Data Statistics is a branch of mathematics 3 (A) Bar graphs
In grouped data, observations are that deals with the S waaieg a
3 istograms
omanizeo Sree: 1: BabeGollection a (Uniform and varying
Note: 2, Data Representation 2 widths)
Frequency 3. Data Analysis g (C) Frequency polygons
~The number of times a particular instance Iuterpretation ofdata, a Sorting
occursis called frequency in statistics. Data Collection Raw data Sorting >
ascending order or
ee descendingorder
+The size ofthe classinto which ® Primary Data seciauary Dita
articular data is divided.
= When the information was When the information was
+ Regular class interval: When the cla8 —cotjected by the investigator __gathered from u source which
intervals are equal or of the same sizes.
+ E,g 0-10, 10-20,20-30, aes
stored,
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already had the information
GETITON
cena]Bar Graphs
*Abar graph isa graphical
representation of data in which usually
bars of uniform width aredrawn with
equal spacing between them on one
= x-axis—rdepicts the variable
1" jpaxis—sdepicts valueof the variable
+ ‘The heights of the bars depend on
‘the values of the variable.
+ Discrete—bar graphs
Example-
= This s a form of representation like
the har graph, but itis used for
continuous class intervals.
Scale(x—axis) 1 unit =Skg
Scale(y—axis) 1unit = 2 students
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Frequency Polygon
2 These mid-points of the class-
lass mark
The three measures of central
tout tendency for ungrouped data are:
(). Meat
+ It is found by adding all the
a values of the observations and dividing
it by the total umber of observations.
[tis denoted by x.
So,;
nono frequency astebuton ts a4
* Foran ungrouped
(i) Median: It is the value of the
intervals are called class-marks. amiddle-most observation (3).
Upper limit + Lower limit
ras an dd number, the median =
met)
valine of tne (2!) “observation
arian eve mass
median ~ Mean ofthe values of the
amd(2 +1)" observation,
o
(ii) Mode: The mode is the most
|
an 3S 40 a8 50 55 60 OS
‘Weiht dike) —> frequently occurring observation.
GETITON
cena]The three measures of central
tendency for Grouped data are:
(@ The direct method method
Steps to be followed
1. Find the class mark (x;) or middle values
of each group (or class)
Lower limit + Upper limit
yee
2
2. Change it into Ungrouped Frequency
Distribution and calculate fx; for
each.
3. Then use the same formula used for
Ungrouped Frequency Distribution,
wSaral
Statistics
(ii) Assumed mean method
1. Find the class mark (x;) of each class
and Change it into Ungrouped
Frequency Distribution
_ Lower limit + Upper limit
2
2. Find deviation (d) of each variate
(s) from any central value (a). d;=
x
3.Find fi, for each then ¥ fy dy
4.Find N= Df
5. Then use the formula
«aa dfids
east
Where, a is assumed mean (any central
value of variate xf)
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Gii) Step Deviation Method
‘In this method, we divide each value of
deviation (ai) by any common number
say, (b)
When values ofx and fare very large
Then, x
Mode
Step -1
Find the class which have max
‘frequency.
‘This is the Modal Class.
Step -2
(ff)
Mode=¢+ tpg ay
GETITON
cena]Where,
lower limit of modal class.
f — frequency of modal class.
4, — frequency of the class preceding
modal class.
1, — frequency of the class succeeding
modal class.
1h — class interval of modal elass.
‘The cumalative frequency of a class is
the frequency obtained by adding the
frequencies of all the classes preceding
the given class.
Median
Prepare the cummulative frequency
(c£) column,
XW
Ona = Jena he vate or
wSaral
3. Find the class which contain the value
oes jus greater than S. Thsis
medion cas.
4.Use the formula:
Medi:
+ Representing a cumulative
frequency distribution graphically
asa cumulative frequency curve, or
an ogive of the less than fype and of
the more than type.
+ The median of grouped data can be
obtained graphically asthe x-
coordinate of the point of intersection
of the two ogives for this data,
Median = 138.5
Cumlative frequency curve or
Ogive curveu
y
No.of workers
140 160 180 200
cumulative frequency ts of two types
and corresponding to these, the ogive
Is also of two types.
#Less than type
Morethan type
GETITON
cena]
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