The political corruption: A study of the impact on the citizens of the Philippine

government

A Research Topic Outline

Presented to the Faculty of

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) of

Far Eastern University High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Practical Research 1

by

CHAVEZ, Mark Anthony, C.

GAMBOA, Mark Gerard, G.

LOPEZ, Aliyah Rahma, A.

LUCAS, Andrew, P.

SAUNAR, James Aldrin, P.

WILLIAMS, Jolynch, U.

May 2022
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter provides an overview of the study that addresses the political

corruption of the Philippine government and its impact on its citizens. The context of this

chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem,

hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework, the significance of the study, and

the definition of terms used.

Introduction

Corruption dates way back to ancient times, becoming one of the greatest

challenges of this contemporary world. It originates from the Latin word corruptus,

meaning "mar, bribe, destroy". According to the Oxford Dictionary, corruption is

dishonest, fraudulent activity conducted by those in power. It corrodes trust, deteriorates

democracy, impedes economic growth, and further exacerbates prejudice, deprivation,

social ranking, and environmental plight. Corruption is an illness found almost anywhere,

a malignancy that gnaws at society's cultural, political, and economic fabric. Intractably

entrenched in countries that experience poverty, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin

America, etc. It is innate in newly developed countries and is reaching unprecedented

levels in various post-communist countries. Over the last 30 years, there has been a lot of

conceptualization and actual studies on corruption, which has resulted in a surprising

number of competing theories, typologies, and solutions. Corruption is defined as

everything from laundering money to government workers in exchange for favors and

stealing public funds to a diverse variety of unethical economic and political practices by
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which politicians and bureaucrats profit themselves, as well as any public power for

personal gain.

Background of the Study

An action by a government official is influenced by the existence and growth of

corruption. It made their lives easier. They abused their position to provide unjustifiable

privileges to their friends and family. Corrupt public officials misappropriated assets,

made use of services for which they were not authorized, or even stole money outright.

Furthermore, legislative changes in the civil service compensation structure or a reward

system for virtuous officials were acknowledged as important strategies for effectively

fighting corruption. Corruption is described as the unlawful exchange of products

between public authorities and private sectors for personal gain at the expense of society

as a whole. It focuses mostly on the public sector, particularly the separation between

people's official and private activities. Understanding the difference between civil role

and private interest is essential in a position of official power.

Moreover, there were ways to minimize this dilemma, such as good governance,

wherein it provided an environment where corruption had a hard time prospering.

Stakeholders were increasingly demanding accountability when good governance

principles were not followed. As citizens lost faith in their elected representatives'

abilities or desires, mass action and strikes were organized in protest. Political unrest was

on the rise. Investment decreased. The sale of shares by investors lowered a company's

valuation and rating. Their officials had the authority to refuse their licenses, stock

market listings, and the ability to provide goods and services. The major goal of this
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paper was to present research that was significant for foreign aid policies and poor

nations. This opened people's eyes to how severe the impact of corruption on Philippine

governments is.

Statement of the Problem and Research Questions

This study aims to find out the perception of the citizens regarding this political

corruption happening in the Philippine government through the following questions:

1. Where is the situation political corruption is most serious?

2. Which social class has traits that are considered to be high in corruption?

3. Who is the right person to combat corruption?

4. How did the dark operations of government corruption occur in poor marginal

communities?

5. What are the basis and foundations of political corruption?

6. What are the effects of government corruption and what does it hold in the future

of the citizens?

7. Why is political corruption seen as one of the most significant barriers to

long-term development?

8. Why have there been so few successful among all those anti-corruption efforts

made?

Significance of the Study

This study will provide insights into a wide range of research on the consequences

and causes of corruption. It incorporates a study of the impact of corruption on many

aspects of government investments and gross domestic product (GDP). The purpose of this
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study is to assess the various factors that lead to corruption and determine their relative

importance.

The following people or groups will benefit from the findings of the study:

● To the international governments, the process and results of this study will

allow them to evaluate where they go wrong, and reflect on the actions of their

politicians. They will come into improving the skills of their anti-corruption

panel to improve in managing worldwide transactions and international policies.

● To the Philippine government, according to Transparency International's 2021

Corruption Perceptions Index, is ranked 117th out of 180 nations in terms of

corruption. The data acquired will assist them in becoming much more aware of

how corruption affects the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with the

prevalence of corruption. The research's proposed steps will impede investment,

affecting growth and job creation in the Philippines.

● To the public and private employees, prevents the public faith in government

institutions from eroding, harms policy integrity, and distorts public sector

outcomes. The practice of this study will enable them to have their salary at the

appropriate level to feed their family and to keep up with the increase in

commodities in today's society and the coming years.

● To the youths, for them to consistently practice the integrity they will be

imposing as they hold the future. Eliminating corruption will enable them to have
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sustainable development as they continue to live in a corrupt-free government.

They will gain access to essential services such as healthcare and education.

● To the environment, this will serve as a guide and reference to put an end to

illegal trades such as poaching and illegal logging. This research will help

allocate appropriate funds to the extractive industries, irrigation, agriculture,

forestry, fisheries, and conservation sectors, with a focus on protected areas (PAs)

and the wildlife trade.

Scope and Limitations

To address the study's current situation, selected participants are asked to respond

to online survey questions. This allows the researchers to determine which factors are

more significant in inequality created by international corruption, according to the

respondents, which will be asked to rate as answers to the questions provided. To broaden

the scope of the study, participants will be chosen through simple random sampling from

one of the international countries, the Philippines.

The primary goal and purpose of this paper is to present research that is

important for aid policy and the impacts of the Philippine government on its citizens. This

is done to make people aware of how serious the consequences of national government

corruption may be. The researchers surveyed ten (10) respondents, this number came

from the 10% of the population size. The respondents are limited to those from the

workers in the public and private sectors who (a) are located in the capital city of Manila

and (b) pay government taxes.

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Operational Definitions

In order to gain a better understanding of the study, there are some key points to

consider. The following terminologies are defined in this chapter:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The total market value of goods and services

produced by a country's economy over a given time period.

Bribery. Offering something desirable or valuable in exchange for receiving

something in return.

Autocratic Governments. People who have ultimate authority and power over

others. These people tend to make decisions based solely on their own ideas and

do not listen to others' opinions.

Legislative. A branch of government with the authority to implement laws or rules.

Stakeholders. Individuals, groups, or organizations whose lives are affected by the

outcome of a government decision.

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Conceptual Framework

The political corruption: A study of the impact on the citizens of the Philippine

government

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. An individual knows if

there is a problem within its This study used a number

premises. of research instruments

2. Conditions allow to support conclusions on

political corruption to the effect of political

flourish. corruption in modern

3. Dark operations of society. The study used The political corruption:

government corruption credible sources to get A study of the impact on

occur in poor marginal the necessary data the citizens of the

communities. needed to answer the Philippine government

4. Political corruption is questions. The researcher

seen as one of the most conducted an online

significant barriers to survey in which

long-term development. low-class people

5. Basis and foundation of answered this question

political corruption. by checking the box

provided by this
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6. The right time to battle instrument, data will be

government corruption. gathered and evaluated,

7. Government corruption and the researchers

and what it holds in the interpreted and analyzed

future for communities the information through a

involved. graph and table.

The conceptual framework of this study includes all aspects needed in the

realization of this research. The researcher used the system approach with the following

phases; input, process, and output.

The input is where the political corruption is tracked, from an official or credible

source, by the use of the accomplished questionnaires; the political perception of

corruption is identified according to its usage and its popularity, and to single out the

significant relationship between political corruption and modern corruption.

The process is where all information was distributed and gathered upon the

completion of the queries. The data collected from valid sources were the basis of this

study. The gathering analyzing and interpretation of data was under this phase.

The output was the results of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting the data

gathered by the researcher from their sources, in this phase, the impact of political

corruption was identified according to its usage and its popularity in modern society.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The chapter outlines the various associated literature, studies, and papers that will

be used to undertake the research, as well as their contribution to the research paper's

credibility and reliability. This will also present the synthesis of the art, a theoretical and

conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done, and lastly, the

definition of terms for better comprehension of the study.

Access to public services is hampered, and the poor have a lesser share of growth as

a result of government corruption.

Corruption is one of the world's most difficult problems today. It suffocates good

governance, fundamentally distorts public policy, causes resource misallocation, harms

the private sector and development, and disproportionately impacts the poor. In addition

to this, Corruption has the potential to inflict significant harm to society, such as when it

leads to illegal logging of tropical rain forests and non-observance of construction rules

established to safeguard public safety. Citizens, speculative politicians, and

administrators may become insecure as a result of corruption, vacillating between big

chances, significant hazards, and a lot of double pressure. Leaving these aside, it's

important to consider the economic and political implications of corruption. Inge

Amundsen (1999).
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In relation to this, corruption can take various forms and levels in different

democratic systems. When it comes to dangers to democratic culture, there are numerous

elements at play, but corruption is a big one. According to the Corruption Perceptions

Index 2019, most countries' persistent failure to significantly regulate corruption is

contributing to a global democratic catastrophe. According to various research, excessive

levels of corruption harm democracy. Wawrosz et al. (2012) mentioned in an article that

corruption is often regarded as one of the most significant threats to a democratic society.

As a result, many types of corruption are considered criminal activities, and they are

punished by the police and other government entities. However, in order to successfully

combat corruption, a democratic society needs not only concrete tactics, but also an

effective theory that explains the many types of corruption, how they harm society, and

which means of combat are effective and which are not.

Bribery can be one of the many types of corruption. It provides or gets anything

of value to influence the behavior of someone with a public or legal obligation. Naher et

al. (2020) expressed that the increased government spending and regulation naturally

encourage corruption since they allow government officials to be bribed in exchange for

regulatory favors, subsidies, and government contracts. Corruption has a wide range of

consequences. Having an impact on service availability, utilization, and cost. Inefficient

public expenditure is also a result of corrupt practices related to the abuse of available

resources in resource-constrained environments and increasing the financial burden on

the poorest.
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Corruption happens as a result of inadequate compensation and greed, which

leads to bribes. An adequate income level, recruiting based on performance, and a

suitable pension provide a strong incentive to refrain from engaging in corruption.

Corruption occurs because of the human propensity to pursue the route of least resistance

and gain personal wealth by whatever means possible. Employees with low earnings are

hooked to corruption since their income must be augmented by bribes in order to live life.

According to You and Khagram (2005), wealth disparity is a strong predictor of

corruption. With rising inequality, the wealthy can utilize lobbying, political

contributions, or bribery to influence law-enforcement systems and buy favorable

interpretations of the law. If inequality is high, the elites are more likely to feel that

corruption is an acceptable strategy to maintain their social status as this conduct remains

unpunished and social networks of corruption grow. People will more readily excuse their

corrupt behaviors as the disparity grows. In this manner of corruption, the rich will

prevail while the poor are vulnerable.

In a written article Lewis (2017) noted that internally, many less developed

countries are regarded as the most corrupt (Transparency International 2016), and some

of the most corrupt are also among the most vulnerable to natural disasters; for example,

Bangladesh, Nepal, and the Philippines. From 1996 to 2015, low-income nations

accounted for over half of all deaths caused by natural disasters (Centre for Research on

the Epidemiology of Disasters [CRED]/ United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction [UNISDR] 2016a). Lewis (2017) also states that according to a report

from the Philippines (Rey, 2016), approximately $410.5 billion was lost in illicit financial

flows from 1960 to 2011, which is 154 times the national budget for health, 52 times the
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national budget for social protection, 39 times the national budget for education, and 25

times the national budget for infrastructure.

According to what Nahert et al. (2020) revealed, internationally, corruption is

believed to be responsible for 140,000 deaths every year, according to Transparency

International's corruption perception index, among children under the age of five. In 20

African countries, higher levels of corruption (according to the same index) have been

linked to self-reported poor overall health in both men and women across all

socio-economic classes and the life cycle. Furthermore, corruption has been implicated as

a cause of mortality in road traffic accidents, and it has been recognized as a crucial

condition for properly addressing road safety issues.

Needless to say, human greed and hunger for power aren't measurable, therefore

they can't be included in these studies. It ignores the outliers who are trying everything

they can to corrupt and exploit the system as much as they can in order to obtain power. It

also fails to identify the remedies required to address the problem of corruption and its

players at most, it provides preventative measures, but we lack the remedy or are

unwilling to develop one that would repair the harm that corruption has caused to

governments throughout the world and those who are that are willing change and cure

corruption of its roots are too powerless. Corruption also leads to a rise in crime because

those in positions of authority would willingly look the other way in order to acquire

power or money, and people who are victims of corruption will break to the point where

some of them may grudgingly or eventually have to turn to crime in order to provide for

their own families or simply to live in our cruel world. Furthermore, firms lose the
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motivation to provide superior services and goods if they may destabilize competition by

securing government favors. Instead of promoting innovation and efficiency, state-owned

firms and industries are designed to benefit government officials. This might result in a

lack of intrinsic drive in companies. Workers and bosses are dissatisfied. People start to

question the worth of hard effort and ingenuity.

The theory of redistributive and extractive corruption in the operation of

authoritarian countries.

Corruption mitigation efforts must also be comprehensive (multi-pronged and

multi-sectoral) and not stand-alone; they must prioritize the most harmful practices and

be grounded in grassroots realities; they must engage and empower the community and

gain their buy-in, and they must be part of broader health system reforms to achieve

UHC. It is great to see that a variety of new bottom-up, community-based, demand-side

solutions are being tested in several nations to reduce the negative consequences of

corruption and make the system more accountable, as Naher et.al (2020) stated.

In the state-society interaction, the state is the weaker party, according to the idea of

redistributive corruption. Through corrupt behaviors, they participate with the state as a

counterpart, and many social and economic groupings, interests, or individuals are

organized and powerful enough to benefit more than the state and ruling class. The

political and state-based elite are not the primary benefactors of the resources taken,

privatized, and consumed; rather, state resources are drained and dispersed to diverse

groups and interests according to power arrangements in each nation.

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In the opposite view, known as the extractive corruption hypothesis, the state is the

more powerful player in the state-society interaction. "The corrupted (the state or some

state)," according to this idea.(The government or a government agent) profits the most

from corruption, while the corruptor is largely a bystander. In essence, the ruling elite is

society's most powerful force; this elite or class uses the governmental infrastructure as a

tool to collect resources from society for the advantage of the rulers.``This hypothesis is

based on authoritarian regimes in general and neo-patrimonial governments in particular.

This idea of distribution systems is based on the idea that most social systems, or

environments in which people reside, contain the characteristics of a redistribution

system - in which estates, pensions, and assets are transferred among individual system

members. In other words, some members of the system obtain estates, pensions, or

resources as a result of their efficiency without having a claim to them, while others lose

them while having a right to them due to their effectiveness.

In the situation of unintended redistribution, income and property discrepancies are

not balanced, putting the system's stability and progress in jeopardy; on the contrary,

those who profit from the redistribution acquire an unfair advantage. People have been

subjected to some form of redistribution since birth, which is one of the causes of

unintended redistribution. If there is any redistribution in the long run (this is a

manifestation of the existing system of official and unofficial institutions.

Naher et.al (2020) discusses that bribery is found to have a negative link with health

outcomes in Vietnam, including enrolment in health insurance programs. Again, in

Vietnam, social connections with friends and relatives have been demonstrated to
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enhance the likelihood of hospital employees receiving bribes and the magnitude of the

bribe amount. Bribery has also been shown in the Philippines to reduce immunization

coverage, delay infant vaccination, and discourage the use of public health facilities. In

Bangladesh, the bigger the bribe, the farther away it is. Bribes are often used to recruit

doctors and make decisions about sending and transferring doctors to specific hospitals or

locations. Receiving salaries for deceased or "ghost" workers, paying management for

illegal leave, and filing false invoices for activities such as lack of training or incumbent

attendance to do is a typical practices in the area.

Lewis (2017) noted that in the case of Africa, Chabal and Daloz (1999) argue that

corruption is "the norm... constituting a substantial resource" (Chabal & Daloz: xxi),

claiming that there has always been a wide range of activities, including corruption, that

has been regarded as legitimate by the majority of the population despite being illegal

from a strictly constitutional or legal standpoint (Chabal & Daloz:79). They underline,

however, that corruption affects people from all walks of life, ranging from millionaires

to low-level government employees.

Lewis (2017) found that corrupt behaviors in high-level political, commercial, and

industrial deals, which are correctly garnering media attention, may be the start of

long-term effects for the poor, which are unlikely to attract scientific or journalistic

attention at lower levels of society. While the scale of corruption in China, Italy, and

Africa is discussed, the effects of corruption on the poor.

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These and other societies, such as Africa, Bangladesh, and the Philippines, reveal

societal implications that are analyzed and weighed against essential resilience

prerequisites. Those societies and communities most reliant on their resilience to crises of

any kind are also the most vulnerable to opportunistic control and exploitation eroding

that resilience.

Most of the empirical literature on the effect of political dynasties shows that they

harm economic activity. Dal Bó, Dal Bó, and Snyder (2009) show that political dynasties,

even in developed countries such as the United States, undermine the efficient allocation

of goods and oftentimes lead to vote-increasing redistributive policies.

Effects should vary with population and income level. Maintaining centrality and

power becomes more expensive and difficult as the population grows. Meanwhile, higher

incomes tend to reduce the appeal of redistributive transfers from clientelist politicians

while also increasing individual human development, which reduces reliance on political

transfers. Whether the economic effects of dynasties differ between rich and poor areas.

Political dynasties'.

Corruption is a cancer that eats away at the cultural, political, and economic fabric

of society. It undermines the social fabric and the operation of essential organs.

According to the words "Corruption is one of the world's major issues," says

Transparency International. In the present-day world, it stifles effective governance and

profoundly distorts public opinion. Policy causes resource misallocation and hurts the

private sector and private enterprise. Sector development disproportionately affects the

poor.
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Term limits, which force established politicians to quit after their three terms are up,

may have assisted the formation of dynasties. Nonetheless, these politicians got around

term restrictions by passing on or transferring roles with family members, which was

made simpler by the lack of an anti-dynasty statute, as well as a stable administration and

conditions that allowed for the development of a pipeline of alternative leaders.

Synthesis

The researched and presented related pieces of literature provide substantial

background and insight into the political perception of governments, both from local and

international corruption in modern society.

The majority of the related literature cited in this chapter highlights the fact that

political instability is more prevalent in nations where corruption is rampant. It was

demonstrated in those studies and related literature that developing countries have less

corruption if they are more developed and open to foreign trade. Nonetheless, the

country's current status is a crucial factor influencing corruption. Corruption is

significantly lower in countries with a long history of democracy and the rule of law.

As political corruption prevails, those in small towns are the ones who stand to be

noticed as it comes along with political dynasties. Meanwhile, it has the advantage of

passing down dynastic tradition, reigning oligarchs' experience, political and economic

resources, and a huge array of networks, including their names, to their children and

grandchildren who would carry on their legacies, according to Kokeyo et al. (2017). The
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effect of such a hereditary political notion can be favorable, especially if the inherited

traditions and values are good.

Theoretical Underpinnings

“The desire for personal gain is often understood as the primary cause of public

sector corruption” (Kiener-Manu, 2019).

This is the Principal-agent theory and, according to the UNODC (2019), it

explains why people get corrupted as they get ahold of power, oftentimes using it for

personal gain, whether that be making themselves richer, allowing other family members

to get said power, or just twisting the law for their benefit, it explains here why people get

corrupted and it can often lead to disastrous consequences such as others catching on

their wrongdoings or the civilians who protest about their abuse of power, and the reason

why we decided to include this onto our study is that by learning how people can get

corrupted as well as why they get corrupted, we will be able to better teach others about

how to prevent situations and circumstances like this.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The chapter will go through the procedures that will be utilized to process

information from the acquired data in order to meet the study's goals and objectives.

Furthermore, this chapter will discuss the research design, area of study, population, the

sample of the population, sampling technique, instrument for data collection, validation

of the questionnaire, administration of the instrument, and method of data analysis.

Research Design

Our research will utilize a qualitative research approach, particularly a case study,

in order to delve deeper into the ongoing political corruption in global governments and

learn more about it in the context of modern society. To determine distinct patterns of

corruption, specific tactics, and potential general answers. Case studies also allow us to

conduct in-depth, systematic investigations, allowing us to thoroughly analyze data and

collectively collect our thoughts on said data. It also allows us to organize the data in a

systematic manner. A case study is a type of research that aims to gain a concrete,

contextual, and understanding of a given real-world topic or situation that is being studied

(McCombes, 2022).
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Data Collection Techniques

Researchers will be collecting data through an online survey. The survey will be

an open-ended questionnaire composed of 8 questions. The researchers deemed the use of

such a questionnaire appropriate as it does not restrict respondents to a certain set of

answers. This ensures that qualitative data collected are holistic and comprehensive in

determining where the subjects of the study stand on the topic of corruption. Google

forms will be utilized for the creation of the questionnaire which will be sent out to

respondents. Respondents would be invited to contribute to our data collection through

informed consent. If they have any reason to refuse participation in the study, they are

free to do so at any time.

Instrumentation

This study used a number of research instruments to support conclusions on the

effect of political corruption in modern society. The study used credible sources to get the

necessary data needed to answer the questions. The researcher conducted an online

survey in which low-class people answered the questions by checking the box provided,

by this instrument, data will be gathered and evaluated, and the researchers interpreted

and analyzed the information through a graph and table.

Research Participants and Locale

The study is to be conducted in one of the international nations, the Philippines.

The survey aims to assess the amount or pervasiveness of petty or bureaucratic

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corruption, namely in the Philippines' public sector, not how respondents view corruption

but their actual experience. The respondents would be the capital city of the Philippines.

Ethical Considerations

To ensure the privilege and dignity of the respondents, it is vital to adhere to the

moral/ethical norms of research. Acting with integrity is vital because it fosters trust,

which is a necessary component of all successful human relationships. Participants will

be able to trust the researchers to be honest with them about all about what the study

entails, to keep their promises, to protect confidentiality, and conduct their research in

ways that maximize benefits while minimizing risk.

The data and material supplied here have provided insight into a variety of

methodologies and procedures available to researchers, as well as detailed examples of

their use. It is critical to obtain approval before beginning data collection from human

participants because human research ethics committees cannot approve research after

data collection has begun.

When recruiting participants for the study, the researchers will practice

guaranteeing all the possible participants and volunteers that they are free to choose

whether or not to join, and that they can leave the study at any time without consequence

or repercussions. Informed consent is a critical notion in ethical research (Denzin &

Lincoln, 2011). The term is made up of two keywords: "informed" and "consent," both of

which demand careful consideration. Participants will be fully informed about what is

expected of them, how the data will be used, and what (if any) consequences may occur.
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To engage in the research, participants must provide explicit, active, signed consent,

which includes recognizing their rights to access their information and the ability to

withdraw at any time. Therefore, the informed consent procedure can be considered a

contract between the researcher and the subjects.

The researchers will acknowledge the importance of citing the sources.

According to Peterman (2019), appropriate citation affects the author's credibility as well

as their research. Researchers must utilize citations correctly and provide a bibliography

since it provides the readers with the assurance that the research given to them is from

reputable, published sources. On that account, it is also critical to avoid plagiarism by

giving the original author credit for their research or ideas through citations.
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PLAGIARISM CHECKER

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction and Background of the Study

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Statement of the Problem and Research Questions

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations

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Operational Definitions

Conceptual Framework
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Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Introduction

Themes and subthemes

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 32
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Synthesis
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Theoretical Underpinnings

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Research Design
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Data Collection Techniques

Instrumentation

Research Participants and Locale

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Ethical Considerations