2-20 I £xrerva. Sverace)Lonns A. Homogeneous /inear Cfastie semi-infinite mess. In general, stress component's are fonctions of Geometry # elastic properties 5 Pont loads sertropre meterval) 1) & Boussinesg (065) — Normal fe svrvace 6. Cerruti (9e92)— Tangent 1 sor face e. Mind/in (1936) — Inferier of boo'y SS See SHEET B fer sohpens PemicsPié oF Serer Poss 77 ent The resultant stressor sfrain ine system doe yo savera/ applied forces 1s the algebrare vm of the effects ef cach foad when applied separately, This principle 1s veld aah when there 1s 2 Jmear relation between each load and fhe siress or strain thet it produces. — stress mus be tarcarly related to strain — strains are small so that deformations que fo one lord do rer affect astn buttons of otter loads. 2. Distributed loads (Lsottepre) a Line load 4b. Lni form pressore. 4) Crrevlar are2 U) Reclanguleraree Wi) Zrreg Slar ave a Heomack) c, Variable PLESSOCE i) Trang vlar presure Ji) Trapetordal pressore (Embankment) Wi) Parabele pressere Dutrrboted load solvttens obfeimed integration of point load sole tre2-23 SB Wesrrecaren Soevri0ns Assumes Clastie scmrmyini7e mass ps remfirced lalersly with thn sti sttips se Thar Ey = > # Shere 15 ne lerera/ 571, 7 Let Rem bee @) Poms Load P P (Ks 4) P o- {Sle sea] ] - £2 Fer ye= 2, peak rales of 0, Gtreo): Oz CG), 5) Distriboted oads obtained by Varegreting port feed sole From “see SHEET A 4. Approximations Assome load r= spread enrtorufy with depth \p BE # Hi ; oy On te Bl ware] br rete 2) Pomt Loed \ ‘ < canbe selected se thet Tz wi// Le match any % of the peak values tor wperern Bovssmetp or Weslergaard solitons 4) Crrevler loeded srea Org G3) for réR+E Aan TR* # Age TREY Ae) Reetonguier [paded area (Bxt) TELoooe On” 9 CarzXirz) ‘ nae Ro=BL ff Aga(8+zXl+2)5. Drregvular surface geome™ pv ieenes ee = conventional approximation fo - assume plane ot loading at bare of excara Hen ¢ ep let sol a bore this bevel — exact solutions (Perlott, Geddes) indicate ths approxima 727 poder-estma tes sTeess peduetion due fo excavation ¢ Thos orer-eslim2Ves stresses bencath excavefion . Conserve tive oromed wf feeding b, Embankment — conventional appronjrma tion freats embantmenf as & Preperoide/ surcharge load Caeglects stress Wstribe ton within em banksy ant) need woletrons (Perle) indiceTe appronimete method over-estimales stresses beneete center dine € overestimates ch tbereufial se Meme? + Conservative2-50 &2 (©) Veerncac Sreess Doe Te Cucune Lonpeo eco Cz" lp : 3 ees : Ly NOTE Berea] Beneath Center (x=0) [ oso} are l EOIN 7 rar" A Zi) | ta ZL \ E \ owl 4 [ewete—7 L | | fia Buamne B10" g=Zbse x 2 $ $ fb G Olle] oo] 40 | 66] 228 RE 2s | o | 2s | #0 | 4 to les zs |us | se loiii ee oe ee oe ms ~ oo, esl aoe eee eee eee eee se : = reInfluence Chort for Vertical Stress oF Embankment Locding - Infinite Extent Bovssinesg Cose Prepared by Div. O.Osterberg Northwestern Univesity Evorsten,Tlinaie bare oy Soe Peerpte) some 1 Fad tm et nah oo cok ‘peatartelocaonshown a Fg. Forel putas = Bw'0s and too car'? = 0997. Sina for be Pic we 0-78 and he total nturnce vas 0597 Oise ois. Tac venal sees bthen, = OF, aE Example 2. Fig. 5. Find tntueace value for dashed and sli porion (ls = 1, Bz = & 1 = 0499). Subtract te ie ‘bene valve for the dashed potion (eiz™= 1, B21, T= 0485), The srs is theme, = 004, Example 3, Fig-6. Stress dv to abi the same a eto cle ‘Sine one ls and the other minus the es i tbe Sine fs i te embankment ere verti at Therefore Gine i bem 25) = 008) te sso, = O52. Exomple4. Fig. 7 Find te sues atthe poit stows odes snp load, “This the liming ve Yor ae ~ 0 auc fo fs O01 are smo Mental, te ero bing ‘Toes eat too high for Be = 0,2 percent hgh for bz = 03 SEF Serco hh for bj 05, and oeplige fora values (peat han, Therefore @: ~ 05, = 0278: 012 = 1, Pa oslo) te eres Be, = ORR. Bxanple 5. Fig. & bir is mao, giz, I= 025, = 050 Example 6. Fie 9, 1= 14098 +004— = 050%, afeur Exe pone Pers © fro to |ras zo | 159] Jo [ze fo |3.0 soe |a6 v0 | 4. Setecks a fae 2 | ¢ ne eh, © [eee] of] ver ro | or) sae 2 | tq ote] 20 40 | mel ci} eis 8 | 76] a oe 120 | 46) zai] cor w2d | 430] 2%] ra ANey hots Spresces within Lmbankrient ¥ denugt € fom OF EW» B00 awe reem peeceer Lonchsien - Conrentiena/analyas overestimates stress ineresse 27 Z and” thos she everestimases aA Meren tha! ce Wenen 7s Conventional anaty sis prvicles conservative valves tr ACz- wore shear et shelleus cup ths. 1s wndecasthne bed 4 conven tenes wnzly sis)at e f/Sicavanoy & Feetorr £7 AL. ati ae ee a jo} ¢ heo |] sae? aol 4 | as] et go] 6 | ao] ise ole | es] se i teo| 10 | sae| cae 2 iol a | “sal “es ye - ae) 36 | rss bel so Bo 60 |r | 37 too 70 | sal ee tao |e | xe] A, dete Yo00 Fe Ete, Kobe, Yee + peer a conventions, Lonelosion — Canventions/ analysis anderastma tes The ectua/ stress reduction See 76 ecxcava Tien. 2 Lintenienat eqolys premdes capserna Avg rele, Refit Perle, Baledé f Harr, 1767), * “Stress dis ti botion within ane! under long eleste embark ments," Mighwey RSe2-ch Becerra 18/, p, (2-42, 2. ferle &# Baron, (976) Sol Mah ences, Bonele Press, NY1s Pantene tick by, Ninterkon & Tang — ba HTT 42 Relationship betwee vrtalsrEelow «square un fermiy ones ars at aware by sopra and art ‘The relationship between the approximate distibution cof sues determined by this method and the exact dsb tion i ilutated in Fig. 432. In tis figure is shown the ‘eral stress dstbution ata depth 8 beneath a uniformly oaded square aea of width, along aline which passes be feath the center of the aren Alo shown i the assumed ‘iform distribution st dopta 8 determined by the approxi mate method described. "The discrepancy between these two maetods decreases ab the ratio ofthe depth considered tothe ize ofthe loaded seu increases. 3. Effects of Gravity Steuetues Embankments In mary ces, the loads imposed on asi figs by vatucture San be represented by 2 simple system ‘Of boundary steses without producing salficant effect ‘onthe calolated dstsbution of stress throughout the re fon of interest For loads due tothe weight of Ad onal contiguous earth mash, however, such an sppron- ‘mation may lead to linportant differences in calculated ‘reset. “One important example of this Is eth emtank | AUIS FaA2 Ele ambankmer prcblem. (Long wma { enbenhient continue wth fount: (2 noma! oatng ‘ments, The effect ofan earth embankment cn be approxi nated in a incr elastic anayas by considering the situa tion shown in Fig 4338. Thir figure shows a “Tong” Symmes elistic embankment continuous with is founde on Te embankment materia sasumed to have «unit Weight Inthe past than been customary to approx nate the streiee transmitted to the foundation fom tis ‘mabadkrnent ar 1 istbuted sess normal to the surface, wrth magnitude equal to 7 tines the height of the em ankment at each polnt. This ilustrated in Fi. 4.336, there ie referred to asthe "norm! foaing approxine tion.” or the Bousinesg problem. Such an approach ne. idects the shear sreser which develop between the em Einkment and ite foundation, Tn a more recent approach (Perloff et al, 1967) the embenkment and foundation i onsideved as stale body foaded ony by its own weight. Tan example of the ducrepacies between the resus ob tained by these two diferent methods shown in Fig ‘S34. This figure shows the dstbution of vertical normal Sirs beneath the centerne nd atthe toe of asymmetric fbankment with side slopes of 45" and Poisons rai 03." The vanous solid cures show the vertical strest for fiterent embankment shapes as measured by the ratio Lill those parameters ae defined in Fig. 4.33 and 4.34). The tlshea curves shown inthe figure are the results obtained forthe Boustinesy approximation for Lif" 1, The differ ‘noe betmeen these io results obrows. ‘Te bolieved thatthe dala forthe etic embankment are more realists than tose for the normal loding approx: Imation because the analysis considers the, effect of the tater fas on te dstbution of stress ** This wew i Sunported by fit measurements of undreined pore ret fre beneath an embunkiment (Bozozuk and Leonards, a inerlasile materi the dtbaon of sree do a {ict ledings unr plone air conto, wien wet ee be neictedwiadepnden of he mail pact. Wiss {Be sess frm eat ore, bowee, te sss oS pend pon the magaitace of Pomea's nto For the sus ed ori Putuonrrto of 0.3 ar Deen Ue. The ae {deb comet with equlnt values cacasted rom tl Inetstnents earth Grn mormect (Goa 1968). ool noe hat sae Gorton aco the eras Ye ‘econ an sobuaksat andthe weyg foundation S ‘ovo ae redid by the els embeaknet aaa bt ‘ot bye nina owing sprotimation Some ebsanens tn ey sit funda fae bens sseethened by clr ‘ec ute the founda erasFi.434_ Ditton of vervea! ses along vera! ton for voeyng L/H ratte At ceteine o)te ofe, UA Para oa, 1967) 1972). Consequently the influence diagrams for stresses due to embankment loadings given below in Figs 435-448 te thove obtalged from the date enbanknont analy They indicate only the tres increment dus tothe presence of the embankment ita overburden prewures must be ‘ded {o' the values fom the diagrams to determine the Tota stresses folowing embankment construction. The we of these diagrams is ilstated in the folowing example [EXAMPLE 4.7 It is desired to determine the distribution of stresses on the hive of an embankment which can be Approximated as linear lati materia, The embenkment |SShown io Fig 449 witha hlght of 30 fest, balfwigth At the top of 40 feet, « unt weight of 120 pounds/cubic foot and tamed Poltoa's ratio =,0.3. The embankment ‘Srsumed to have sde slopes of 20° Sotusion: ‘The distribution of vertical normal ates at various terlcal sections for this embankment is given In Fi 436, Depths measured from the top ofthe embank ment. For each of the four sections shown, the cores for Lift = 1 pertain to this example. ‘These curves show tie ‘tresses de only fo the weaht ofthe embankment mate- tial isl. Thus the magaitude ofthe sre ea maxim st 2/H = 10, which isthe base of the embankment. For the section at the centri, 2H = 1, and Lift = 1 Ogi = 0186, Fora 30footnigh embankment with Uti weight of 120 péuads/eubic foot, tis ves a vertical Stess of 3090 pa, ‘This value, t well a¢ that for other sestions ie suse trated in Fig. 4502. In the upper pact ofthis figure the embankment is shown schematically. In the lower part, the distoution of yetcal normal stesso the hase of Prasure Distribution and Setement 167 te embankment & shown. ‘The stress due tothe normal Ibading approximation is given for comparison purposes. "The horzontal sires distribution alone the bases de- termined in a similar fashion fom Fig, 481, From the ‘upper lefehand diagram, the horzoatal sues atthe base fof the embankment sone the ceatedine for L/H! = 1s Setermined to be 0.255. This yields a horzontl nor imal rest of 920 pel, Simla tlaes re obtained for ther sections. For example, atthe seston midway be- {een the centerline snd the toe of te slope, strated in the upper right-hand diagram, the O/H = 0.25, which 4900 pounds/square foot. The distribution of horizontal ‘Stes on the embankment I ustrated ina similar fhe fon fo that forthe vertical tres in Fig 4.50 in Fig 485 the magnitude and location of the largest shear stress is given as a function of depth below the base fof the embankment. For example, in te cass ofthe ert onkment for which L/Af = the largest shear stress due {othe embankment occurs at a depth of approximately IV7SH, whichis 52.5 fect. It has a magestuge of 02H, which 540 pounds/square foot; its horizontal location [on the cenertin of the embankment [tfect of Soft Foundation The distribution of stress: sisng from the weight ofan earth embankment & Lkely to ie affected by the magaitude ofthe relative stiffness of the fmbankinent and ite foundation. A finite element soalsis fof stiff clastic embankment oveying ales su elastic Toundation of limited depth supports this ew. Results of sch an analysis are ilurtated ip Fig. 451. The eaxbank tment considered has L[Hf = I sige slopes 1:1.5 andi oon tinuous with an ease foundation 24” dacp above 2 fd ‘oundary- Modula ratios of unity (homogeneous case), 10, tnd 100 were considered. Poison's ratios were asumed ‘ual forthe embankment and foundation Figure 451 shows the distribution of sets alone vere callinesbenesth the centerine and tov ofthe enbankest. [As the welaive stiffaes of the embankruent increase, the fertical ste beneath the center diminishes and that be- Death the fo increases (Fig. 4S1a), However, the effect i ‘minoe uns the modular ratio exceeds 10 ‘The analysis also Indicates only a minor increas in hosi= sontal sear In the foundation material for By Ey = 10 (ig. 4515). Homener, for E/E = 10 and 100 approxi- imately the lower half of the else embankment sustains tense horizontal stresses. In an actual embankment, this tendency might result in racking and/or further edseibu- tion of tress in the foundation, depending upon the me- ‘hanial characteristics ofthe embankment mater “The shear resin the foundation matoril atthe base of the embankment is shown in Fig 4 Sle. A significant ‘liminution in the maximum valve els from a large mod- shirt, ‘Unfortunately, the results of a large number of such analyses are not avilable to permit quantitative general as concerning the iteration of the various factors in tolred wien the foundation and embankment are of widely Aifering staess. However, the foregoing Mustation an Serve aa guide to intution to aust the designer in consi ng Such effect. Stress Reif Due to Excavations Another circumstance in ‘which the stesses due to gravity forees are frequently of Interest fs hat of unloading due to an excavation, Evalas tion of the heave (rebound) Which occured undraned and ould be analyzed by elastic theory was discusted inthe preceding section. The metiod employed was the “excari-Fn 440 intvececagrams fr hoxton nomal sre lng sted verte tons due fo etc embankment w= 03,0 = 1°, Ltr Pavitt oto 1962)lacie vrs! metions dv to late ambankement,u 03, = 30°. lar or horizon normal ts ong sls vert sections dutta embankment, = 0.3,<= 45, (After=. 2 | ye bl i] EAA4.48. Moonta an lation of masimum rn! 3 fe {iv of cath untae bantment= 03,07 30 (6) og ‘ade, eatin. Ato Poort, 7957) F446 Mognitade and loation of maximum af #8 Ne {on of ceo due towne tament,n "03,0745" 1 Mag riod, ssi. Ale Peo at, 1967) Fa, 4a9 Este enbankrent gorse in Exar 4. Fa. 4A? Megnitude a locton of maximum rae a8 are fon of tapth ue to antic wntatanen w= 03-0 60") Mage ‘de, oaion Utero a, 1987) Fa.450 Disbution of veel and horizontal esi on bast ous embarimaet n Emple 4. Cal Verte sre () RoFi, 452 Reduction i vere sts dt to xcation in ae imseal8/2 = 2 (a) Unde evar ie (9) une, tion analysis” developed by Ball (1968) (Fig. 45 Which incorporates the effect of the matena! serounding the excavation on te stresses and deformations. This we sontrasted to te conventional normal leading appro: tion in whick the svar release dut touch an exetwton represented by an upwerd load equal n magnitude to the ‘unit weight of the material removed times the depth ofthe excaration, applied atthe lvl of the hase ofthe exc. Son, which was assumed to be tas surface ofan arts hnFspace (Fa 4.50), AS in the ease of embankments, the discrepancy in the stress release ciculied using the excavation analy and {hat determined ty the Bowsineag (normal luli) ap roximation may be important. This i Mustrned la Fig. 452 which shows the net reduction in veri teas ar function of depth beneath the centtioe and ede of a8 excavation for which 81D = 2. The dflerence expecta Pronounced at shallow depths” below the edge of the Sxeavation. Tnluence diagrams for tes changes due to long excavs- fons in linear elastic material afe given in Figs 483-4.61 for three side slope angles and various exsaration feome ‘ties ss expressed by B/D. A Poitson's aio 0.3 wat uted for the eaeslation. The values sien ze The rection in ‘rtisal and horizontal stiss due othe excavation, and the hange im horizontal and vertical shee tics The fires ae ued in the same way as those for the taste em. sankment 45. CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT. ‘When foundation loads ate transite to cohesive subs, there ia tendency for volumetric stain which inthe ese of 8 saturated materia i manifered in an incense in pore Water presure. With sulficentslspsed time, water flows ‘ut ofthe sol voids, accompanied by dsipation of te exe 88 pore pressure. "The analysis of the woumetrc strains Which result, andthe vert! ettlements accompanying ‘hem, i implies IFitanrumed that such strats occa ‘nly vertically. Such an astumption i reasonable when te fgrometrc and boundary condions in the field are nich {hat vertical strains dominate This ie Ukely to occur for ‘xample, when the distnsions ofthe londed ares ar ge Fa 491 et of te ston of onic enberkmene ad te {ncn on sre debution a) Dvn of wrt es 210 eibanent lon vrs sections, tion of hort Zrtal sen dw to enberkmen son vere! eons eit {eRution of orzoma an vert aha ei oto one [af erbentmen