BAI. Bepxoe HOBOE B HOPBEXKCKOM SI3bIKE O6uan Tema woBoe B HOPBEACKOM AIKIKEn OXBATEIBACT PAN HACTHBIX BOMPOCOB: H3MEHEHHA B COUMONMHTBUCTHYECKOH CHTYAWMH, HSMeHeHMS B Y3YCe, H3MEHEHHA B 3BYKOBOM CTPOE AIbIKA, HIMCHEHHA B TpAMMATHKe H H3- MCHeHMS B sieKcHKe. On 6yayT pacoMotpenst noposis. 1. H3MEHEHHE COWMOJMHTBHCTHYECKOM CHTYALWH 1.1. Couiommarsncrieckaa cHTyAaLMs KakQOTO s361Ka, B OGIUEM, YH kambua. SAsuikonaa cHTyauna B Hopsernu oco6o cneundassa, YToObI NOHATE ee, HeOOXOLUM XOTA ObI KPATKHH SKCKYPC B MCTOPHIO; OH, ecTecTBeHHO, SyeT HECKONILKO YIIPOILCHHLIM M CXeMaTHSHPOBAHHBIM. B XIV z. Hopserns nonmazaer non snacts [anni w HopRexcKuii a3BIK NOCTeneHHO BRITECHACTOH RATCKHM 13 BCEX OdMUNANBHBIX ciep. TaKoe No- JOKEHME COXPAHAETCA NO Havasa HbIHELINerO CTONETHS. Tipu stom Baxcnbt TPH MoMeHTa. LAL. Jlarcxnit sasix, xorm n GaN30K K HOpBeXcKoMy, oTAHMaeTCA OT Hero B pane OTHOWeHHI, OcoBeHHO BeMUKH paaHYNa MexUTy THM sbIKA- MH B oGnact bonerHxu. ToxasarembHo, ¥To CospeMeHHbIt HOpBexeu, He MMeIOWINI: HOcTaTOUHO Gombuloro onbira OOueHHA C aTYaHaMH, NOHHMacT JATCKyIO YCTHYIO pe TLTOXo, a WHOTa UM BOBCe He NOHHMaeT. UreHHe 2%e AATCKHX TEKCTOB NPAKTHYCCKH He MPENCTABNACT UIA HOPBEXLa HMKAKHX TPYA- Hocteii. 1.1.2. Jarcknii s3bix 6b 8 HopBerHu s3b1KOM ObvLMANbHEIM. Lilupo- Kne Macca (Mpexxtie BCCTO KPCCTBANCTRO, COCTABNABLLICe B MPOULIOM BeKe 10 © BI. Bepros, 1999 1490% nacenenns) roBopHIH Ha AMaNeKTaX, pasBHBUIMXcA H3 ApeBHEHOpBEX- CKHX. 1.1.3. Dror natcKuii a3n1k B Hopseras, ocoGenHO B yCTHOM BapHaH- Te — Aaxke AHH OOpazonaHHBIX, XapakTepHIOBANCA PANOM 4epT, cyMLeCTBEHHO OLMHYABLLMM ero OT HOPM sMTepatypHoro aTcKoro, HanGonee 3HaunTenb- Hble OTINGHA GbUIK B POHETHKe, HO OHH HMEAHCh TaOKe B rpaMMataKe (B MopiosorHu 1 CuHTaKcHice) H, eCTeCTBeHHO, B TeKcHKe. Jlaxe B npousBeme~ nuax Jhousura XonpGepra (1684-1754), Hopsextia no npoHcxorK eNO, craB~ CTO BOCACACTBAM KNaCCHKOM AaTcKoii (KaK, BNPOYeM, H HOPBEXKCKON) JH- ‘Tepatypst, mpopeccopom 1 pexropom Konexraretickoro yuupepenera, Ha- caHTBIRAeTCA MHOXECTBO TAK HazbIRAeMBIX HOpRErVaMoR (CTeMMpHeCKH HOp- BEXCKUX YepT), OCOGEHHO B PAHHHX NPOUIBELeHUAX; NO CBNeTEMbCTBY CO- BPeMEHHNKOB, OF 0 KOHUA 2KHBHH Tak H He OCBONA RaTCKO! oHeTHKA, A3BIK, KOTOPBIM MONBIOBATHCh B CBOHX MpoHIBenenusx H6cen, Xbennann, Ja w pyre suavetiuue nucarenu XIX p., HasuBasH AaTcKO-HOpBexKcKuM (dansk- norsk). Mexny tem nomriueckoit ocHoBbr AaTCKoTO 361ka B Hopweruu He craao, Kora Hoppers p 1814 1 13 xaTcKo# mposununn npesparusiace B CaMOCTOATeMLHOe TOCyzapcTso, MpaBia HAXOLMBUeeCA B yHHH Co LilBenHel. Ecrectaenio, acta Bonpoc 0 co6cTaeHHOM HalMoHanbHOM a3bixe, Teoperi- 4eckH OBUIM BO3MOxHBI ja nyTH: 1) «HOpBErH3ALHA» HcTIONSsyeMoro BApH- aHTa JaTCKOrO A3bIKa; 2) CO3MaHKe NPHHUNNMAbHO HOBOO BapHaHTa ASLIKA Ha OCHOBE HOPBEXKCKHX AMJEKTOB, Onycxaa nopo6tiocTu, orMerHM, "To 611K HcTONI0BaHDI Oa NyTH, TO H NpHBeNO K ABbIKOBO! CHTYAUNH, He NMeIOWUe! napasuienH B Mupe. B pesynbrare aeiicrnii cropoHuuKoB nepeoro MyTH ~ Ho AHIIb B XX B. — np nomomm opdorpadirieckux pedopm Spin cosa OcHOBHO! Ba- PHaHT KOpBEXKCKOTO s3bIKA ~ puxcmon (riksmal); ¢ 1929 r. ocbuLtHAMbHOE Ha- spansie ero — Gyxmoa (bokmal). B cepenune XIX 8. Tarantaupsiii unonor-camoyuka Heap Ocex (Ivar ‘Aasen, 1813-1896) cuntesMposan ua OcHOBE pazTHUHbIX AMaTIeKTOB BapH- HT HOPBEXKCKOTO S3bIKa, HA3BAHHBI/ HM TaHHCMOnOM (landsmal); np# 3ToM Ocex organan npeariouTeHue apxanuHBiM opmam. B cuny pata coumanbHBIx H NONHTHYECKAX MPHYMH WaKHCMOM NONYYHLL'K KOHLUY Beka OTHOCHTETBHO umpoxoe pacnpocrparienue. C 1929 r. odbnunanbHoe HasBanne 9Toro BapHe anra HOpBeXCKOTO ASEIKA~ «HOBOHOPBEXCcKUi» (nynorsk). Kak ynomanyTo pbitie, 6su10 MposeweHo KecKOAbKO ophorpaHyeckHx peop, B pesynuTare KOTOpBIx pkeMon/6ykMon cram Govtee TWH MeHice aneK- BaTHo OTpaxaTs HopBexkcxoe NpousHOUIeHHe, cp. nar. gribe ‘xbarare’, gade 15,‘yanua’, bog ‘Kuma’, tak ‘cnacn6o’, ¢ “octpos’, sten ‘kamen’ 4 Coup. Hops. gripe, gate, bok, takk, oy, stein. Oanako pebopmaropsi THM He orpaninin- aucb. Bair ppenen pan opm — cHavana B kauecrse akyabraTHBHBIX, Te. na- PAVIENbHEIX K “TPANMLOHABIMy, 3aTeM NpeBpaMleHHEIx pedopmoii 1938 r. B oOa3aTesmnnte. Mocnennee Tpedyer KoMMeHTapHa. Onvoit 13 ocHosHbIx TaKHX opm, KOTOpHIe ObiIH neranMszoBaHb! pe- opmoit 1917 r., Oui ocobsit NoKasaTemb xeHCKOTO pola — cyd>uraponan- Hoiii apTukns -a, Hanpumep, der ‘apeps’ — dora, bok ‘xuura’ ~ boka, B nat- CKOM A3BIKE TOIBKO Ba PpaMMaTHYeCKHX pola — o6umMi (B KOTOpEIi chunucE SuisuiHie MyxcKOi H 2KeHCKUI) H cpenHUi; TO 2Ke ObINO XapakTepHO AAs Nat cKo-HopsexcKoro. Creundiueckas dopa xeHcKoro pona Osia— i B 3a ‘TebHOH Mepe OCTaeTCA — opMoii pasroBopHoit H y paula seKceM saxKe Npo- cropeunoi. 4ro6i1 pycckomy unTaremo Gbi10 Gonee NOHATHO, o Mem HaeT Peds, MpHBeeM aHaNorio (XOTA, Kak H3BECTHO, Bce cpaBHeHHA npAOANsH- TenbHbi). Peakua O6pasonaHHBIX CnOeB HOpBeXKCKOTO HaceNeHIiA Ha (opMbE 2KeHCKOTO poua Osisla MpHMepHO Takoll, Kak MBI 6bI pearnpowann Ha odHnM- ANBHY10 H NoToMy OOA3aTeNbHYIO 3aMeHY (ope ez0, ee, ux B @yHKUMM NpHTA- DKATEMBHOTO MECTOHMEHHA Ha «HApOAHBIED, (EMOKpaTHYECKHEY, (HCKOHHO pycckwen HT. PopMat econnori, eiiuerit, uxnuii, a hopmbt kiacm», navdme Ha zdocumb, Hdvam, TPA 9TOM GBINM Oot AONYUIeHBI Kak dakynbraTHBHBLe hopmet manepura, nywyaii, mazdsun, cocucexu, y ell, c uM, K Mamel, y Mame H tan. Pepopmoii 1938 1 Sut nan crHcoK Ha 900 c AMUNHHM cnoB, KoTOpbIe o6azaTeMbHO CHeAOBaO ynOTpebAATh C APTHKeM %HeHCKOrO pora, HeUe Go- nee COTHH cnoB, re on 6bin hakynbTaTHBeH (Te. Honyckancs apTHKN MyK- ckoro, — no cyulectay, oOmero — pona). MHorHM UIKONBHHKaM (sa H yunTe- JAM) NpHUWNOC 3YOPHTb HAHSyCTS STH CHHCKH, MOCKOMbKY HH CAMH OHH, HH B WX CeMbe Tak He ropopwin. Pedopma 3aTponyna M pad ApyrHx rpammatuyec- KHX nlokasatesteli, 4 oHemuBIii cocras MHOrHX cnos. HepeanuctH4nas A3bI- kowas pedopma, He Orpadxkanitan pevenolt npakTHKH o6pazoBannbix, HaH6o- Jee ABTOPUTETHBIX CHOEB HACEIEHHA, BbISBAIA PeIKYiO OTBETHYIO PeakUHio, BbIPASHBINYIOCA TIPeKAC BCeTO B TOM, YTO STH MIpaBHsla Cpasy %e CTANM HrHO- puposarecs GONbUIHHCTBOM NMuyuUHX. B dacTHOCTH, HH OHA razeta TOH Mops ne coGmogana ee B nomHott Mepe. Tax npowouso, Ha Haut Barna, camoe POKOBOE B HOPBEXKCKOM s3btKOBOH MOMMTHKE — yrpata HapogOM yBaKeHHA K O:HUMANbHOH ABBIKOBOH HOpMe. YkOPeHHNOCE MHEHMe, TO HOPMY 3TY MOxk- HO MrHopHposats. Pehopmaropsi 1938 r. npecuefonanu B npauunne Gnaryio ues: COM 3HTb OYKMON © KHOBOHOPBEXCKHM JIA TOTO, HTOGBI TlocTeneHHO O6a 9TH BapHaHTa CHHIHCE B eAMHBIT MOOMIeHOpBExCKHI, OanAKO, Kak MOKazaN M0- 16yanrenpustit ons Hopperin, TakHe BoneBLIe A3bIKOBLIC PePOpMBI, «AIBIKO- BOe TRAHpoBAHey, KAKUMH Oui GnaropomHEIMH HH G5UIH MOTHBBI pecbopma- Topos, Tepnat Heynayy. Eure oan hakt. B 1951 r. Goin odmunansHo BReneH TaK Ha3LIBaeMBIi HOBBIM CTIOCO6 CueTa, pH KOTOPoM wecaTKH NpeMIecTBy- jor enlMHiian (kak B pyCCKOM 11H aHTAMtICKOM) BMecTO CTaporo, NpH KOTO: Pom nopanok o6parHbiit (kak B HemenKoM). Fpomuto Ges Manoro TonBexa. TIpuMepHo nonosuna Hopsexutes nosmb3yeTCA HOREIM CrlocoGom cera, a NO- AOBHHA ~ CTapsIM, HANpHMep OHH OBo3HAuAIOT UHC 83 KaK Aititre, upy- rae — kak treogatti (og ‘u’), Het HyxMbI POBOPHTE 0 TOM, Kak 3TO HeyAO6HO.’ Pedbopmatopsi xoresH cenars asbIkKoByo HOpMY «aeMoKpaTHeli ats Bcex». Ho HopMa ~ 970 BCerfa H3BECTHOe NPHHYPKACHHE, OHA NO onpenene- HM HE MOxKeT GbITb HONHOCTHIO NemMoKpatHuHoil. He yaurerBanH OHH M TOTO B&KHOTO MOMEHTA, UTO HENOBEK HE XONET, 1a H He MOKET Pe3KO MCHATE CBOIO ASbIKOBYIO NpaKTHKy. Bortee yenewsim 68110 pehopmuposanne «HoBoHopsexcKoron. Ap- XaHanbili OceHOBCKHII BapHAHT ObIN CHILHO MOmepHUSHpOBAH, B HAMHTENL- Hoi CTeneHM TepeopHeHTHpoBaH Ha BOCTOYHO-HOpBExCKHe AMANEKTEL. B 1981 r. Goi npaastut «Mamenenna B oporpadun # HopMe WiKoNb- HBIX yueOnHKoBy. OHH O3HaaTH, NO cyTH Jes1a, KanHTyNALATO perbopmaTo- pos 6ykmona. TloaTn Bce «panlikanbHbley H dTpanMUHOHHBIe» (opMbi — 3To KacaeTes npexkie BCero TpaMMAaTHYeCKHX MOKasaTeNeH, HO BO MHOTHX cy4a- 5X W oHeMHOro cocTasa caoBa ~ ypaBHeHbi Tenepb B mpanax. Hanpumep, seKceMa co 3Ha¥eHHem ‘pyka (sanscTse)’ (cp. arn. hand, Hem. Hand wp.) MMeeT Terepb spa BapHanta: hand u hand, — kaxk bili H3 KOTOPbIX MOXKHO yr0- ‘TpeGMATS KaK C APTHKNeM MY:KCKOTO, Tak H C APTHKIEM 2KCHCKOTO pola, Te. ombuumansio zonyerumpr 4 (!) opmus —handen, handa, handa # handen (rioc- JIEAHAA, NPABNA, HE NOWKHA HCTIONLIOBATECA B yYeOHHKAX); Cp. «TpamMlMoH- nbtiiy GykMon—TosbKo handen, «TpanHuMOHHBIy «HoBoHOpBexcKHii» — Ton ko handa. 1.2, Hateumias s3biKoBaa curyaiia B Hopserun xapaktepusyerca ce- AYIOUWWMK SepTaMH, 1.2.1, Hepasuomepioe coornomennte GykMona H «HOBOHOpBexCKOTOD. BykMorom niomesyiores Gosiee 83% HOpBEXTEB, «HOBOHOPBEXCKHMD, Cie 0~ BaTenbHo, Mexee 17%, Tocnennii acero Gombe npercrasnen Ha aanaze crpanei. Bostee 90% nevaTwoit mpoayxuni BbixouuT Ha 6ykMone. B wore oGyuenve BeseToR Ha OOM 13 BapHAHTOR — 110 %KeNAHMTO GoNBUIMHCTBA po- AuTeneli yueHHkoB AAHHOTO KNaCca, a ITO, KaK NOHATHO, MpeANonaraet, uTO K@KIbIit WKONBHBIM YaHTeAb MOKeT NpenofaBaTb Kak Ha OyKMONe, Tak H Ha «HOBOHOpBexcKom», JEpyroii BapHaHT TaKKE Mperionaetcs B OOAZATEMBHOM 17Topake, HO yueHUKH, OGysarontHecs Ha GykMone, oBNaneBAioT «HOBOHOp- BeKCKUM), KaK MpaBHNO, sJHIUb TaccHBHO. Ha pajuo H TenesHAeHHA 25% BPeMeHH BEMIAHHe AOWKHO GbIT Ha «HOBOHOPBEXCKOM. Bee 3aKOHEI, Obi UUMaNbHBIe PACnOpaXKeHHA H 7.41. H3Ma!OTCA B ABYX BapHaHTax. Io nelicTByt0- LMM npaniuiant ALY, OGpaMaoUemyca B ocuLMaNbHBIe MACTAHUAM, NoNO- 2KEHO OTBEYAT Ha TOM BapHaHTe, KOTOPbIM TO HHUO Monb3yeTCA. Hopma Kak 6ykMovla, Tak H KHOBOHOPBEXCKOTO» ceH4ac HacTOmbKO MHorowapnaHrHa, 970, B CYEAHOCTH, MOET CHHTAT&CA HOpMOli c O4eHE Gomb- uloii HaTsKKoHi. XapaktepHo, ¥To B NocneAHEM HBAaHHH OphorpadusecKoro cslosapa GykMona,’ B KOTOpOM 3acuKcHposata OduuMANbHAN HOpMa, He Co- NepKUTCH HUKAKHX peKoMensauMii, a pasnHunble noKasaTem (cydpurupo- Baunbili apTuKne, Te. ykasanue Ha pow cyulectBHtTerbHOTO, cydiuKcEt Mpe- Tepiira 4 mpruactusa Ii v1.1.) mpyBenenbi npu nemMe B andapuruom nopsn- ke, Hanprmep bstte ‘senpo’ ..ael. (*H1i1")-n, dronning ‘kopostera’ -ael. -en. Mexay tem oxono 80% xuTeneii Ocno ynorpeGaaeT pasroBpopHoe cnowo bette ¢ apruxnem -a (betta), a 95% — carono droning c apruinem -en (dronningen). Cna6ste marosm I wutacca cuatixenbi B 9TOM cnopape moKazaTesaMu ~a/-et, -a/ -et (cyouxchi npeteputa u npuuactua If), xoTA C KHMKHBIMH raroamit -a/a- ucrionsayer enpa 1H 5% 2KuTeneH Ocno. HatHeutias ycraHoska HOpMa- ANZATOPOB, CTPEMALLUXCA K WISLIKOBOMY MUpy), — HHYeTO He HaBABbIBATb, paspeuiats (nouTH) Bce MbICAHMBIe opMEL. 1.2.2. Bee 6énswas pons nHaneKtos. Hx ucrionssoBaHne Ha palo n ‘Tenepuyennu npHo6peraer nce Gosmee wMpoKHe Macurrabsr 1, B cyUMHOCTH, MOOMpAeTCA. ITO HMECT, ECTECTBCHHO, H NOMOKHTEMBHBIC, H OTPHUATCABHBIC cTopoubt. [To3HTHBHOe COCTOHT, B YaCTHOCTH, B TOM, 4TO Gnarogapa sTOMy Hopaexel c sleTCTRa 3HaKOMUTCR C PaBHbIMH JMareKTaMH (a AHaNeKTHEIe pas suit 8 Hopseran secbMa 3Ha4nTenbHBi), yauTCA HX ToHNMaTs, Herarua- HbIM sBiieTeR cme GonbuNii pasHoGoli B peu, paculaTsiBaMnie 4 Ge3 Toro Kpaiine neveTkoit HOpMst. 2. W3MEHEHHMA B Y3YCE 2.1. Bee Hasanubie abe axrbt npuBean K NecomHeHTHOi neMoKpa- ‘Tusa 6ykMona — ecnH nom NeMoKpaTHBauNelt a3biKa TOHUMATs HcTIOM30- natne 6 opunanbnbrx ctyaunax OOuIeHHA (opm, elle cpaBHHtTeABHO He- AABHO CHTABLUNXCA HesAHTepatypHbIMH, Pa3TOBOPHBIMH, NPOCTOpedHbIMH H Taxe BynbrapHbimu. [[pouecc s3btkoBoi AeMOKpaTH3aulMN 3aTpoHys, HanipH- Mep, Jake Taky#0 Tpa/MUMOHHYI0 WATALeslb KOHCepBaTHBHOTO PHKCMONIa,* KaK razera «Aftenposten». 18Bnpouem, Kak orMeyaior HanGonee 3ApavoMbicnaMIMe HOpRExcKne JIMHPBHCTSI, HEACHO, ABNACTCA 1H ITA NeMOKpaTH3auHA GyKMona CieLCTBHEM AONTHX ycuMit HOpMasM3aTOpOR, 460 2Ke OHa BbISRAHA OOUIeH MeMOKpaTH- 3aunei HOpBexcKoro OOulecTBa. CKopee BCero, BepHa NOCHENHAK TO4KAa 3pe- waa. Tlemoxparn3auus a3bika MpoaBAseTcCA B HECKONSKHX YepTax coBpeMeH- HOTO #3bIKOBOTO y3yca. TIpexae scero 370 nlocrenerinoe mpenpamiente pasronopHsix boue- THECKHX H TPAMMaTHYECKHX OPM B HeitTpanbHDIe H NOTOMY yuorpeduTeNb- ubie B ocbunHanbHoli pean, O6 stom OyneT ckazaHO HIDKe B COOTBETCTBYIO- MUX pasytenax. Tlanee, ona npossnserca 8 HecKonBKUX Mpouieccax, OcoGEHHO B ABYX, na nepabiil BINA BIaHMONCKMONAIOMIMX, XapakTepusyeMbIx mpod. 9. Jhow- e610 & ero HHTepecHoli paGore,’ HHTHMUZaUMel H OpyTamMsauneli pew; HOKE Gyayt mmMpoxo verlom3zoBaNbr pesyswrarb STO! CTaTbH. 2.2. Watumn3aius (tepmun Ooi B cpoe apems mpemnoxen TWBEACKHM JHHTBHCTOM Y, TeneMariom) HaxosuT CBOe BbIPAKEHHe B psule YepT CoBpeMenHoli HopBexckoli pean. 2.2.1. Tos rronsice aurrecHenve «BexoTHBoron MecToumenta De [di:] ‘par (b o6pamtenun k oatomy suuy) Mecroumennem du (du:} ‘rer’. «Ha Tsp) Tenepb oOpamlarorca Apyr K Apyry HesHAKOMbIe JOH Ha yHue, MpomaBenl H NOKynatenb, Bpad H NallveHT, CTyZeHT ¥ NpoWeccop, AHpeKTop H padounii H 7. Jlaxe crapuiee noKonenne B ienoM nepeuiio Ha Sty hopmy o6pamienna. Xapaxrepio, ¥70 «BexkmHBOED MecToUMeHHe De yxXe AaBHO He HCTOMb- ayetes B OGpauleHwn K HECKONKHM AAUAM, ero lOMHOCTHIO BLITECHILIO Mec Toumenue dere. Takum 06pa3om, 80 MHOKECTBEHHOM 4HCHIe 1aBHO HeT pas- INMeHMa «BOKTHBOTOY H CHEREKINBOTOY OOpamenns (Kak, KeTATH, HeT ero H B pyCCKOM). 2.2.2. [lipoxoe ucriosis30BaHHe HHMHLIX HMeH B O6paieHuH, ocobeH- Ho cpeni KonNer, 910 cpasHHTeMbHO HemaBHee sBNeHMe: eLe NeT NeCRTS Ha- 3a HanGonee pacnpoctpakeHHsIM, HelirpanbHBIM ObuI0 OOpamesitie no ba- unum, wanpumep du Olsen ‘Tor, Yascen’, du Berg ‘rs, Bepr’. 2.2.3. Bore wuTumibimn, Touiee — Menee obHUMANDHEIMH, cram B ocHopiiom opm npuBerersna. Tpaguuvonubie god dag ‘n06ppiii zen’, god kveld ‘go6psiii nevep’, pa gjensyn ‘10 cpumanns’ ananoruunbie ynorpeGns- [OTCA MOMONBIM TOKOMEHMeM Bce exe H BCe GONbUIE BLiTeCHAIOTCA hamib- aprbimu hei ‘npuser; noxa’ (iu3 weemckoro), ha det ~noca. ‘wmeli ato” (KeM Ona 40H HeT), CTaBUee Terlepb HaNGoNee Ya cTOTHEIM. 2.3. Ulupoxoe pacnpoctpaxenue nonyuniao ucriomsoBanve 9B e- MH3M 0B, OHO OcobeHHO xapairepHo B aByx ccbepax. Bo-nepuix, 2BemvcTHyeckwe 3aMeHbI HCTONB3yIOTCA MpH O6O3Ha~ eH Mano NpecTinKALIX Npodeccuit unH nOMEHOCTeI, cp. (ceBa OT cTpeN- Ku npupoamTea crapoe Haspanne): skurekone ‘rosiomotixa’, vaskekone ‘yGop- muna’ > rengjgringsassistent ~ noca. ‘accuctexr no yGopxe’, soppelkjorer “mycopmimk’ —> renovasjonsarbeider — ocx. ‘paGounii no oyneTKe’ HT.n.7 Bo-Bropbix, aBemH3Mb1 yrlOTpeGIAIOTCH BMECTO CIMILKOM MpsMBIX H noToMy «OGHAHEIXY, (Paka HauMeHOBaHHA, cp. gamlehjem— oc. ‘20M JUL CTapbIX’, 1.€. “HOM Wii Hpecrapesbix’ > aldersheim — noc. ‘sospacrHoit TOM’, Te. “HOM ANA AML, AOCTHTUINX OMpemenenHoro Bospacta’ (heim — 6o- mee Honas opma aa hjem), eldresenter ‘nentp ata noxnnbix’ w1.11.8 O 4e- MOREKE C OTKAOHEHIAMH B IICHXHKe roBopaT, 4TO y Hero nerveproblemer ‘r1po- Guembi c Heppamu’. HexoToppie 13 nom06HbIx 9BheMH3MOB Kak Ob! CHAMAIOT ¢ 0603HauaeMOro HMH Hua OTBETCTBEHHOCTS 3a ero MPemOcynUTeNbHOE M0- Be/leHHe WIM COCTOAHHE H MpecTaBAMOT ero 2KepTBO!t HeKOH BHELIHEH CHIBI. Tak, c11ono alkoholiker ‘anxorosux’, xoropoe npHoGpeno pesko orpuuarenb- HYIO KOHHOTAUMIO, HepexKo 3ameHAeTcA cnoBOM alkoholskadd — nocn. ‘rio- 20BpexKeHHBI aNKoroseM’, T.e. ~ “KepTBa aNKOrONA”; cp. TaKKe 3aMeny ungdomsforbrytere ‘mouoasie npectynnuKn’ —> miljgskadd ungdom ‘mono- Aexkb — Keptea cpenb!’.? 9, JoHsebio HasbIBacT TaKOe ynloTpeGnenue sBde- MH3MOB TYMAHH3auHeH pen. 2.4, BHYSKO K ONMCaHHBIM iBIeHHSM 1 YCHIMBLUeeCA B NOCeNEHE Tob cTpemuienwe K pevenomy yK pallaTeaBeTBY. 2.4.1. Oxo mposBaseTcs B MCMONLIOBAHUM MONEBIX HHO 83 EIT HBT x ¢08 Kak Gonee npecTinxnbix. OHM ynoTpeGnmoTeA roBopaLLHM Ja Le- MoHCTpaunH co6cTBeHNOl stortingsrepresentant (representant ‘npeactasuTens”). 2.5.3. Vicnons3osanne ognnx dbamumnit (6e3 cnos fru van froken w/ wm umeun): du ma snakke med Hansen ‘Te6e Hao moropopuTs c Xancen’ (ameerca B Buny xxenmuma Kapa Xaxcen). 2.5.4, DeMHHMCTKH BLICTYNAIOT TaKKE 3a TO, 4TOOEI MecTouMeHHe han ‘on’ 3aMeHasocb Ha cnoBoveTanue han eller hun ‘on WK Ona’, KOraa MecTO- HMeRHe MY>KCKOTO pola OTHOCHTCA K MHOXKECTBY Monel pasHoro noma. Tpu- sep 9. Jhonnebro: sjfiforen ma sérge for at han til enhver tid har vekslepenger® “wowep (TaKcH) aomKer 3aGoTHTECA O TOM, UTOOLI y Hero Bera Onisia cna- ‘ua’, B raKoro THNa NpemIOxKeHHAX, HacTaMBalOT (eMIHLICTKH, LOMKHO yrIO- qpeGnatbca cnosovetanwe han eller hum wii MHoxecTBeMOe YUCHO: sjffdren... han eller hun..., sjafgrene... de... ‘mocpepbi... on ...”. K stomy nepeckasy HaGmonennit 3. Jhonle6io MoxKHO O6aBHTS m0- SonsrrHbilt urrpHx: pacpoctpaHeHHioe BbipaxcHHe manne seg opp ‘B3aTb ceGw B pyku, HaGpatsca myxecrBa’ (oT mann, cm. Bote) Noay¥NAG napannenb- bili Baprant kvinne seg opp (or kvinne), ynorpe6nsiemutii (npeamywectBeH- HO 2KeHEIHaMH) 0 2KCHLHHAX; 3TO BbIPAXKEHHE He 3aperHCTPHpoBAHO NaxKe B CaMBIX OCHEAHHX CHOBapAX. 2.6. K 6pyrani3auHn coppemennoi nopsexcxoli pean 9. Jhon- ne6i0 OTHOCHT cHeNYIONNe ABCHHA: 2.6.1. YnorpeSienue HeueH3ypHBIX cnOB B O*bMUNANBABIX BBICTYNUIe- nuax. O8 MpHBORHT, B-HacTHOCTH, TOT %*e TPHMEp, TO 3aroMHWICK aBTOpy 9toli craTbH, Kora MHBNCTP SKONOTHH NAT NeT Haxam MyOANEHO Ha3BAN CBO- ero GputacKoro Komery zosiroxom (drittsekk). He pucky!o npuBosuiTs apy- THe npuMepsi #3 Moei KomIeKUHH. Tipod. Jouse6io Buinenser B ocobyio rpynny catona, senaoMHeca rpyObiMit HaHMeHOBaHMaMH nowsTHH cexcyanbHoll chepsi. Bunumo, Hx npa- BOMeDHO OTHECTH K STOMY 7e paspAry. 2.6.2. Mepraixanse. Cornacho HopsexcKomy pesesomy STHKeTY, yrio- ‘peOneuwe cos Tiina vepm, Oosgon WT.N. IPUMepHO CTO 2%*Ke NpeAOCYAH- TeMbHO, Kak ynoTpeOeHHe HelleH3yPHBIX COB Mo-pyccKu. Ceiivac yepTEIxa- ube B nyGsIMUHOH peu BCTpeyaeToR HepenKo. 223, W3MEHEHHA B OBJIACTH ®OHETHKH 3.0. Llenecoo6pasHo pasmHaTs — H HOTOMy paccMaTpHBarb Hloposith — vaMeHeHHe (PoHeMNOTO COCTABA PAA THNOB CHIOB, CBAIAHHOE C “HOPBCTH3A- nei», HaMeHIeriMe HuBeHTapa OHEM, HSMEHEHH B pacnpocrpaHeHHM BapH- antop (bowem, a TaloKe HaMeHcHHA B AHCTPHGYUMH (poueM H TOHEM 3.1. 3nech HeT HH BO3MOXKHOCTH, HH HeOOXOAMMOCTH BAABaTECA B 1e- ‘Tani HIMCHEHHA oHEMHOTO COCTABA COB, CBNSAHHOTO ¢ «HOpRErHsalHetb». OrmeTHM sau oOuiyio TeHMeHUNIO, 3aKMOUAIOUIYIOCA B TOM, 4TO Pam Tpa- aunuornn (Te. O68MLAX [UIA MATCKOTO M HOpBEXCKOTO) opm B GonBurelt }UIN MeHbuell CTeTeHH BEITECHEH OpMAMH creuMUsECKH HOPBEKCKUMH. Heckonsko wuiloctpaunii (aim standard astnorsk — pewn o6pa30BaHHbIx C10 ep Hacenenna Boctonoit Hopseruu, npexae acero perHona Ocxo): 3.1.1, Monodroar > audronr. Mpouece wer Meanenno 1 u36upa- TenbHo. MaKriueckH NoMHOCTEIO HOGEAHTH TONEKO JHE (POpMB! C AMMpToHTA- Mu — stein ‘kamens’ u gy ‘octpos’ (cp. Aart. sten, ); Hepeuko BCTpeuaeTcA napuant sein ‘nosayuuit’ (cp. sen). OcHoBHaa xe Macca muiproHTHdeCKHX popM, xoTopsie & 198! r. Gbini npusHadn! HonyCtHMsIMH MapasinenbHO ¢ woHOdTOH- TAYECKUMH, NPOLOMKAeT OCTABATECA xapakTepHoii Ain «payaKasbHOTO Ba- piianra 6ykwona, Hanpumep (a cxoGKax npuBomiTea pacnpoctpasentuntli Heit- ‘rpaiibitilt wapwarit): raud ‘Kpaceoiit (rdd) , haust ‘ocems’ (host), leike “ur- pars’ (leke), Idyse ‘ocnoGoxnars’ (Igse) 1 7.11. 3.1.2. v > g. H stor mpouecc naet MeanenHo 1 w36uparenbHo. Ilo pedopme 1981 r ynpasanent ope lave ‘wsrotasnmeare’, have ‘can’, Ho paso nONyCTHMBI mave/mage OKHBOT; xeRyNOK’, krave/krage “BOpOTHUK’ H ap. Ontako dopma lave Hepenko CABILINITeA B pet crapurero MOKONCHHA, 2 opaus have, mave, krave no-riperkweMy HETIOAS3yfOTCA LOROATAHO MHOTHANE. 3.1.3.u [a] > 0 [9]. Hecmorpa nia To, sto dbopmst ¢ [9] Obian nerant- sonansi ewe peopmolt 1938 f, HU Ola M3 HHX He cTalla enHHCTBEHHOT TIpanna, npeoGnanaet sapuanr hogge ‘py6ute’ u upowsnonHese, HO dopMa hugge Tawxe scrpeuaetca nepeao. [pyre (Nanpmep golv ‘now’, dokke ‘qyxena’) ocTaIoTEH KapaKTepABIMH JUIa “pamuKanbHorOn BapwaHra OyKMoNA, Konewno, ecrs Hemano napasienbHiix opM, pasu4arouHXcs TO He ckonbxum xapaxrepHicTHKam cpasy, HanpiMep Tpanuumonsoe kurv ‘Kopi a” — pannxaninoe Korg, Tpairumonnoe brudd “repestow’ ~pamuKanbHoe brott Hap. 3.2. Topps 06 usMeneHuu unBenTapa boriem, HeoOxomMMO CHenaTb npespapitenbuoe sameyanne, Y HopaexcKoro eT enKHOl{ NpoHstiOcHTe:TL- Holt HOpMbt, pasIHUHbIe PerHOUANHBIC BApHAHTEI CHMTAIOTOA PABHOUCHHEI- 23Mu, To 9toit npunie paccmorpeTs BCe BapHaHThI C TOUKH 3peHHA oHeTH- eCKHX H3MCHCHHH HeEBO3MOKHO. 3.2.1. Eme Heckonbko secatHierHit Tomy Hazan B pew oGpazonaH- Huix noel paaimianuich DoueMBI OTKpEITOE /ce:/ 4 saKpBITOe /9:/, uanpUMep dor /dce:r/ ‘aweps’ u dor /dg:r/ mpeseuc rnarona dé ‘ymupate’. Tentepp doxe- Ma /oe:/ npakriieckn HcveIIa, CAUBUIHOD ¢ honemoit / OGpscheHMe STOTO ABACHHS, BHAMMO, 3AKTIONAETCR B TOM, HTO y NaH Holi onno3sHNHA hoHeM Obi1a Ove HeGonbUIAS yHKUMOHATbHAA HArpy3Ka, TOCKONDKY Nap C TaKHM MIPOTHBOTIOCTABNEHHEM (POHEM B ORUHAKOBOM KOH- TeKcTe NpakTHYeCKH He Geno. 3.2.2. B pasrosoproli peu (camoro) Monosoro noKosIeHHA 3aperHcT- puipopana mo aceit Hopperuu, ocoGeHHo B roposax, 3ameHa (poremst /¢/ o- uemoii /J/," 1.e. KoHBeprenuna janneix @oHem. Takum oOpa3om, Hanpumep, caopa kjere ‘noporue’ 4 skjere ‘pesarb’ npowsHocaTcs AeTbMH Hi YacTHIO MosonexH oanHaxoBo — ['fze:ra].'* Ha ouHOM Mocty 8 npuropone OcuI0 He- CKONBKO Net BHCEN TaKkat, HancaHHEtt WKOMBHNKaMH QOHETHYECKH, Te. C YMBULUICHHBIMH opdorpadHyeckHMn oMHOKaMU: «Sjor fosjiktigy ['lo:r fo'fkti] “Baan octopoxkHo’ BMecTo npanutbHoro Kjgr forsiktig [‘ga:r fo'likti}. Xapaxrepuo, #70 ananoraunas KouBeprentna orem /¢/ HM) yoxe paBiio Nponszouia B HeMeuKHX AManeKTax BepxHeli Caxcouun, cp. nutepat, HeM. Geschichte [ga'ficta] ‘crops’ H avanext. caxc. [go'Jilto]. B Hactoauee ape: Ma NOMOGHEIH Npouecc HaGmonaercs Takxe B LBeuHH. OGsacuenne stomy dbeHoMeny To 2Ke, To HB Hpenbinyuiem cnyuae. K ‘tomy 2xe (boHeMa /¢/ ycBaMBaeTCA HOPBEKCKHMH (H WIBCCKHMH) AETbMH OD- HOit H3 MOCHENHNX, Te. ABIAeTCA OLHOH 13 HANOoLee TPYAHBIX LA apTHKysIA- UHH (HEKOTOPBIe JeTH He OBMAeBAIOT 10 NO NOCTYMICHMs B IKONY, T.€. NO cemunerHero nospacra, a 10-15% sarpymuisiores npowsHocurh ee 10 9-ro wuracea).. 3.2.3. Elle HeckosbKo ReKOB TOMY Ha3an W3 APeBHEHOpBExCKOrO CO- vetanua doxem /-r0-/ pasaHica 3ByK, HazbIBaeMBIlt HOpBEKCKHMH OHETH- ctamu «roncrsim by (tykk 1). Doxeruteckn on OGosHauaetes Kak [|] (B Ha- tem «PyccKo-HOpBexXCKOM cHoBapen'? HerionBsyeTcA sHaK []]). rot peako seTpeualouiitiics B 93b1KaXx 3ByK ATHKYAMpYeTCA Coe MYIOWHM OGPAsOM: KOH- 4K A3bIKa TOAHUMAeTCA K TRepROMy HEGY, a 3aTeM pe3KO ONyckaeTcA BHUS. Ha cnyx «tosctoe I» Harlomunaer onHOpackaruoe /r/, BnocneycrsHn «roa- croe by samenuno 8 pane no3znunii o6sraxoe /I/, T.e. npHoGpeno AocTaTOaHO WMpOKYiO, XOTA H crleuHtbHYECKyIO ANCTpHOyUMIO. ‘«Toactoe ly pacnpoctpatieko TonbKo B Bocrosrok Hopaernn i TpéH- nenare (Cpeaa Hopserua), Fockoabky 8 pein axuTenel HasBaHHoro peri 24ova scrpeuaiores MuHMManbubie napsi c onmosnunel [1] - []]. caenyer mpH- 3HaTb 9TOT 3BYK CaMOCTORTENBHO! oHemol /[/. JJo caMoro HenapHero Bpemenn y «ronctoro I» Gs BecbMa cBOEOO- pasubiit cratyc. Stor 3ayx bin xapaktepeH TonbKO WIA pasroBopHoro cTHAA vi MpOCTOpedHa, H CTHHCTHI CAMHORYUIHO OCyAKANH FO HCHOABIOBAHHE B Heitrpanbnom — 1 Tem Gonee odnunanbHom — cTune. Cneayet oco6o nomuep- KHYTS, TO TaKoii cTaTye (PoHEMbI — sBeHHe HOCTATOUHO penKoe. PasymeeT- CA, CYMICCTBYeT KOPPeAALIMA MOXY CTETICHBIO PAMHKABHOCTH POPMBI H YI1OT- peGnenuem «ronctoro by. Tax, ectecrsenHo nporstectu [elvan] ‘pexa’ (popma c cyburnporanusim apriknem oGinero pona, em. HiKe) x ["e [va] (bopma c cyuruponanisim apriistem »xencKoro pona; /e, e:/ nepex/|/ pacuumpumucy B/e(:)/). B peaynstare HaspaHHoli BLULIe NeMOKpaTH3alyi CoBpeMensioro HOp- BexXCKOTO s3bIKa «TONCTOE by TeNepb AOBONBHO LINpOKO yrloTpeGnseTCH B Pen, ‘TalOKe B TEX peMeBLIX CHTYALHAX, B KAKHX ero paree w36eramn. Creayer, snpovem, ormeT#tTs, ¥To «ToncTOe by H Mpexae cropanHe- CKH BCTpedyasoc B OUUHAMLHOH pet, Korda ronopsutuli, ocoGeHHO NonH- ‘TiMeckHii neaTemb, crapanica npHaaTe cBoeli pean HapomHBIii xapaxTep (y He- KOTOPLIX 13 HUX, BBIXOHES 13 pAOOUNX HIM KPECTHAHCKHX CeMeil, 3TO, BO3- MOXKHO, NPOHCXO/WIO HeNpeAHAMepeHHO: OHH MpOcto COxpaHsAIH CBOE ecTe- CTBEHHOe MPOH3HOUIEHHe; ONpeneNeHHYIO aHANOrHIO MOXKHO YCMOTPeTb B OKaHHH HeKOTOPEIX PYCCKHX, OOPAIOBAHHBIX H JOCTHTUMAX BEICOKO' CTyTIeHHL B COUMANBHOM HepapxH, Kak, K pUMepy, Maxcuma Toppxoro). Tak, Becbma NonynapHblii B NepBbIe MOCHeBOeHHBIC Poh! NpeMbep-MHHHCTp Diinap Tep- XapyiceH, B MonogocTn paGourtii KOMMYHaNbHOFO xo3AiicTBa, BLINBHHYN Ha~ WeAWNH B Hapoue WUPOKHE OTKMAK TO3yHT, KOTOPLIT OH MpoHsHeEC Ha OC- slockoM mpoctopeunn: ["he:lo ‘folko iarbo!] = surepar. Hele folket i arbeid! [helo ‘folka i'arbei(d)!] — aoc. ‘Bec Hapon B tpyne!’, te. “Kaxueiit non oxen TpyanTEcal’, Tlo Hawum HaGmogeHHaM, 8 NocnenHee Bpema «ToncToe by sByunT — ocoGeHHo B pen MosIONeKH — 3HauHTeNbHO Hale. 3.3. Cnenyer oTMeTHTS H3MeHeHHe B pacpocrpanenun (pakynurarHs- Horo) Bapuarra dbonempr /r/. Heckonsko paciuupuica apean pacnpoctpae- va ysynspHoro /R/, xapakrepHoro sia 1oro-saniaa Hopperum.'* 3.4. Tospunuce HaMeHeHHa B aNcTpHOyuNH donem. Ewe » vavane Haulero cronets mpowsHomcnne [fI-] 8 Havane cnoBa cunTanocs HenuTepa- ‘TypHnim, a 8 Cepemime co8a — npocto Byabrapauim. Celiac npousHourenne [sl-] p Havane cosa npaxruyeckn He BeTpedaerca (pn B. Hopnerun), cp. sla 25[flo:] rdntgenbehandle ‘neunrs pent- retom’; bérskrakk ‘“Gupxkezoli Kpax’ —> barskrakke ‘norepnets 6uprxenoii Kpax’; stévsuger ‘nbinecoc’ —> stovsuge ‘oOpadarbinaTb nbiecocom; pa3r. nbliecocuts’; filmdebut ‘ne6ror 8 kHHo’ —> filmdebutere ‘ae6toruposars 8 KMHO’ HT. Pexe acrpeyalorca O6parHbie OOpasonaHna oT coueTaNnii «rma- Ton + mpeanor + cyuiectsnrenbioen: hoppe i plastbakke ‘npsirare (1a s1ui- 2kax) ¢ TpaMILInna c nactMaccopbim noxpsiTHeM’ —> plasthoppe: kvalifisere seg til OL ‘npoiira or6opounsie copesHonanva ans yuacTas B OnuMmuriicKux vrpax’ — OL-kvalifisere seg?! 4.3.2. Pacuupwioce Hcnonb30naHHe KOMBEpCHH ja OSpasoBaHus OF- TarOnbHBIX cymecTBMTENnbHBIX (co 3HAYeHKeM jelicTBMA WIM pesyarara), nanpumep séke ‘uckars’ —> sok ‘novick(opbie paSors1)’; dykke ‘norpyxatboa B Bony, HbIpaTs’ —> dykk ‘norpyxxenne B Bony (sononasa, axpananructa)’; styrte ‘nanatb (0 camonete u ‘.11.)’ —> styrt ‘nanenue’; skrive ‘iucats’ > skriv ‘ospaunanbHoe nuceMo, 2oKyMenT’ (cp. rundskriv ‘Mmpxyasp’) 1 1.2. 4.3.3. Kak 4 Bo MHOTHX s3bIKAX, O4HE LMPOKOe pacnpoctpanenne 3a NOCHCAHNE AECATHETHA NOMYYNAM B HOPREXKCKOM sS3BIKE PasHOTO poma co- Kpailenitsie cnopa. AO6pesnarypa—noctaTouno xopouio H3BeCTHOE H HozpoGHo oMHcaH- HOE ABIICHHE, H MOITOMY HET HyKAbI JOATO Ha HeM 3anepxKKBaTECA. OTMeTHM IMLS HOpBeXCKyIo creanduny. Tpycnoxtsie anasmtHeie a66pesuatypsi (re, B KoTOpbIX sByuMT an- pasurHice HasBaniue GykBbI) MpousHOcATcA TenepE c ToReMoH 2: FN ['ef-en] ‘OOH’, UD [u:de] ‘MHI, TV [‘te:ve] ‘reneannemme; renesus0p’ wt.n. Bapo- eM, MHOTHe NPeACTABHTEAH CTapUeTO NOKONEHHA NPOAOMKAIT TPoHsHO- CHTb CnoBa NOLOGHOTO powa ¢ ylapeHHeM Ha BTOPOM cuore H, ecTecTReHHO, ToHemoii 1.” 3nauHTeNbHO Bo3pocaO HUCAO yceveHHBIX cHoB. YeeucuHBHt apuanT — >To dame BCero Ha¥aibHbiit aueMeHT cosa (m0-HOpBexCKH cnoRA Takoro THna Hasbiparorca hodeord ‘cnopa-ronossi’), HO HepeAKo HW nocneaHHii (haleord 30‘cnosa-xnocth!’): mikrofon ‘maxpodox’ > mikk, temperatur ‘temnepatypa’ —> temp, personlig rekord ‘nwuusiii pexopm’ —> pers, diskvalifisere ‘aucknanu- ¢buumposars’ — diske, deprimert ‘s nenpeccnn’ — deppa, paranoia ‘napa- Holi’ —> noia, Vinmonopolet ‘suiiHaa MOHOnOsHA; BAHHBIi Maraznn’ —> Polet uno B nocneanne necatunetaa cram wWiMpoKo HcrIoMBsOBaTECA MopbeM- HBIe COKPAllLeHHA, T.e. COMeTAHHA YCedeHHBIX/HeyCeVeHABIX CHOB ¢ yceteH- HbIMH/HeycedenMbIMH croBaMn, HanpHMep: ellok (= elektrisk lokomotiv) ‘onex- ‘1poB0s”; spraklab(b) (= spraklaboratorium) ‘auuradoxnbiit xaGHHeT’ n Ap. OtHocnTensto HoBoe aBMeHHe — TeNeCKONHYECKHE COBa, SUCHO KO- TOpbIxX HenpepbiBHo ysenHuHBaetca. [Tpumept: tastafon ( a) To creneHn oxsata s3biKOBOTO MaTepuana pazmuualorcs TypH3M moGanbHil, Hanpasnemuniii nporHe MHOCTpAHHDIX COB TOGOTO NpoHCXorK- HMA, 4 Typy3M H3OupaTenbublll, HanpaBNeHHbL NpoTHB KaKOrO-AHGO O;- HOO #3bIKa. 6) B 3aucvmoctu oF Toro, HanpaBneHa JM NypHCTH4eCKaA ReaTeNb- HOCTb MPOTHB CIHHML, Y>KE YKOPCHHBLIUXCA B ASbIKE, HOO Ha HAMMCHOBAHHe noHATHii, elle He TONYTHBLINX B ASbIKe OGOSHAYCHUA, pazmMalOTCA COOTBET-cTReHHO nypy3M WMeHHTeTbHBI H NYpHSM oxpanHTenbuBiii, na GyKMona xapakrepeH npexkae Bcero HIOUpaTeIBHEI HIMeHHTENbALI MypH3M, a HMEH- Ho MOCTenerHas 3aMeHa COB HATCKOTO MPOHCXORKMEHHA CO COBOOHPAIOBA- ‘TenbHBIMH (POpMaTHBAMH, He CBONICTREHBIMIT HOPBEXKCKOMY ASbIKy. Cp. Jar CKO-HOPREKCKHe OPMBI, BUITECHEHHBIE B OCHENHME ACCATIEIETHA HIN BEI- ‘TecHsembie HopseXcKUMH (yKa3AHBI ChpaBa OF crpemku): anspkelse ‘sasBste- te’ —» soknad; omkostning ‘pacxox’ > kostnad; unntagelse/unntakelse ‘nc- kmouenne’ —> unntak; stavelse ‘cor’ -» staving; skrivelse ‘opunnannHoe nuickMo, doxymext’ > skriv; benytte ‘ucrtommsonars’ + nytte H Ap. Kak # rofannmiomtee 6ox1bUIMHICTBO COBPEMEHHEIX EBPOEHCKHX ABBI- Kop, HOpBexcknit crpanaer «anmniicKolt GomesHBIoy — HeMBITEIBAeT CHT nefimee BospelicTsue auruticKoro (aMepukaxcKoro). B Hero BOUIIO 3HayH- ‘Tenbuoe KOMMYECTRO AHTNHVCKHX 3auMCTBOBANHt. H3MeHHTeRbHBI NypH3M Tposaaeres B TOM, HT OOLMIHO cHavaita aHMCTBYeTCA AHIMHHicKaK eKCe Ma, a.3aTeM Oa 3aMeHTeTeH HOPBEXCKOil, HanpHMEp (CieBa MpHBesIeHO aHT- aniickoe cnono): feedback ‘o6parias cass’ —> tilbakemelding; printer ‘npan- ‘rep’ > skriver; boardingcard ‘nocano¥sbiil raion’ -> ombordstigningskort 4 iri, Bnpoyem, Taxol 3aMeHe MOMBeprnace JMU HeGombiaN dacTb anranit- CKHX 3aHMCTROBAHUI. Ovens MHOrO TaIoKe Kallek ¢ AHTnMlicKOrO, HaTpHMep: skyggeregjering (ann. shadow cabinet) ‘revenoe npaputeaserB0"; het linje (hot line) ‘ropayaa suuua’; ferdskriver (flight recorder) ‘uepnsiii mux (aana)’, ~ Hemao kanex pasronopHBix enuHant, HanprMep: det er opp til deg (it’s up to you) ‘ra0e reno, tebe pewsats’; sitte pA gjerdet (sit on the fence) - noch. ‘CHET Ha 3a60pe’, Te. ‘3aHUMATs BDKHNATEMbHY!O NOSHMIO” HTT. Hopnexxcxuit peinenserca cpeu Apyrux eupontelickKHX #3bIKOB Tem, ITO MHOTHe OCBOEHHBIe HHOCTPAHHBIe C!10BA CO BPEMCHEM HAYHHAIOT MICATLCA B coorseTcTBiM ¢ HOpBexcKoH opdorpapueli, T.e. TparcKpHOupyiores (970 B Tepnylo oMepenb OTHOCHTCA K CHOBAM (ppaHUy3cKOTO MPoHcxOK/leHHA), Cp. (B cKoOKaX yxasaHO HanlicaHHe Ha AIbIKe-HCTONHMKE, OHO 7ke MepRoHATAAL- toe HopsexcKoe): sjafar (dp. chauffeur) ‘wiorpep’; sjanger (‘pp. genre) “Kaup’, poeng (pp. point) ‘ouxo’; raff (anra, rough) Sxecrkiis; rpyOsiit’ # ap. B 1996 r. GHoppexcksm ssb1KoBbIm coneToM»® OBI MpeHIOKeH HoBBIH CTHCOK (He- CKONBKO JeCHTKOB) TAKHX OpPorpapu4eckKHX 3aMeH, HanpuMep: gaid (BM. guide) ‘raz’, hedde (pM. heade) ‘3aSupare ron ronosoii’, sjampanje (BM. champagne) ‘wammancKoe’, sjak (sa. choke) ‘aosnyuaa 3acsioHKa, Troacoc (apto)’, sérvis (aM. service) ‘cepsnc’ ap. 3TH npemioxenns scrpeTHm y MHOrHx pe3Ko HeraTHBHyio peaKinito. 325.4, Paul apyrux eKcuueckuXx npoueccos: sBpemuBauHA pea, pere- BOe YkpAailATEMbCTRO, YNOTPEGNEHHE MOLHBIX COB, «IIBIKOBOM TOMMY H ap. = 6bin ontucan 8 paanente 2. 6. 3AKIOUEHHE, Muorue npoueccet, Koroppte MpoHI0UNIM B HOPBEXKCKOM A3bIKE 3a O- culeaHHe necaTHNeTHS, XapaxTepHbI H ANA ApyrAx si3b1KOB, HawGonee wHTe- PeCHBI Te HSMeHEHHA, KOTOPHIe CrELNHYHBI HMCHHO AIA Hero, Younua HopMami3atopos HopBexcKoro a3biKa (NOBTOpUM, pyKoBOA- CTBOBABWIMXCA OnarHMH HaMepeHHsMy) npHBeNM PakTHYeCKH K AMKBHDaLH CKONSKO-HHOYiS 4eTKO! HOpMbI. Her eBpontelicKoro AsbIka, KOTOpLIti ObT xa- paktepn3ozasica non00Holi MHoroBapHanTHocToIO. TIpumep Hopper noKa- 3BIBAET, K KAKHM Pe3y/IbTATAM MOKET NPHBECTH ASbIKOBOE MTAHMpoBAHHe. Ho x takomy npaMepy MoxHO MogoliTH H ¢ Apyroil CTOpOHBI H 3azaTs- cn epeTH4ecKHM BONPOCOM: a TaK NH yx HEOBXONHMA YeTKAR ASEIKOBAR HOp- Ma? Moxer 6bitb, MHOrORApHaHTHOCTS U He CTOMb yrK Gombiuoe 310? A 4TO ecam JOnycTHMOCTS pasHBIx BapHaHToB, Hanporus, Garo? Beakoe HOBUIECTRO B ASbIKe — HapyLIeHHe NPHHATOH HopMel, Mit mpH- BbIKIIN CANTATS, 1TO m1060e OTCTYMAEHHe OT HOPMBI HeHOTTYCTHMO, ¥TO OHO — cueTeMboTRO HenOCTaTOUHO! TPaMOTHOCTH (1H CHeMOBATEMLHO, TO MHEHHIO MHOTHX, yulepOHOCTH) roBopauero/mHusyulero, H He 3ayMbIBaeMcA HasTeM, GeccnopHo JH 9TO. Bynyulee nokaxer, Tak s1H yok Tox ripumep Hoprern. Tpamesanus " Hasnanis Gyxwanr (1OcsOBHO “KHIFICHDIT RAKIK") H «MoKOHOpBEXCCKUIT», KOHEAHO, H- kak He OTpaRaIOT cyTH ABeHIT, ByKMOM — COBCEM HE TOMBKO ASKIK MHCOMCHHBIX TEKCTOR, KaK a3 (HOBOHOPBEXCKHID? — KHIOKHBIH ASBIK, NOCKOABKY Ha HEM MMMYT Te, KTO B NOTABARIOWLEM Gonsmnnictue Bre oxpunans Holt cpeas! roxOpHT Ha ANaneKTe, + Askedal J.O, Den «gamle» og den «nye tellemater // Ordet, 1997. Nr. 3. S. 29-31; Lauritsen V. Den nye teljematen ~ meir forvirring? // Spriknytt, 1996, Nr. 3. S. 5-7. > Fossest@l B., Sandvei M. Tanums store rettskrivningsordbok. Bokmal. Oslo, 1989, ‘Tanums store rettskrivningsordbok. Bokmal / Revidert av Boye Wangensteen. Oslo, 1996, “Tepninlt puxcao, Kak CKAAHO BbIlne, 8 RACTORMICe BpEMA HE RBNACTCR O*>HUMANE- nt, OuaKO TAK NasLIBAIOT KoHCePBATHBHBIT BapHAHT GyKMONTa Ero NPHBEpAEHLDL > Lundeby E. Intimisering og brutalisering // Maal og Minne. 1995. Nr. 1-2. 8, 35-44. “Ibid. S. 39-40. ” Bepxos B.1T, Hoppencxas nexcwonorua, CI6., 1994, C. 137; Berkov V Norsk ordlare. Osto, 1997. S. 160. * Lundeby E. Op. cit. S. 40-41 "Ibid© Svenkerud H. Spriklig doping // Spraknytt. 1989. Nr. 3. S. 14 © Lundeby E. Op. cit. 8. 43-44. " Ibid. S. 42. © Papazian E. 1) Skal det verre noe vindus-skitt? Om sammenblanding av sje- og kje~ lydene blant bam og ungdom /! Spriknytt. 1994. Nr. 2. S. 1, 3, 17; 2) Om sje-lyden i norsk, og, ombyttinga av den med kje-lyden // NORSKRIFT, 1994, Nr, 83. } B nopnexckow asbike yaapenne auHaMmseckH-TOHHMECKOS. Tonenta | OSosHayaetcR axyros (’), ToweMa 2 — rpabncom (). 'S Bepxoo B.IT. Pyccxo-nopBexxcxnit 2. utg. Osto, 1994. 1 Foldvik A.Kj, Spredning av skarring i Norge i lopet av om lag 70 ar // Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift. 1988. Nr. 1-2. 8. 55-61 " Western A. Norsk riksmilsgrammatikk for studerende og lerere. Kristiania, 1921 (Gaxcnmmasoe nepensnaine 1975). 8. 397. ™ Bepxoa B.1T, O craryce rpaunarnveckoro *eHCKOTO pose 8 COBpEMENHOM GykMON: (K aonpocy 0 aspikoa0M ruiatMposariin) // CxanamnascKne asuKn: Axryasioubie mpoGnembt rpawMarnseckoii Teopiit. M., 1984. C. 43-58, ! Sandnes J., Stemshaug O. Norsk stadnamnleksikon. Oslo, 1976. S. 349. 2 O pacumperim ynorpeGnentis npenrora pa ew.: Prytz C.F. Vaklende preposisjonsbruk f# Spraknytt, 1994. Nr. 2. S. 16; Svar fra Norsk sprdkrad // Ibid. 8. 17. 2 TonpoGuee cx.: Bepros BIT. Hopsenckan nexcunonorna. C. 148-149; Berkov Norsk ordlare. §. 172-173. Taw we. C. 142; Ibid. S. 170-171 » Taw we. C. 146-148; Ibid. S. 168-170. % Tass ae. C. 142-143; Ibid. S. 165 5 Berkov V, De nordiske sprakene og purismen // Maal og Minne, 1992. Nr. !~2. S. 27— 36; Bepros B.IT. Hopsexcxas nexonkonorua. C. 71-73; Berkov V. Norsk ordlare. S. 90-92. % «Hopnexcxull s3eikoHOM coneT» (Norsk sprakrid) — yupeacumsiti w 1972 1 rocy- ape TwesHbill KoHCyABrarHBHBiR opran. B ero satan BxORNT: HOpMHPOBAHHE ABHIKa, KOHTPONE aj] ABHIKOM YHEOHMKOB, TepMMHOTOTHYECKAR paboTa, PerHCTpALHA HOBLIX CAIOB HAP. paps, M., 1987; Berkov M; Russisk-norsk ordbok. Valerij Berkov Nytt i norsk lartikkelen behandtes de endringene i norsk som har funnet sted i de siste Arene. Forst analyseres dagens spraksituasjon i Norge. Forfatteren vurderer resultatene av den norske sprakplantegeingen og den «sprikfreden» som skal ride i Norge na for tiden I neste aysnitt behandles forskjellige forandringer i ususen. Det er intimisering, bruk av evfemismer, sprikforsiring mm. Blant forandringene i fonetikken analyseres saerskilt endringene i lydsammensetningen i noen ordtyper og endringene i lydinventaret. Videre redegjgres det for novasjoner i morfologi og syntaks. Siste avsnitt er viet endringene i ordforradet.