Test Bank for Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500, 8th Edition, Jackson J.

Spielvoge

Test Bank for Western Civilization: Volume II: Since

1500, 8th Edition, Jackson J. Spielvogel

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CHAPTER 17—THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

ESSAY

1. In summary, what was the Enlightenment?

ANS:

2. What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the
Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

ANS:

3. Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

ANS:

4. Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women?

ANS:

5. What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique,
differing from those of his predecessors?

ANS:

6. What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?

ANS:

7. How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?

ANS:

8. Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

ANS:

9. To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

ANS:
 10. Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures.
How do they differ, if they do, and why?

ANS:

11. Compare deism to other strains of religiosity in the eighteenth century.

ANS:

IDENTIFICATIONS

1. Immanuel Kant

ANS:

2. reason

ANS:

3. Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

ANS:

4. Pierre Bayle

ANS:

5. James Cook's Travels

ANS:

6. John Locke's tabula rasa

ANS:

7. Essay Concerning Human Understanding

ANS:

8. philosophes

ANS:
 9. Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

ANS:

10. Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

ANS:

11. deism

ANS:

12. Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

ANS:

13. "science of man"

ANS:

14. David Hume

ANS:

15. Physiocrats

ANS:

16. Francois Quesnay

ANS:

17. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

ANS:

18. laissez-faire

ANS:
19. Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach

ANS:

20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will

ANS:

21. Emile

ANS:

22. Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

ANS:

23. Mary Wollstonecraft

ANS:

24. Vindication of the Rights of Woman

ANS:

25. the salon and the coffeehouse

ANS:

26. Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

ANS:

27. American Philosophical Society

ANS:

28. Rococo

ANS:

29. Antoine Watteau

 ANS:

30. Balthasar Neumann

ANS:

31. Neoclassicism

ANS:

32. Jacques-Louis David

ANS:

33. Johann Sebastian Bach

ANS:

34. George Frederick Handel

ANS:

35. Franz Joseph Haydn

ANS:

36. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

ANS:

37. Samuel Richardson's Pamela

ANS:

38. Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling

ANS:

39. Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

ANS:
40. Addison and Steele's Spectator

ANS:

41. newspapers and libraries

ANS:

42. Realschule and Volkschulen

ANS:

43. Cesare Beccaria

ANS:

44. Carnival

ANS:

45. gin

ANS:

46. chapbooks

ANS:

47. Joseph II's Toleration Patent

ANS:

48. Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews

ANS:

49. pietism and the Moravian Brethren

ANS:

50. John Wesley and Methodism

 ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the
philosophes of the next was
a. Voltaire.
b. Diderot.
c. Hume.
d. Beccaria.
e. Fontenelle.
ANS: E REF: p. 514

2. Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of
human life.
b. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
c. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
d. rigorous state control of all forms of education.
e. the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.
ANS: A REF: p. 514

3. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
b. "the end of tyranny."
c. "a new era of equality for all."
d. "a false intimation of future woes."
e. "the proxy for real progress"
ANS: A REF: p. 514

4. European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
a. anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities.
b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
c. sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
d. monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
e. the complete separation of church from state.
ANS: B REF: p. 514

5. The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
b. portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
c. discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
d. question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
e. advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was
"freer."
ANS: A REF: p. 514

6. A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
 a. James Cook.
b. Ferdinand de Lesseps.
c. Zheng He.
d. David Hume.
e. Ferdinand Magellan.
ANS: A REF: p. 515

7. Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a. a passion for evil.
b. love in their heart.
c. the image of god in their mind's eye.
d. a blank slate.
e. a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.
ANS: D REF: p. 516

8. The French philosophes

a. flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
b. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
d. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
e. were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.
ANS: C REF: p. 516

9. Isaac Newton and John Locke

a. created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and
the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of
human society.
c. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society
but only very slowly.
d. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific
revolution was justified.
e. had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the
"old" seventeenth century.
ANS: B REF: p. 516

10. The French philosophes mostly included people from

a. the nobility and the middle class.
b. the lower class and the lower middle class.
c. aristocracy and nobility.
d. urban artisans and craftsmen.
e. the universities.
ANS: A REF: p. 516

11. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one
where
a. the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
b. the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
c. power is divided between the three branches of government.
d. the nobility is uninvolved.
 e. all government resources are focused on military power.
ANS: C REF: p. 517-518

12. The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

a. Geneva.
b. Berlin.
c. London.
d. Vienna.
e. Paris.
ANS: E REF: p. 516

13. A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and
European society was
a. psychological autobiography.
b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
c. ribald stories of peasant ignorance.
d. aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites.
e. scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.
ANS: B REF: p. 515-516

14. The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
a. Denis Diderot.
b. Adam Smith.
c. Francois Quesnay.
d. Cesare Beccaria.
e. David Hume.
ANS: C REF: p. 521

15. Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

a. the German monarchical system.
b. the separation of church and state.
c. religious intolerance.
d. Plato and the Greeks.
e. Chinese civilization.
ANS: C REF: p. 519

16. An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the
mistress of Voltaire was
a. Mary Wollstonecraft.
b. Marie Antoinette.
c. Mary Astell.
d. Catherine the Great.
e. the Marquise du Chatelet.
ANS: E REF: p. 519

17. Deism is the belief that

a. religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
b. if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
c. God created the universe but does not actively run it
d. a transcendent spirit controls every event.
 e. praying matters.
ANS: C REF: p. 519

18. The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

a. get the uneducated masses to respect authority.
b. usher in God's kingdom on earth.
c. dispute the claims of science.
d. exacerbate the hedonism of his peers.
e. change the general way of thinking.
ANS: E REF: p. 520

19. The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
a. scientific theism.
b. an abandonment of the scientific method.
c. intellectual stagnation.
d. the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
e. the social sciences.
ANS: E REF: p. 520-521

20. Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism,
intolerance, and prudery was his
a. great play "Is Rome Burning?"
b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
c. autobiography published in French.
d. biography of Newton, "the greatest European."
e. unconditional support for enlightened despotism.
ANS: B REF: p. 520

21. Adam Smith believed that government

a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
b. set prices across the board to maintain stability.
c. should encourage people to share and help each other.
d. has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy.
e. is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.
ANS: A REF: p. 522

22. The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution
was
a. Condorcet.
b. Holbach.
c. Quesnay.
d. Arouet.
e. Danton.
ANS: A REF: p. 522

23. Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

a. Baron Paul d'Holbach
b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
c. Denis Diderot
d. Francois Quesnay
 e. Voltaire
ANS: B REF: p. 523

24. Montesquieu's Persian Letters

a. expressed his admiration of Islam and the East.
b. was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia.
c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
d. was first written Latin but later translated into French.
e. was published first in Italy.
ANS: C REF: p. 517

25. For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a. a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason.
b. derived from the law of supply and demand.
c. a license to do as one pleased.
d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
e. identical to Locke's social contract.
ANS: D REF: p. 523

26. For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
a. divine right monarchy
b. marriage
c. religion
d. ignoring the "general will"
e. private property
ANS: E REF: p. 522-523

27. Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
a. proper child rearing and human education
b. the best roles for women in making modern society
c. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament
d. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons
e. the evils of child abuse.
ANS: A REF: p. 523

28. Salons were

a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
b. luxurious carriages designed for long trips in the country.
c. another name for bordellos.
d. taverns in the poor districts where riots often started.
e. lavish parties at court where nobles were entertained.
ANS: A REF: p. 526

29. The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
a. Mary Wollstonecraft.
b. Beatrice Williams.
c. Mary Astell.
d. Princess Amelia of Austria.
e. Maria Cavendish.
 ANS: A REF: p. 524

30. The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

a. confined to France.
b. expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach.
c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
d. characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power.
e. more sever and mathematical than the Baroque.
ANS: C REF: p. 527

31. Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.
a. Antoine Watteau⎯Return from Cythera
b. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo⎯Plurality of Worlds
c. Balthasar Neumann⎯pilgrimage church of the Sitzkrieg Vierzehnheiligen
d. Domenikus Zimmermann⎯the salon
e. Bernini⎯Versailles
ANS: A REF: p. 527 MSC: *new

32. Johann Sebastian Bach

a. was best known for his cantatas and motets.
b. became a close German confidant of Voltaire.
c. produced religious music as a way to worship God.
d. was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century.
e. wrote Messiah.
ANS: C REF: p. 528

33. European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian
Empire.
b. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers.
c. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn.
d. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach.
e. the neoclassical works of Wagner.
ANS: A REF: p. 529

34. Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The
Marriage of Figaro?
a. Bach
b. Handel
c. Haydn
d. Beethoven
e. Mozart
ANS: E REF: p. 529

35. Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack
the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
a. epic poetry
b. autobiography
c. novels
d. short stories
 e. histories of the Middle Ages
ANS: C REF: p. 529-530

36. The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better
educated was
a. Anne Stuart.
b. Mary Astell.
c. Mary Wollstonecraft.
d. Jane Austin.
e. Maria Cavendish.
ANS: B REF: p. 524

37. The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
a. Antoine Watteau.
b. Balthasar Neumann.
c. Madam Geoffrin.
d. Rembrandt.
e. Caspar David Friedrich.
ANS: A REF: p. 527

38. The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the
development of
a. private tutors.
b. magazines for the general public.
c. compulsory education for the general public.
d. state investments in free books.
e. libraries.
ANS: B REF: p. 532

39. High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

a. enormous impact of the publishing industry.
b. decline of French as an international language.
c. decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel.
d. increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons.
e. complete freedom of the press.
ANS: A REF: p. 532

40. The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal
immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
a. Bach's St. Matthew's Passion.
b. Haydn's The Seasons.
c. Handel's Messiah.
d. Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro.
e. Wagner's The Ring cycle.
ANS: C REF: p. 529

41. A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
a. Voltaire.
b. Diderot.
c. Montesquieu.
 d. Hume.
e. Beccaria.
ANS: E REF: p. 533

42. Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
a. a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began.
b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
c. criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased.
d. the death penalty was abolished in western Europe.
e. a and c
ANS: B REF: p. 533

43. The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

a. carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court.
b. less severe than the crime would merit.
c. the responsibility of the army.
d. public and very gruesome.
e. carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.
ANS: D REF: p. 533

44. Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

a. Christmas.
b. Easter.
c. Lent.
d. Pentecost.
e. All Saints.
ANS: C REF: p. 534

45. A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was
a. beer.
b. whiskey.
c. wine.
d. porter.
e. gin.
ANS: E REF: p. 534

46. Pogroms were

a. parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians.
b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
c. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim.
d. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim.
e. a sugary delicacy served at the capital in Vienna.
ANS: B REF: p. 537

47. In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

a. declined in numbers and influence.
b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
c. was responsible for the dramatic role in literary.
d. had not changed much in two centuries.
e. were legally separated from any state or government connections.
 ANS: B REF: p. 536

48. The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

a. were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for
integration.
b. were most persecuted in France and Poland.
c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
d. won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration
Patent of 1781.
e. were restricted to ghettos in all European states.
ANS: C REF: p. 537-538

49. The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally
fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
a. Unitarianism.
b. Quakerism.
c. Presbyterianism.
d. Lutheranism.
e. Methodism.
ANS: E REF: p. 539

50. In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary
Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
a. Scotland and Ireland.
b. France and Austria.
c. Italy and Spain.
d. Sweden and Poland.
e. England and Germany.
ANS: E REF: p. 538

TRUE/FALSE

1. The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their
exploration of science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion.

ANS: T REF: p. 514-515

2. Isaac Newton was influential on the eighteenth century Enlightenment because of his theory of
knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa.

ANS: F REF: p. 516

3. Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian.

ANS: F REF: p. 520

4. The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic
mercantilism.

ANS: T REF: p. 521-522

Test Bank for Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500, 8th Edition, Jackson J. Spielvoge

5. Adam Smith was a mercantilist disguised as a proto-capitalist.

ANS: F REF: p. 522

6. In his novel, Emile, with its emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the
Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.

ANS: T REF: p. 523

7. In her Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that since women had been
unfairly subjected to males for so many millennia, women should temporarily be given special legal
rights and privileges in excess of those of males in compensation of their long servitude.

ANS: F REF: p. 524

8. Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually
adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's
palace.

ANS: T REF: p. 527

9. The eighteenth century English historian, Edward Gibbon, blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on
the pagan religion practices and sexual excesses of the Roman Empire.

ANS: F REF: p. 530

10. "Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.

ANS: T REF: p. 538

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