NAVYUG VIDYABHAVAN TRUST

C. K. Pithawala College of Engg. &Technology

Surat-395009

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
(3150610)
Practical Manual

Class: B.E. III (5th Sem) (Civil)

Name:____________________________________

Enrollment No.: ___________________________

Academic Year: ___________________________

C. K. Pithawala College of Engg. & Technology, Surat.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

of B.E.III (5th Sem) (Civil), Enrollment No. :
has been found satisfactory in the continuous interval evaluation of laboratory in
the Concrete Technology(3150610) for the academic year 20--- - 20---- .

Date:

Signature of Teacher In-Charge Signature of Head of the Department

 Department of Civil Engineering
C.K. Pithawala College of Engg. & Technology, Surat-395007

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision
• To prepare engineering graduates with sound fundamental knowledge and professional competence
to meet the requirement of engineering profession locally as well as globally.

Mission
• To provide state of the art teaching learning process.
• To provide conducive environment and necessary infrastructure to students and staff for academic
and research.
• To create effective interaction with industries, other institutes and government organizations for
mutual benefits and promoting research activities.
• To enhance the co-curricular skill of students for developing professional competence and thereby
enhancing employability and promoting entrepreneurship.
• To enhance teaching skill and technical knowledge of faculties.

Vision and Mission of the Department of Civil Engineering

Vision
• To prepare competent graduates by incorporating fundamental knowledge, professional skill with
ethics and integrity to confront the subsequent challenges in the field of Civil Engineering.

Mission
1. To cultivate fundamental and in depth knowledge of Civil Engineering.
2. Preparing students to confront wide range of professional career challenges.
3. To inculcate professional ethics, entrepreneurial skill and research orientation in students.
 Department of Civil Engineering
C.K. Pithawala College of Engg. & Technology, Surat-395007

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1 Preparation: To prepare the students with fundamental knowledge in civil engineering and
perseverance for higher education, research and professional career.
PEO2 Core competence: To prepare competent graduates having technical and managerial skills in
planning, design, construction, estimation, operation and maintenance of infrastructure.
PEO3 Breadth: To instill in students the use of modern technology and modeling concepts to solve
complex problems for multidisciplinary engineering system.
PEO4 Professionalism: cultivate communication skill and a sense of responsibility towards societal
and sustainable development following standard codes of practice with professional ethics.
PEO5 Learning Environment: To provide appropriate environment for developing lifelong learning
attitude in students to cope with futuristic technological challenges.

Program Specific Outcome (PSO)

PSO1 The ability to interpret the fundamental concepts of civil engineering and to apply knowledge
for problem identification, formulation, analysis, design and execution using appropriate tool.
PSO2 To provide appropriate environment for developing lifelong learning attitude in students to cope
with futuristic technological challenges.
 Department of Civil Engineering
C.K. Pithawala College of Engg. & Technology, Surat-395007

Programme Outcomes [POs]

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineering and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Department of Civil Engineering
C.K. Pithawala College of Engg. & Technology, Surat-395007

Course Outcome [CO]

CO1 Discuss historic development of concrete as building material, its sustainability and future
trends.
CO2 Assess quality control tests for concrete making materials.
CO3 Evaluate properties of fresh and hardened concrete.
CO4 Illustrate durability and permeability requirements of concrete, special concrete and concreting
methods.
CO5 Develop Mix Design of Concrete as per Indian standard code.
CO6 Assess various principles and interpretation of non-destructive and semi-destructive testing of
concrete structural elements.
 List of Experiment with Mapping
Sr. No. Title CO PO PSO
I Testing of Cement
To determine the fineness of the given cement CO2 PSO1,
PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8,
1 sample by PSO2
PO9, P010,PO12
(a) Dry sieving (b) Blaine Air Permeability Method
Determination of consistency of standard cement paste CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
2
PO9, P010,PO12 PSO2
Determination of initial and final setting time of CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
3
cement. PO9, P010,PO12 PSO2
Determination of soundness of cement by CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
4
a) Le Chatelier’s Apparatus, b) Autoclave Test PO9, P010,PO12 PSO2
Determination of the compressive Strength of the CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
5
Cement. PO9, P010,PO12 PSO2
II Testing of Fine & Coarse Aggregate
Determination of the fineness modulus of aggregates by CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
6
sieve analysis method. PO9, P010, PO12 PSO2
Determination of the Sp. Gravity & Bulk density of CO2 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO8, PSO1,
7
aggregates. PO9, P010, PO12 PSO2
Concrete Mix Design by IS Code Method CO5 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5, PSO1,
III PO6, PO7, PO8, PO9, PSO2
P010, PO12
IV Test on Fresh Concrete
Workability test -Slump Cone Test for various w/c ratio CO3 PSO1,
8
of identical concrete mix. PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5, PSO2
Compaction Factor Test for various w/c ratio of CO3 PO6, PO7, PO8, PO9,
9
identical concrete mix. P010, PO12
10 Vee-bee consist-meter Test CO3
V Test on Hardened Concrete
Determination of Compressive Strength of concrete CO3 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5, PSO1,
11 (Cube Compressive Strength) PO6, PO7, PO8, PO9, PSO2
P010, PO12
Determination of Tensile strength of concrete mix by CO3 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO9 PSO1,
12
Split Cylinder Tensile test PSO2
Determination of Flexural strength of concrete CO3 PO1, PO3, PO5, PO9 PSO1,
13
PSO2
VI Non- Destructive Testing
CO6 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5, PSO1,
Determination of strength of concrete by Rebound
14 PO6, PO7, PO8, PO9, PSO2
Hammer Test
P010, PO12
CO6 PO1, PO2, PO3, PO5, PSO1,
Determination of strength of concrete by Ultrasonic
15 PO6, PO7, PO8, PO9, PSO2
pulse velocity Test – Demonstration
P010, PO12
 INDEX

Name: Enrollment No:

Class: B.E.-III (5th Sem) (Civil), Concrete Technology (3150610)

No. Name of Experiments Date Page No. Sign

I Testing of Cement
To determine the fineness of the given cement sample by
1
(a) dry sieving (b) Blaine Air Permeability Method
2 Determination of consistency of standard cement paste
3 Determination of initial and final setting time of cement.
Determination of soundness of cement by a) Le Chatelier’s
4 Apparatus, b) Autoclave Test
5 Determination of the compressive Strength of the Cement.
II Testing of Fine & Coarse Aggregate
Determination of the fineness modulus of aggregates by sieve
6
analysis method.
7 Determination of the Sp. Gravity & Bulk density of aggregates.
III Concrete Mix Design by IS Code Method
IV Test on Fresh Concrete
Workability test -Slump Cone Test for various w/c ratio of
8
identical concrete mix.
Compaction Factor Test for various w/c ratio of identical concrete
9.
mix.
10 Vee-bee consist-meter Test
V Test on Hardened Concrete
Determination of Compressive Strength of concrete
11
(Cube Compressive Strength)
Determination of Tensile strength of concrete mix by Split
12
Cylinder Tensile test
13 Determination of Flexural strength of concrete

VI Non- Destructive Testing

14 Determination of strength of concrete by Rebound Hammer Test

Determination of strength of concrete by Ultrasonic pulse velocity
15
Test
 Experiment No: 1(a)

Date:
AIM: To determine the fineness of the given cement sample by dry sieving.

APPARATUS: IS: Sieve No.9 (90 micron – confirming to IS: 4031 – 1968)

INTRODUCTION: The materials, which set and harden in the presence of water are said to possess
hydraulic properties. As cement gets strength due to chemical action between cement and water
(known as hydration) and its ability to harden under water, it is also known as hydraulic cement.

HYDRATION OF CEMENT

When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction starts which is exothermic in nature and produced
a significant amount of heat. This is known hydration. One of the last step in the manufacturing of
cement is grinding of clinkers mixed with gypsum. Since the hydration starts at the surface of the
cement particles it is the total surface area of cement that represents the material available for hydration.
The object of this test is to check the proper grinding of cement. The rate of hydration depends on the
fineness of cement. The finer the cement, large the surface areas available and the hydration is raise
because the hydration starts at the surface of the cement particles and the faster and greater is the gaining
strength. And thus, for a rapid development of strength high fineness is necessary. However, very fine
cement is susceptible to air set and deteriorates earlier. The grinding of cement shall be as fine as possible
to conform to the standard specification and also shall be
uniformly fine.
If the cement is not uniformly fine, the concrete made out of it will have poor workability and will
require large quantity of water while mixing. Also bleeding of concrete will occur i.e. even before the
concrete is set, water will come out of the surface due to the settlement of the concrete particles.

1
 PROCEDURE:

1) Break down any air-set lumps in the given cement sample be tested with fingers.
2) Weigh accurately 100 gm of cement sample and place it on a standard 90-micron IS: Sieve.
3) Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve with both hands for 15 minutes.
4) Sieving shall be done with a gentle wrist motion; this will involve no danger of spilling the
cement, which shall be kept well spread out on the screen.
5) More or less continues rotation of the sieve shall be carried out throughout the sieving.
6) Weigh the residue left after 15 minutes of sieving.
7) The residue as per IS: 4031-1968 shall not exceed 10 % by weight of the cement sample for
ordinary Portland cement and 5% in case of rapid hardening cement.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Weight of the given cement sample = gm

Weight of
the residue after 15 min. of sieving = gm
The residue by weight of the given cement sample = %

RESULT: The residue by weight of the given cement sample is found to be %

CONCLUSION:

2
 Experiment No: 1(b)
Date:
AIM: To determine the fineness of the given cement sample by Blaine Air Permeability method.

APPARATUS: Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this test is to determine by blain air permeability apparatus, the fineness of cement
as represented by specific surface expressed as total surface area in square centimeter per gram of cement.

PRINCIPLE: The principle is based on the relation between the flow of air through the cement bed and the
surface area of the particles comprising the cement bed. From this the surface area per unit weight of the body
material can be related to the permeability of a bed of a given porosity.

THEORY: Permeability apparatus (fig.1) consist of permeability cell, disk, plunger, filter paper, a manometer and
a timer. The cell consists of rigid cylinder 12.7 ± 1 mm inside diameter. A metal disc of0.9 ± 0.1 mm in thickness,
perforated with 30 to 40 holes of 1 mm diameter equally distributed over its area is placed inside the cell.

PROCEDURE:

1. The manometer tube is filled with a non-volatile, non-hydroscopic liquid of low

viscosity and density such as dibutylphthalate up to the mid-point.

2. Calculate mass of the cement as,

M = ρV(1-e)
where, M = Mass required in gm
ρ = Density of the cement in gm/cm3 V =
Volume of the cement bed in cm3 e = Porosity
of bed of cement
3. Place a filter paper disc over the cell. Place the given mass of standard cement to be
tested over the filter paper.
4. A filter paper disc shall be placed on the top of the cement. Slowly push down the
plunger until the plunger touches the top of the cell.
5. Remove the plunger. The permeability cell shall be attached to the manometer tube with
airtight connection.
6. The air in one of the arm of the manometer U-tube is slowly evacuated until the liquid
reaches the top mark and the valve then be closed tightly.

3
Blaine’s Air Permeability Apparatus

4
 7. The timer shall be started as the bottom of meniscus of the manometer liquid reaches the
second (next to the top) mark and shall be stopped as the bottom of meniscus reaches the
third mark.
8. Similarly measure the time interval (T) for the test sample.
9. calculate the specific surface

S = SS √ T / √ T S

Where, T = measured time interval for the test sample

TS = measured time interval for the standard sample
SS = specific surface in sq.cm per gm of the standard sample in calibration of the
apparatus.
S = specific surface in sq. cm per gm of the test sample

Fineness requirement if cement as per IS: 269 – 1976

ORDINARY RAPID LOW

CEMENT→
DESCRIPTION PORTLAND HARDENING HEAT
FINENESS↓
CEMENT CEMENT CEMENT
After sieving the residue
Method - I by weight on an IS Test 10 % 5% -
sieve No.9 not to exceed :
Specific surface (sq.cm /
Method - II gm ) by air permeability 2250 3250 3200
method , not less then :

References
1) IS : 4031 – 1968; IS: 269 – 1976
2) Properties Of Concrete - A.M. Nevilie
3) Concrete Technology – M.L. Gambhir
4) Concrete Technology – M.S. Shetty

5
 Experiment No.2:

Date:

AIM: Determination of consistency of standard cement paste.

APPARATUS: Spatula, two trowels, glass plates, plunger G – 10 mm in diameter and vicat
apparatus (Confirming to IS: 4031 – 1968)

INTRODUCTION: For the determination of the initial and final setting times and for the soundness
test for cement, neat cement paste of a standard consistency has to be used. It is therefore, necessary
to determine the quantity of water to be mixed in any given cement which will produce the desired
consistency.

• Percentage of water required to produce standard cement paste is called consistency of the
cement paste.
• The consistency of the standard cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit
Vicat plunger (G) to penetrate to a point 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould;
when the cement paste is tested as described in the procedure given below.
• If the quantity of water is less, then dry mix will be produced which result in difficulties in
concreting operation and workability of concrete will be affected.
• If the quantity of water is more, then it will lead to wet mix and lesser strength of concrete will
be produced.
• Consistency of cement will indicate the sufficient water to start chemical reaction or hydration
of cement.

PROCEDURE:

1) Take 400 gm of neat cement sample to be tested and transfer it on a glass plate (any non – porous
surface)
2) Add to it about 27 % of clean water (as a trial mix) and mix thoroughly with help of two trowels.

6
7
 3) The time of gauging should not be then 3 min. and not more then 5 min. and gauging shall be
completed before any sign of setting occur.
4) The gauging time shall be counted from the time adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
5) Fill the Vicat mould (E) (resting on a non – porous plate) with this paste.
6) After completing filling, the mould, smooth – on the surface of the cement paste, making it level
with the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
7) Place the test block in the mould together with the non – porous plate resting under the plunger.
8) Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block and quickly release it, allowing it
to penetrate in to the paste.
9) Note down the penetration of the plunger in the test mould.
10) The penetration of the plunger should be 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. If not,
repeat the procedure using fresh cement and other percentage of water until the described
penetration of the plunger is obtained.
11) The consistency of the standard cement paste is expressed as the amount of water as a percentage
of mass of the dry Cement.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Penetration
Sr. Mass of the Percentage of
from
cement water to be Water (ml) Remarks
bottom
(gm) added (%)
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5

Result: standard consistency of the given cement sample is found to be %

8
CONCLUSION:

➢ Clean appliances shall be used for gauging, and the temperature of cement and water and that of the
test room, at the time when the above operations are performed, shall be 27 º ± 2 º C.
➢ The water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency is expressed as percentage (%)
by the weight of the dry weight.
➢ The usual range of the values being between 26% to 33%.

References:

1) IS: 4031 – 1968, IS: 269 – 1976

2) Properties Of Concrete - A.M. Neville
3) Concrete Technology – M.S. Shetty
4) Concrete Technology – M.L. Gambhir

5
 Experiment No.3
Date:
AIM: Determination of initial and final setting time of cement.
APPARATUS: Spatula, two trowels, non-porous glass plate, Needle C, Needle F and Vicat apparatus
(Confirming to IS: 4031 – 1968)
INTRODUCTION:
Setting is the term used to describe the stiffening of the cement paste. The change of cement paste from
fluid to a rigid state may be referred to as setting. The gaining of strength of a set cement paste is known
as hardening. During the setting, cement acquires some strength, however it is not considered in
definition of distinguish setting from hardening, where hardening is a gain of strength of a set cement
paste. In order that the concrete mass, be placed in position conveniently, it is necessary that the initial
setting time of cement is not too quick and after it has been laid the hardening should be rapid. The
initial setting time for ordinary Portland cement should not be less than 30 minutes and final setting
time more than 10 hours.

The minimum limits if initial setting time are specified because

• Concrete once placed should not be disturbed after the initial setting has taken place.
• The transportation of concrete from the place where concrete is prepared to the placing of
concrete requires some finite time.

The maximum limits on final setting time are specified because

• The concrete should achieve the desired strength as early as possible so that the shuttering can be
removed and reused.

• The setting time of concrete is increased by adding sugar while addition of calcium chloride will
reduce setting time.

10
 PROCEDURE:
1. Take 400 gm of cement and mix with .85 times the water required to make a cement paste of standard
consistency. (i.e. .85% standard consistency.)
2. Start stop watch the instant when water is added to the cement.
3. Fill the Vicat mould (resting on a non-porous plate) with this cement paste completely and smooth off
the paste making it level with the top of the oiled mould.
4. Remove any entrapped air through light tamping.

Determination of Initial Setting Time

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing
the needle (C).
2. Lower the needles gently, in contact with the surface of the test block, quickly release it, allowing it
to penetrate into the test block.
3. In the beginning the needle will completely pierce the test block.
4. Repeat this procedure (2) until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and released as
described above, fails to pierce the block for 5 ± 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould.
5. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the
needle fails to piere the test block by 5 ± 0.5 mm shall be the initial setting.
Determination of final Setting Time

1. Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular (F), which has a sharp
pointing, projecting in the center with an annular attachment.
2. Release the needle on the same test block as before.
3. Note the time when needle makes an impression, while the attachment fails to do so.
4. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the
needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be
the final setting time.
5. Fails to do so shall be the final setting time.

11
OBSERVATION TABLE:

1 Time when water is added to the cement =

min

2 Time when initial setting is noted down = min

→ Initial Setting Time = min
3 Time when final setting is noted down = min
→ Final Setting Time = min

CONCLUSION:

✓ The initial setting time for ordinary Portland cement should not be less than 30 min and final setting
time not more than 10 hours.
✓ The initial setting time for quick setting cement should not be less than 5 min and the final setting
time not more than 30 min.
✓ Setting of cement is affected by the temperature and humidity.
✓ Clean appliance shall be used for gauging.
✓ The temperature of water and that of the test room at the time of gauging shall be within 27 ± 2 ºC

References:
1. IS: 4031 – 1968; IS: 269 – 1976
2. Properties of concrete - A.M. Neville
3. Concrete technology – M.L. Gambhir
4. Concrete technology – M.S. Shetty

12
 Experiment No.: 4 (a)

Date :
AIM: Determination of soundness of cement by Le Chatelier’s apparatus.
APPARATUS: Spatula, two trowels, glass plate, Le Chatelier’s apparatus (Confirming to IS: 4031 –
1968)

INTRODUCTION:

▪ The ability of cement to maintain a constant volume is known as soundness of cement. It is very
important that cement after setting shall not undergo any appreciable change the volume. Concrete
once placed should not undergo the large change in volume as this produces cracks in the concrete.
▪ Certain cement has been found to undergo a large expansion after setting causing disruption of the
set and hardness mass. This will cause serious difficulty for the durability of structures when such
cement is used.
▪ The presence of excess gypsum or free lime and magnesia in the cement shall be limited as these
undergo a large change in volume.
▪ It is also like that too high a proportion of magnesia content or calcium sulphate content may be
cause unsoundness in cement. For this reason, the magnesia content allowed in cement is limited
to 6 %.
▪ The quantity of gypsum added will vary from 2 to 3 % depending upon C3A content. If the addition
of gypsum is more than that could be combined with C3A, excess of gypsum will remain in free
state in the cement, leads to an expansion and consequent disruption of the set cement paste.
▪ Unsoundness of cement does not come to surface for a considerable period of time. Therefore,
accelerated test are required to detect it.
▪ This experiment is design to detect the presence of free lime in cement. The hydration of free lime
is accelerated by boiling which causes the expansion of cement and it is this expansion of lime
which is one of the causes of cracking of cement concrete. This expansion is measured which
should not be excessive.

13
 Fig 1: Le Chatelier’s apparatus

▪ This test is carried out using Le Chatelier’s apparatus. It consists of small spilt cylinder of spring
brass or other suitable metal of 0.5 mm thickness, forming a mould 30 mm internal diameter and
30 mm high. Two pointer A-A are attached to the cylinder one on each side of spilt. The distance
from ends to the center of the cylinder being 165 mm.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 400 gm of neat cement sample to be tested and transfer it on a glass plate (any non-porous
surface).
2. Add to it 0.78 time the water required to give a cement paste of standard consistency and mix
thoroughly with the help of two trowels.
3. The time of gauging should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5 minutes and gauging shall
be completed before any signs of setting occur.
4. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
14
 5. Place the paste in Le Chatelier’s mould resting on a glass plate.
6. Cover the mould with another glass plate and place a small weight on this covering glass plate and
immediately submerge the whole assembly in water for 24 hours at temperature of 27 º ± 2 ºC.
7. After 24 hours measure the distance between the indicator points and immerse the mould in a beaker
of water.
8. Bring the water to boiling with the mould kept submerged in 25 to 30 minute and keep it boiling for
3 hours.
9. Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure again the distance between the
indicator points.
10. The difference between these two measurements represented the expansion of the cement, which
should not exceed 10 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Distance between the indicator points before boiling of water mm

Distance between the indicator points after boiling of water mm

(i.e after 3 hours.)

Expansion of the cement

(i.e., change in distance between the indicator points)

Result: Soundness of the given cement sample is found to be mm

CONCLUSION:

15
 Experiment No.: 4 (b)

Date :

AIM: Determination of soundness of cement by using Autoclave.

APPARATUS:

Balance, Weights, Graduated Glass, Moulds, Autoclave, Length Comparator

INTRODUCTION:

The soundness test as tested by Le Chatelier’s test detects the expansion due to free lime. However, it
does not indicate the presence and effect of excess of magnesia. IS:269 stipulates that cement having a
magnesia content of more than 3% shall be tested for soundness by autoclave test and shall not have an
expansion of more than 0.8%.

This method determines the soundness of Portland cement on a 25 mm x 25 mm x 250 mm neat cement
specimen.

PROCEDURE:

1. A specimen in mould of 25 mm x 25 mm x 250 mm effectively length with metal insert at ends to

serve as reference points is prepared and cured for 24 hours.
2. The specimen is then removed from the mould.

3. The length of the specimen is measured with dial gauge or micrometer comparator.

4. The specimen is then placed in autoclave at room temperature.

5. The autoclave is then switched on at such a rate as to bring the gauge pressure of steam 2.1 ± 0.1.
N/mm2 corresponding to a temperature of 215.7±1.7 º C and is allowed to maintain the steam pressure
for three hours.
6. The heat supply is then cut off and the autoclave is cooled to a pressure of less than 0.1 N/mm 2 in
about one hour, which is later on brough to atmospheric pressure by opening the vent value.
7. The specimen is then removed and placed in water, the temperature of which is above 90 ºC and
uniformly cooled at room temperature with water, surface dried, measured again for their length as
before.
8. The different in length of the test specimen before and after autoclaving is calculated to the nearest
0.01% of the effective length and reported as autoclave expansion of the cement.
16
9. for the sound cement the expansion should not exceed 00.8 %

CALCULATION

The difference between the lengths measured before and after the autoclaving shall be calculated nearest
to 0.01 per cent of the effective gauge length which is the length between the innermost points of the
metal insert used as reference points and shall be reported as autoclave expansion of cement.

Soundness of cement = L1-L2,

Where,
L1=Length measured after curing for a period of 24 hrs in a moist room.
L2=Length measured after completion of autoclave test.
A contraction (negative expansion) is indicated by prefixing a (–) sign to the percentage expansion
reported.

17
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

Type/Name Of cement Reference Indian Standard Expansion, %, (max.)

OPC (33) IS:269-1989 0.8

OPC (43) IS:8112-1989 0.8

OPC (53) IS:12269-1987 0.8

Rapid hardening IS:8041-1990 0.8

Low heat cement IS:12600-1989 0.8

Super sulphated IS:6909-1990 Not specified

Portland pozzolana IS:1489-1991(part 1) 0.8

PSC IS:455-1976 0.8

High alumina cement IS:6452-1976 Not specified

SRC IS:12330-1988 0.8

Masonry cement IS:3466-1988 1.0

IRS-T-40 Railway standards 0.8

References:
1. IS : 4031 – 1968
IS: 269 – 1976
2. Properties of concrete - A.M. Nevilie

18
 Experiment No.: 5

Date:
AIM: To determine the compressive strength of the cement mortar cube

APPARATUS: Weight balance, non-porous enamel tray, and cube mould of size 7.06 cm with cross
sectional area= 50 Sq.cm.

THEORY:
The compressive strength of the concrete is the most important and useful property. Compressive strength of
concrete is also used as a qualitative measure for other properties of hardened concrete. Compressive strength
increases as the specimen size decreases, whereas the modulus of elasticity decreases. Concrete containing
about 6% of entrained air which is relatively weaker in strength is found to be more durable then dense and
strong concrete. Strength of concrete is its resistance to rupture. It may be measured in a number of ways
such as strength in compression, in tension, in shear or in flexure.

PROCEDURE:

Take 200gms, 200gms and 200gms. (600 gms) of standard sand and 200 gm of cement (i.e. in ratio 1:3) in
a non-porous enamel tray and mix, with a trowel for 2 minutes. Add water equal to 3 percent of combined
weight of cement and sand then mix the three ingredients thoroughly until the mixture of uniform color.
The time of mixing should not be less than three minutes and more than 4 min. Immediately after the mixing
the mortar it filled into a cube of mould of size 7.06 cm. The area of face of cube will be equal to 50 Sq.
cm Compact the mortar on vibrating table. Keep the compacted cube in the mould at a temperature of 27
± 2° C and at least 90 percent relatively humidity for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs. the cube are removed from the
mould and immersed in clean fresh water until taken out for testing. Three cubes are tested for compressive
strength at the periods mention below. The periods being recorded from the completion of vibration the
compressive strength shall be the average of the strength of three cubes for each period respectively. The
following table specifies the no. of days after compaction. The cubes are to be tested to get the compressive
strength of cement cube.

O.P.C. (Ordinary Portland cement) 3 and 7 days

R.H.P.C. (Rapid Hardening Portland Cement) 1 and 3 days.

L.H.P.C. (Low Hardening Portland Cement) 14 and 28 days

19
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Mass of Mass of No of Compressive Strength Average Comp.

No. cement (gm) sand (gm) days load (N) N/mm2 Strength N/mm2
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9

RESULTS:

The average compressive strength of cement is:

3 Days 7 Days 28 Days

Kg/cm2 N/mm2 Kg/cm2 N/mm2 Kg/cm2 N/mm2

CONCLUSION:

References:

I.S. 269-1989 Specification of ordinary Portland cement, 33 Grade, Reaffirmed Sep.1998.

I.S. 4031-1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cements.
I.S. 8112-1989 Specification for 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement, Reaffirmed March-2000.
I.S. 12269-1987 Specification for 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement, Reaffirmed Jan.1999.

20
Sieve Set

19
 Experiment No. 6

Date :
AIM: To determine the fineness modulus of aggregates by sieve analysis method.

APPARATUS: Set of sieve size 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18mm, 600  and 150 .

THEORY:
Sieve analysis is the operation of dividing sample of aggregates into various functions each consisting of
particles of same size. The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in the
sample of aggregates. This is known as graduation.
The aggregates generally used for making concrete are of maximum 50 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75
mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 60, 150. The aggregate fractions from 80 mm to 4.75 mm are termed as
coarse aggregates. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 are termed as fine aggregates. The results of sieve
analysis can be grasped much more easily if represented graphically and for this reason grading charts are
used extensively.

PROCEDURE:

Before sieve analysis is performed the aggregate sample has to be air dried. Grading pattern of a sample of
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is assessed by sieving the sample successively through all sieves
mounted one over the another keeping larger size on the top. The material retained on each sieve after
shaking represents the function of aggregates coarser than sieve below and finer than sieve above. Weight
of the particles is 5 kg for coarse aggregates and 2 kg for fine aggregates.
In manual operations the sieve is shaken giving movements in all directions so that the particles pass through
the sieves and is continued for such a time so that no further movement of particles is possible. The time for
sieve shaking is 15 minutes.

OBSERVATIONS:

Fineness modulus for

1) Coarse Aggregates =

2) Grit =

3) Fine aggregates =

20
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sieve COARSE AGGREGATE GRIT FINE AGRREGATE

size wt. % wt. Cumulative % wt. % wt. Cumulative % wt. % wt. Cumulative %
Retained retained % Retained passing Retained retained % Retained passing Retained retained % Retained passing
40
mm
20
mm
10
mm
4.75
mm
2.36
mm
1.18
mm
600
300
150
PAN
Σ= Σ= Σ=
F.M= F.M= F.M=

Fineness Modulus=Cumulative % Retained /100

References: I.S.2386 -1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete part I particle size and shape Reaffirmed Sep.1997

21
 Experiment No. 7

Date :

AIM: To determine the specific gravity and bulk density of aggregates.

APPRATUS: Specific gravity bottles, metallic measures for bulk density

MATERIALS: (1) Coarse aggregate samples

(2) Fine aggregate samples
(3) Water

SPECIFIC GRAVITY SIGNIFICANCE:

The Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of the solid in a given volume of sample to the mass
of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. Specific gravity of aggregates is properly which
mainly depends upon the original compaction of parent rock. Higher specific gravity indicates better
strength, more durability and less water absorption by aggregate. It is mainly important for gravity
structures such as dam, retaining wall etc. As in such structure better mechanical performance such as
absorption and attrition resistance and other mechanical properties of aggregates. The determination of
specific gravity is important step in mix design of concrete. Specific gravity also influences the bulk density
of aggregates to some extent. Average specific gravity of the rocks varies from 2.6 to 2.8.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the bottle of a known volume.

2. For the coarse aggregate weight of sample is 1000 gm. and for the fine aggregate the weight of sample
is 500 gm.
3. Pour both the samples in two bottles separately and then fill it with water completely.
4. Packed weight of both bottles individually say it is “A”.
5. Take the weight of the bottle.
6. Let the sample to be dried in the atmosphere and take its weight named it “C”.
7. Now place the sample in oven for drying and take its weight D.
𝐷
Specific gravity = 𝐶−(𝐴 −𝐵)

A = wt. of bottle + sample + water

B = wt. of bottle+ water
C = wt. of surface saturated sample in water
D = wt. of oven dried sample
22
BULK DENSITY SIGNIFICANCE:

Bulk density of aggregate is defined as the density of aggregates including the voids in the aggregate. The
bulk density depends upon the particle size present in the given batch of aggregates. If the volume of voids
in aggregate batch is considerable, the bulk density of that sample will be lower. Coarser aggregate has
lower bulk density compared to finer aggregates. The bulk density of aggregate is used to convert the
weight batching of concrete to volume batching for field mixes

OBSERVATION TALBE:

Sr. No. Weight Sand Coarse Grit

Aggregate
1 Wt. of container (w1)

2 Wt. of container + sample (w2)

3 Volume of container (m3)

CONCLUSION:

References:
I.S.2386 (Part-III)-1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete part III Specific gravity, density,
voids, absorption and bulking. Reaffirmed Feb.1997.

23
Slump Cone

26
 Experiment No. 8

Date:

AIM: To measure the workability by slump test for various w/c ratio of identical concrete mix.

APPARATUS: Slump mould, steel foot rule, mixing platform, balance, taping rod

MATERIAL: Course aggregate cement, Fine aggregate cement

PROCEDURE:

➢ Prepare concrete mix with specified w/c ratio.

➢ Place slump mould on smooth non porous plate with inside and base mould moistened to
minimize the surface friction.
➢ Fill the mould as four layers of equal weight tamping each layer by 25 strokes.
➢ Level the top level.
➢ Lift the mould vertically so unsupported concrete will new slump.
➢ Decrease in the height of highest part is known as the slump and measured to the nearest of
slump.

SIGNIFICANCE:

➢ Slump test is most commonly used in construction site.

➢ It does not measure all factors contributing about uniformity.
➢ Too high or too low slump gives immediate warning and enable the site engineers to remedy
situation.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

(A) Slump Test (Mix- )

Sr.No. w/c Ratio Slump in mm

1. 0.50
2. 0.60
3. 0.62

27
Compacting Factor Apparatus

28
 Experiment No. 9

Date:

AIM: To measure the workability by compaction factor test for various w/c ratio of identical
concrete mix.

APPARATUS: Balance & weight compacting factor apparatus, vibrating machine, concrete
mixing machine.

MATERIALS: Coarse aggregate, cement, fine aggregate water.

PROCEDURE:

➢ Prepare the concrete mix with specified w/c ratio.

➢ Fill the hopper with concrete.
➢ Release the bottom door of hopper &let the concrete fall in lower hopper.
➢ Now release bottom door of lower hopper & let the concrete fall in the cylinder.
➢ Cut excess concrete by two flat slides cross the top.
➢ Calculate the net weight of concrete is of known cylinder weight
➢ Refill the sample with same amount.
➢ Compact it heavily is means of vibrating machine.
➢ Struck of excess concrete by trowel.
➢ Take Weight of the compacted concrete.
➢ Calculate net weight of compacted concrete in same known volume of cylinder.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. W/C RATIO WT. OF WT. OF FULLY COMPACTION

No. PARTIALLY COMPACTED FACTOR
COMPACTED CONC. WF (KG)
CONC. WP (KG)
1.
2.
3.

CONCLUSION:

27
Vee-Bee Consistometer

28
 Experiment No. 10

Date:

AIM: To measure the workability by Vee-Bee Consistometer for various w/c ratio of identical concrete
mix.
APPARATUS:

Vee Bee Consistometer, Weights and weighing device, Tamper (16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length),
Ruler, Tools and containers for mixing, or concrete mixer etc.
MATERIALS: Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Slump test as described earlier is performed, placing the slump cone inside the sheet metal
cylindrical pot of the consistometer.
➢ The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on the top of the concrete in the pot.
The electrical vibrator is then switched on and simultaneously a stop watch started.
➢ The vibration is continued till such a time as the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the
concrete assumes a cylindrical shape. This can be judged by observing the glass disc from the top
for disappearance of transparency.
➢ Immediately when the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop watch is switched off.
The time required for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone shape to cylindrical shape
in seconds is known as Vee Bee Degree.
➢ This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measured by
Slump Test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with a slump greater than about 50 mm.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Initial reading T1 in sec Final reading T2 in sec Vee-Bee degrees in sec
1
2
3

CONCLUSION:

29
 Experiment No. 11

Date:

AIM: To determines the effect of w/c ratio on the compressive strength of the concrete.

APPARATUS: Balance, mould of size (15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm), vibrator etc.

THEORY:
Strength of concrete primarily depends upon the strength of cement paste and the strength of the paste
increase with increase in cement content and decreases with air and water content. The strength of
concrete to only dependent upon water-cement ratio provided the mix is workable for given cement and
acceptable aggregates. The strength that may be developed by workable, properly placed mixture of
cement, aggregate and water is influenced by.

(I) Ratio of cement to mixing water.

(II) Ratio of cement to aggregate.
(III) Grading, surface texture, shape strength and stiffness of aggregate particle.
(IV) Maximum size of aggregate.
The w/c ratio primarily affects the strength whereas the other factors indirectly affectthe strength of
concrete by affecting the w/c ratio.

PROCEDURE:
In order to cast 6 concrete cubes take 8.34 kg of cement, 18.3 kg of fine aggregate and 33.6 kg of coarse
aggregates i.e. 1:2.5:4.
Spread out the measured quantity of the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate in alternative layers on an
impervious concrete floor. Pour the cement on the top of it and mix them. Mix by a shovel turning the
mixture over and over again until uniform colour is achieved. Add water as per the specified w/c ratio
and then mix properly and drain continuously till a good, uniform and homogenous concrete is obtained.
After mixing the concrete is filled into a mould of size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm. compact the concrete
on a vibrating table. After the top layer has been compacted brought to a finished level with the help of
a mould using trowel.
The test specimens are stored in a place free from vibration in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity
and at a temperature 27±2 0C for 24 Hrs, from the time of addition of water to the time for drying the

30
ingredients. After this period the specimens are marked and removed from the mould and immediately
submerged in clear fresh water and kept there until taken out just prior to test.

3 cubes are tested for compressive strength after seven days and remaining three cubes are tested after
twenty-eight days.

31
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. w/c 3 days 7 days 28 days

No. Ratio
Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive Compressive
load strength load strength load strength
(kN) or (N/mm2) (kN) or (N/mm2) (kN) or (N/mm2)
Tonne or kg/cm2 Tonne or kg/cm2 Tonne or kg/cm2

1.
2.
3.

CONCLUSION:

References:

I.S. 516-1959 Methods of test for strength of concrete, Reaffirmed Jan.1999

32
Dimension of split cylinder specimen and imposed loads

34
 Experiment No. 12

Date:

AIM: To determine tensile strength of concrete mix by Split Cylinder tensile test.

APPARATUS: 1) Cylindrical mound 15 cm and 30 cm height.

2) Universal testing machine.
3) Plywood strip 25 mm wide, 3 mm thick and 300 mm long.

MATERIALS: Concrete.

THEORY:

The test is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between loading surface of
compressive testing machine and load is applied until failure of the cylinder along the vertical diameter
takes place. The figure shows the test specimen and the stress pattern in the cylinder respectively. When
the load is applied along the generation an element on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is subjected to
vertical compressive stress of

And horizontal compressive strength = (2P) / (πLD)

Where
P = Compressive load on cylinder
L = Length of cylinder
D = Diameter of cylinder

r & (D-r) are the diameter of the elements from the two loads respectively.
The loading condition produces a high compressive stress immediately below the
tow generators to which the load is applied but the larger portion corresponding to depth is
subjected to uniform tensile stress acting horizontally for about 1/6 depth & remaining 5/6
depth is subjected to tension.
In order to reduce the magnitude of the high compressive stress near the point of
application of load, narrow packing strip of suitable material such as plywood are placed
between the specimen and loading plains of testing machine. The main advantage of this
method is that the same type of specimen and same testing machine as are used for the
compressive test can be employed for this test. That’s why this test is gaining popularity.
The splitting test is simple to perform and gives more uniform result than other tension test.
Determined Strength of the splitting test is believed to be closer to the true tensile strength
of concrete than the rupture splitting test.

PROCEDURE:
35
 ➢ Prepare the concrete mix in proportion of ----------------------- with designed w/c
ratio Fill the concrete mix in standard cylinder in three layers.
➢ After the concrete sets, cure it for 28 days.
➢ Test the cylindrical specimen is placed horizontal between the loading surfaces of the machine
and load is applied until failure, of the cylinder along the vertical diameter is observed.
➢ The packing strips should be smooth enough to allow the distribution.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. w/c ratio Cylinder flexural Cylinder

No. load in kg. tensile
strength
Kg./cm2
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION:

Split tensile strength.

 = (2P)/(πLD)

CONCLUSION:

References:

I.S. 516-1959 Methods of test for strength of concrete, Reaffirmed Jan.1999

36
Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam

37
 Experiment No. 13

Date:

AIM: To determine flexural strength of concrete

APPARATUS: Beam mould of size 50 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm, testing machine with loading apparatus.

MATERIALS: concrete.

SIGNIFICANCE:

➢ Direct tensile strength of concrete is difficult to measure.

➢ Neither specimen nor testing apparatus have been designed which assume uniform distribution of
the pull applied to concrete.
➢ Beam tests are found to be dependable.
➢ The value of modulus of rupture depends on the dimensions of beam & manner of loading.

PROCEDURE:

➢ Concrete specimen of size 50 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm is cast in metal mould. The metal should be of

sufficient
➢ Test specimens are stored in water before testing.
➢ The bearing surface of support & rollers are wiped, cleared & any loose sand or other material is
removed.
➢ The specimen is placed in machine in such a manner that the load is applied to the appear most
surface as cast mould along 2-lines apart at 133 mm.
➢ The flexural strength of specimen is expressed as modulus of rupture (fb)

Where P = Applied ultimate load in kg.

L = span
b = measured width of specimen in cm.
d = measured depth of specimen in cm at point of failure.

38
OBSERVATION TALBE:

Sr. No. Applied Load (kg) Flexural Strength(kg/cm2 ) W /C Ratio

1a
b
c
2a
b
c
3a
b
c

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Load P =

Moment of inertia I = bd3/12

Y = 100/2
=

Now ,M =PL/4 ; (L = )

Flexural strength: f = M ×Y/I

39
RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

References:
I.S. 516-1959 Methods of test for strength of concrete, Reaffirmed Jan.1999

40
Rebound Hammer Test

41
 Experiment No. 14

Date:

AIM: To determine the strength of concrete using rebound hammer.

APPARATUS: Rebound hammer

THEORY:

This test is non-destructive test. This test gives us the strength of concrete, which is already in
structural component such as beam, column etc. where it is not possible to take out the whole component
and test neither it nor it is possible to remove the specimen from it for list, and then this test is useful.

This test measures elastic rebound of the concrete strength and for comparative investigation.
Rebound hammer is equipment for measuring the surface hardness. It consists of special control hammer
that slides on a plunger within tubular housing, when the plunger is pressed against the force of spring. It
refracts against the concrete and spring control mass rebounds taking the rider along with guide scale. By
pushing a button, the rider can be held in the position to allow reading to be taken. The distance traveled
by mass is called rebound hammer.

Rider moving along a graduated scale indicates it. The test can be conducted horizontally,
vertically, upwards or downwards or an intermediate angle. At each angle the rebound hammer number
will be different for the same concrete and will require separate calibration or concrete chart. Although the
hammer provides a quick inexpensive means of checking uniformly on concrete, it has serious limitations
and this must be recognized. The results are affected by

(a) Smoothness of surface under test.

(b) Size, shape and rigidity of specimen.
(c) Age of test specimen.
(d) Surface and internal moisture content of the concrete.
(e) Type of course aggregate.
(f) Type of cement.
(g) Type of mould.
(h) Calibration of concrete surface.

Investigation levels show that there is a general co-relation between compressive stress of concrete
and rebound number. The variation of strength of properly calibrated hammer may be between flexural
strength and rebound number is found to be similar to the observation obtained. Compressive stress except
that scatter of results is greater.

42
OBSERVATION TABLE:

SR. W/C NATURE ANGLE REBOUND COMP. COMP.

No. RATIO OF NO. STRENGTH STRENGTH
SURFACE BY TABLE BY COMP.
TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION:

References:
I.S. 13311-1992 Methods of non destructive testing of concrete: Part II Rebound
Hammer, Reaffirmed Jan.1999.

43
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Schematic Diagram of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

44
 Experiment No. 15

Date:

AIM: To study ultrasonic pulse velocity method to determine the strength of concrete.

APPARATUS: Soniscope

THEORY:

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity method, which involves the measurement of the time of travel of
electronically generated mechanical pulses through the concrete. The ultrasonic pulse method has gain
considered popularity all over the world. When mechanically impulses are applied to a solid mass three
different kinds of waves are generated they are generally known as longitudinal waves, shear waves and
surface waves. These three types of waves travel about different speeds. The longitudinal or compressional
waves travel about twice as fast as the other two types waves. The shear or transverse waves are not so
fast, the surface waves are the lowest.

Ultrasonic pulse velocity method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse
passing through the concrete to be tested. The pulse generated circuit consists of electronic circuit for
generating pulses of transducer for transforming these electronic pulses into mechanical energy having
vibration frequency 15 to 50 KHz the time of travel between initial on net of the acceptation of the pulse
is measured electronically. The path length transducer divided by time of travel gives the avg. velocity of
wave propagation.

TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING PULSE VELOCITY THROUGH CONCRETE

These are three ways of measuring pulse velocity through concrete.

A) Direct transmission
B) Indirect transmission
C) Surface transmission

FACTOR AFFECTING THE MEASUREMENT OF PULSE VELOCITY.

1) Smoothness to contract surface

2) Influence of path length on pulse
3) Temperature of concrete.
4) Moisture condition of concrete.
5) Pressure of reinforcement steel.

45
APPLICATIONS:

1) Establishing uniformity of concrete.

2) Establishing acceptance criteria.
3) Determination of pulse modulus of elasticity
4) Estimation of strength of concrete.
5) Determination of setting characteristics of concrete.
6) Studies on durability of concrete.
7) Studies on detection of cracks.
8) Measurement of deterioration of concrete due to fire exposure
9) Estimation of strength of concrete
10) Determination of time of removal of formwork

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. W/C Ratio. Distance Travel (D). Travel Ultrasonic

Time (Sec) Velocity km/Sec
1.
2.
3.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Specimen Time (sec.) Velocity (m/s)

CONCLUSION:

References:

I.S.133311-1992 Methods of non-destructive testing of concrete: Part I Ultrasonic pulse velocity,

Reaffirmed Jan.1999.

46
 RUBRICS FOR PRACTICALS
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SR. NEEDS
CRITERIA GOOD (3) AVERAGE (2)
NO. IMPROVEMENT (1)
Knowledge 1 During viva, maintain During viva, maintain Difficulty during viva-
(Viva) professional decorum professional decorum voce exam.
PO-1 to PO-3 and give answers and give answers
(3 Marks) confidently. satisfactorily.
2 Clarity about practical Less knowledge of No clarity about
applications. practical applications. practical applications.
3 Perform practical Perform practical Cannot perform
assignments with assignments without practical assignments.
proper conclusive proper conclusive
remarks. remarks.
PO-4 to PO-10 1 Proactively contributes Rarely contributes to Never contributes to
(3 Marks) to class by sharing class by sharing ideas class by sharing ideas
ideas and clarifying and clarifying queries. and neither clarifying
queries. queries.
2 Clear and distinct Improper verbal Weak verbal
verbal communication. communication. communication.
3 Write practicals by Maintains manual in Neither maintains
maintaining organized proper format & organized format nor
format & proper legible handwriting. legible handwriting in
handwriting. manual.

SR.
CRITERIA GOOD (2) NEEDS IMPROVEMENT (1)
NO.
Individual & 1 Performs individual tasks and also Performs individual tasks but has
Teamwork gives effective contribution to less contribution to team activities.
PO-9 team activities with a positive
(2 Marks) 2 attitude. share ideas and take
Always Rarely shares ideas and takes
opinions from each team member. opinions from each team member.
Learning 1 Always prepared with assignments Rarely prepared with assignments
Attitude and class materials. and class materials.
PO-12 2 Willingness to learn applications/ Rarely shows interest to learn
(2 Marks) software to solve problems of applications/ software to solve
society. problems of society.

47