vee DAI DR.AHMED Earth as a Planet Introduction Earth is the third planet of our Solar System and is placed at a distance of about 150 million km from the Sun. @lts extensive magnetic field, generated by its rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core, gives its atmosphere the shield, from nearly all harmful radiations coming from the Sun and other stars. This atmosphere also protects the earth from meteors, most of which burn before reaching it. Shape: =, ao SQ) oN ¢ Why: ero ®Rotation: : 2 Hydrosphere ‘ as Earth’s surface = -30% land, -70% water nal © unlike any other known planet stayed iss e © Hydrosphere includes all naturally occurring water on or below the surface, (includes oceans, —~ lakes, seas, rivers, & groundwater). ® Cryosphere = glaciers, snow, and sea icepoe) DR.AHMED Biosphere The biosphere encompasses all zones (Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere) on the earth in which life is present. ®Life on earth requires water, a source of energy (Sun light), and various nutrients found in soil, water, and air. Lithosphere ny sation The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of the Earth. Stn pg —t ®lt is made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle. ®The lithosphere is the coolest and most rigid part of the Earth. Lithosphere extends 70-100 km below. There are two types of lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere. @Oceanic lithosphere is associated with oceanic crust, and is slightly denser than continental lithosphere. OAsvee DAI DR.AHMED @Lithosphere is fragmented into massive plates that fit around the globe like a puzzle. These plates move independently and slowly, relative to one another and slide on top of a somewhat fluid (plastic) part of the mantle called the Asthenosphere. Movement of plates causes earthquakes.DR.AHMED Abdel-salam What is the Earth Made of? Earth consists mostly of elements produced by fusion reactions in stars and by supernova explosions. ® Only four elements (iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium) make up 90% of the Earth's mass; the remaining 10% consists of the other elements. The elements of the Earth comprise a great variety of materials. Most common minerals consist of silica (Si02) mixed in varying proportions w elements such as Fe, Mg, Al, Ca, K, Na other poeta Tee /abdelsalalmPaarl) DR.AHMED ‘Abdet-salam ac cals: Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms or have characteristics that resemble compounds in living organisms. ® A solid, natural substance in which atoms are ar- ranged in an orderly pattern is a mineral. ® Non-crystalline mineral-like matter. Cool too quickly. ® Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains, or masses of natural glass, are called rocks. Geologists recognize three main groups of rocks: develop when hot molten (liquid) rock cools and freezes solid. >cks form from grains that break off preexisting rock and. become » cemented together, or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution. ciaisst iu : form when preexisting rocks change in response to Hiedtand, pressure.vee DAI DR.AHMED Sediment: An accumulation of loose mineral grains (grains that have not stuck together) is called sediment ® Metals: As composed of metal atoms (such as iron, aluminum, copper, and tin) is called a metal. An alloy is a mixture containing more than one type of metal atom, ® Melts: A melt forms when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid. Molten rock is a type of melt— geologists distinguish between magma, which is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface, and lava, molten rock that has flowed out onto the Earth’s surface. eaten ® Volatiles: Materials that turn into gas at surface temps. = ede 8) esa = H20, C02, CH4, and SO2 an = Volatiles are released from volcanic eruption. : ae ‘The most common minerals in the Earth contain silica (a compound of silicon and oxygen)«jifkeehin-varying proportions with other elements. These minerals are called silicate minerals. Geologists distinguish four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silica to iron and magnesium. In order, from greatest to least propor felsic (or silicic), intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. n of silica to iron and magnesium, these classes are As the proportion of silica in a rock increases, the density (mass per unit volume) decreases. Thus, felsic rocks are less dense than mafic rocks. ® These are (1) granite, a felsic rock with large grains; (2) gabbro, a mafic rock with large grains; (3) basalt, a mafic rock with small grains; and (4) peridotite, an ultramafic rock with large grains.Thank you