Name:Elperinda silaen

Npm:201210005

1. What is literal translation?

2. What is other name of literal translation?
3. Catford proposed 2 types of translation shifts .what they are?
4. What is a formal correspondent ? and proposed that theory ?
5. What is equivalence based on vinay and dalbernet ?

Ans:

1. Literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text

done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used
together in a phrase or sentence. A literal translation is a translation that keeps the
original content without changing structure, form or style. In translation theory, another
term for “literal translation” is “metaphrase” and for phrasal (“sense”) translation —
“paraphrase.”Literal translation leads to mistranslating of idioms, which is a serious
problem for machine translation.

2. The other name of translation is direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a

translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the
words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

3. Catford divided translation shift into two major types, they are level and category shifts.
Furthermore, Catford divided the category shift into four kinds of shifts. There are
structure shift, unit shift, class shift, and intra- system shift.

 Level Shifts
 A shift of level means that a source language item at one linguistic level has a
target translation equivalent at a different level.

 Category shifts referred to unbounded and rank-bound translatio. The first being
approximately normal or free translation in which source language and target
language equivalents are up at whatever rank is appropriate.

4. Formal correspondence can also be referred to as “professional writing,” ranging from

writing professional emails to writing proposals or creating web content. Essential for all
early career researchers.
5. Vinay and Darbelnet (1995:342) view translation as a procedure which replicates the
same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. They also
suggest that if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the
stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text.