Dietary Reference Intakes Definitions Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) + The EARis the median dally intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals ina lif-siago and gender group At tis level of intake, the other na of the individuals in the specified group would not have their needs met. + The EARis based on a spect citron of adequacy, derived from a careful review of the literature Reduction of disease risk is considered along with many other heath parameters inthe selection of that criterion. ‘= The EARis used to calculate the RDA. Itis also usod to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes, and can be used to plan the intake of groups. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) ‘= The RDAs the average daily dietary intake level thats sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of ‘early al (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals ina particular Iie-stage and gender group. The RDA \s the goal for usual intake by an individual ‘Adequate Intake (Al) ‘If sufcient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR on which to base an RDA. an Al is derived instead, + The Alis the recommended average dally nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people who are assumed to bo maintaining an adequate nutritional state, ‘© The Alis expected to meet or exceed the needs of mast individuals ina specif life-stage and gender group, + When an RDA is not available fora nutrient, the Al can be used as the goal for usual intake by an individual. The Alis not equivalent to an RDA, Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) ‘© The ULis the highest average dally nutiant intake level ikely to pose no risk of adverse healt effects to almost all individuals ina given lfe-stage and gender group. ‘© The UL isnot a recommended level of intake As intake increases above the UL, the potential sk of adverse effects increases, Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) ‘= ANEER’is dofinad asthe average dietary energy intake that's predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals ofa defined age, gender, weight, eight, and level of physical activity consistent with good health. In children and pregnant and lactating Women, the EER includes the needs associated with growth or secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health, + _ Relative body weight (ie. loss, stable, gain) is the prefered indicator of energy adequacy. ‘Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) ‘+ The AMDR isa range of intake fora particular energy source (protein, fat, o carbohydrate), expressed as a porcentage of total energy (kcal), that is associated wih reduced risk of chronic disease while Providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients Cat. H4487/2005-PDF ISBN 0-682.411334Dietary Reference Intakes Definitions Total Fibre ‘= _The sum of Dietary Fibre and Functional Fibre, Dietary Fibre = Nonsdigestible carbohydrates and lignin that ae intrinsic and intatin plants ‘= Dietary fibre includes plant non-starch polysaccharides (e9. cellulose, pectin, gums, hemicellulose, f+ glucans, and fibres contained in oat and wheat bran), plant carbohydrates that are not recovered by alcohol precipitation (eg inulin, oligosaccharides, and fructans), lignin, and some resistant starch, Functional Fibre ‘© Isolated non- 908 % halght Tm] +25 Gils 3-8 years EER = 135.3 -30.8 X age fy] + PAX (10.0 X weight [ig] +994 X height i) +20 BiB years EER= 105.3308 X age [y] + PAX (100 % weight [ig] > O94 * heght mi) +25 “Adults 19 years and older Estimated Enargy Requirement (caliday) = Total Enorgy Expenditure Wen = 62-955 % age [y]+ PAX (15.91% weight Ra] + 5985 height Im) Women = 354 — 6HT X age [y+ PAX (8.06 % weight RQ] +726 * height Im) Pregnancy Estimated Energy Requirement (callday) = Non-pragnant EER + Pregnancy Energy Depostan Ttimester Non-pregnant EER+O Pamester Non-prognant EER + 340 vines EER = Non-pregnant EER +452 Tactation Eslimated Energy Requirement (calday] = Non-pregnant EER + Mik Energy Outo ‘6 months posiparum —] EER = Nor-pregnant EER + 500 170 T-iZ mane postoarum | EER = Non-pregnant EER + 400-0 ‘These oquatons provide an estate of energy requramant Ralaiva body weit [a lose, Sabo, gan) a he prefered heaton of energy adequacy. ‘Sedentary Low Active Vary Active (PAL 10-138) (PAL 14-159 7 (PAL1925) Type cay ving Type daly ving Typeal daly ng Type daly Wing acwitos acivves acintes actives PLUS (9, housshald tasks, | PLUS Plus Atleast 60 minutos of ally walking ethebus) | 30-69 minutes ofdaly | Alleast60 minutes of | moderate aciviy moderate achvty daly moderate actly | PLUS (ex. waking a 57k) ‘An adatonal 60 minutes of Vigorous act or 129 minutes of moderate ac Boyes By 7 142 Gils 3-18 156 Men y+ 7 148 Women 1 7 145)Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Rite ve Magra Mole Pio Selo Life stige catciam CHO Protein VIA VC Vie VitE | thiamin ait Niacin Vi, Foie, yy Copper foie trp fu denim phoras um Zine coup) Wd) kd) NCB) ups) (awd Caw) (gd) sid wd) ede) GW) W)C) ow) uw) fd) aw) (a) Tats ot sme 0 = = io 8S ass ww 202TH tS ass tas sor Some Ss) S22 ta ‘sso 88 mo Sas S02 Sa 98 1000 160 10S Sw 1 ya) 2 S70) tss gta 30160198 500) B17 4503 10m) 09S sao 59a 001601959000 174502 tooo 09s es 58059 ba NOTE: An Esirmted Average Requirement (EAR) ithe average daily mutrct intake evel estimated vo mee the requiements of hal of he beat individuals ina group. EARS have aot ben established for vitamin K, iothene acd, bon, bon, miu, erde mangaese or ther nuit na et evaluate via the DRY process, * As cetnoaetvity cqualents (RABS).1 RAE ~ {yg etn, 12g f-eutene, 24 ug arearoene, or 24 yg Psryploxain, The RAE for dvtay provitamin A carotenoids two-fold rer than inl euialats (RE), whteasthe RAE Fr preformed vim A iste sane os RE "asctocophera. a-Tocaperl ncudes RRR -tcopheohe oly form of a-tocopherol ta cus natal in foods, ad the 2R-secosomeri fom of a-tocopherol (RAR ASR, RS, an RSS-t-ocopheral) ‘ha coun fotfed foods and supplement. It does na snclue the 2Sstreouamurie forms of tcophool (SRE. SR, SRS. and SSS-actocopber)y alk fund i ote foods and pple “As niacin eqivaleats (NE). mg of sasin = 60 mg of typopan. “Ks cetay flat equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE 1g food folie 0.5 up of fale ai rom oie food oc «supple consumed wit ood = 0g fa supplement ken ona py sete SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosporous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Forde (197) Dear Reference Intakes for Than, Rib, Nici, Ftamin B, Folate, Vitamin Bx, Pathe ded, Biotin and Choline 998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C. Vitamin E Seen, and Carotenoid (200); Ditary Reference Its for Vitamin A. amin K, Avene, Baron, Chromium, Capper. odie. ron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nike Sicon Fanadum, and ine (2001; Ditty Reference Its for Beg), Carbohydrate, Fiber, Pt, Paty Aid, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Aids (20022003) a Ditary Refrence Intakes for Calum and Yamin D (2011). Tse rept abe scene is ww apeDietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Lie Stags Vitamin A VianinC Vitamin Vania E Viamin Thiamin RibofavinNiecaViaminByFolneWwamiaiB,Penttienie Bion Choline Geo iwc (og) wld wy" uel) mc ould) oie melt) apd Guu) Acid wid) Gaeta cciiren Ty 300 1s ‘ soe ass 6 os 19 09 » 2008 say 400 15 7 st 08 yy mm 12 ¥ 280" Mate a 6 1s wr os 1 sos “ 00 0 5 15 120" 12 3 oo 2a 3 09D 18 1 Hoe a2 a foo 3a s Sy 2» 15 foe 42 1 ery » Females Siby 6s 15 ors nw 30s “* ao arse 1isy 0s 1s ast uo 12 ‘24 & ase aoe way 0038 15 oo u43 4 s foo ssoy 008 15 so uo ay 24 & Soe ase Sty MS 0 oo ‘a us oo s foe se Baoy 7s 5 15 oor «1S ove & aor sisoy aS rs 5 ora mo owe o ao Lsaton Melty 1200 ats 1s » aw "20 028 ” ast sso w930y 130 15 0 oot nob so 38 ™ ase 5508 31-50 13000 1s 9 ook 20 so__28 ™ ise 5500 ‘NOTE: This ale (ken fom te DRI por sce wav nap ads) peens Recommended Disany Alowancos (RDA) in Bold ype and Aegina (As) orinary Ope Ollwed by anata). AR RDA i the ‘erage daly dietary intake evel sient to meet the neat rouse of ney al (7-98 pteen) belt aids a prup. ls called fran Extinate Average Regine (EAR). If sufiset siete Evidence sot valabeo establish EAR, apd us calculate an RDA, an AI‘ usualy developed For hel beaten a ALS the mca intake. Tae Al fr ae le stage and pear groups ibleved a cover ‘Be needs of al ely vidal ithe groups, bt ak of data or uncer is th a preven beg able wo apes wid condcnce the pocenag of iva covered by tis eke * As stan activity oguivalens (RAE) 1 RAB ~ 1 yg etnl, 12 yg f-cateue, 24 ug a-caotene oF 24s Peryptoxathie, The RAE fr dstay provitanin A cacteooidsis two-fold eter han rio] equivalents (whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin ithe sane 8 RE "as colecelifera1 pi holecleifrol = 4010 vitamin D. Une the aston of minimal nigh “As atocpherl. Tocopherol lads RRRtacophtal the only orm of atocepherl tha occurs nally i oo, tthe 2 stereisomere forms of ioctl (RRR RSA, RAS and RSS-a-tocopera occur fried foods and suppomets. It doesnot inlude the 2Sstereasomarcfrms of a-tocopherol (SRR, SSR, SRS, and S85--ocopheo) slo found in fried foods and suplemcats. "As aac egulvalns (NE) 1 mg of hain ~ 6D mg of uyptopbar: 6-6 months = pefomme visi (oot NE ‘Ae cotay folate equivalents (DFE), I DFE 1 sp fod fae ~0 6 yg of folic asd fom fried food oa a apple consemed with fod 0.5 of supplement taken onan empty somach Ato As ane Been efor cholng, thee ae few data oases whether etary supply of shone is ended al sige thei ye and ay be that fhe chine resuitement cn De ey enderts assumed tht women wl comtinte consuming 40 fom supplement or fied food units pregnancy is confimed end hey eater prenatal cre, which oii oer afer the en ofthe prionseptonat ridin cra ime for formation te nel be SOURCES: Dietry Reference nates for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magesion. Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1991; Dietary Reference Itakes or Thiamin, Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin By, Folate Vitamin By Pacotheic Aci Bion and Choline (1998), Dietary Reference Intake for Vitamin C, Vitamin, Selena and Carteoid (2000 Diary Reference Intake for Vm , Vitamin K, Arsen Boron Chromium, Copper, lode ion Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel Sion. Vara, and Zine (201), Dietary Reference Intakes or Wate, Poatstum Sodium, Chloride and Sule (2008), sn Dietary Reference Ines for Cala ad Vitamin D (201). ‘Thee reports ny be accessed via www supeDietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Pow Sallam Chloride LifeStige Calcium Chromium Copper Fore Togie—tron Magnesium ~ Manganese Malyadenim Phosphoras Selenium Zine um Groop (id) a's) ued) mwse) (uw) ow) rw) tw) tn) (oe) es) Ow) We) Taft hirer - . #8) 1pm se ao oo ty 130 tse 2 sue 30 5 ast Le tye Sisy 13m 2st mo 0 * Loe u rasa AST tt welsy 130 3st wo on 2a toss M43 se ae 19305 1000356 so 150 * as 6 re Ho aT ge 2 Howe 35° so 180 5 ae 6 mw are ge 230 oo 30 so 8 10 * ae 6 mw ate ee 130030 oo 180, * ae 6 gS Teak Te sama “00 no sw Lot M rao aS get 1300 bee 0 10s ee ° tha 9 are ge a8 Pregnsy Telty 1300298 Loo ae mo awe aoe 0 igo kage ae 130 1000 30* 00 mo 0 dor 50 fw Te ge 20 3is0y 400030" 000 moo Doe 50 yw aT ge 38 Tetey a age 20 800 26 0 tao may sas sta NOTE: Ths ublc taken om te DRI eps, sce www sup cdu)preseus Recommended Dicury Allowances (RDA i bold type and Adeqaats Ines (As) i rly type Pllowd by an asisak (1). A RDAts the average daly diary nae lo (GAR) futon sits stag and gender groups is beleved to cover th eds fal ely vials the groups, ut ask of tar unceralny i the daa prevea being abe wo speciy wit condece the pecenage of sulin o meet the matin eguiements of ner all (97-98 perce aby individuals na rou. Iti calelated from an Estimated Average Requrement videos is ot valet establish as EAR, ad hs calculate ap KDA, an As usally developed For belay tress infans an A's the mca intake The A or we Le Sndsidals overed by tis ake SOURCES: Diary Reforence Intakes for Calc, Phosphorous Manesiam, Vitamin D, and Furie (1997): Distary Reference Intakes or Thain, Ribftavn, Niacin, Vitamin Flas, amin Bi Pantothenic de, Biotin, and Choline (1998, Dietary Reeronce Ike for Veamin Vitamin B, Seni. and Carotenoids 2000; nd Dtary Reference Inter for Vitamin, Vitamin K. Arent Baran Chrominm Copper, adn, fon Manganese, Maybonam Nickel Silicon, Vanadium and Zine (2001), Dicey Reference Intake for Water Potassium, Sada, Haid, and Slate (2005 tnd Dietary Reference hah for Calcium and Viemin (20i1), Those reports may be cessed ia we peDietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Total Total Linoleic acLinolenie Lifestege Wate Carbohydrate Tiber at Acid ‘Acid Protein’ Group id) ei) wd) _ e's) (eid) (wid) Tafants 0 t06mo 07 co" ND ait 4ae ose out 6t012mo 08* 95° ND Bor 46" ost 11.0 Children iy 13° 130 19° ND 7 on 18 ay 17 130 25" ND 10 ost 1% Males oi3y 24" 130 3% ND 12" Lae ey Wigy 33% 130 38" ND 16r Lee 32 1930y 37% 130 38" ND 17# Let 36 si-soy 37° 130 38" ND 17 Lee 36 sitoy 37° 130 30" ND dt Lee 56 >Wy 37% 130 30* ND 14 Let 36 Females Si3y 21" 130 26" ND lot Lot 4 Wisy 23+ 130 26" ND ult Lit 46 le30y 27" 130 2s" ND 12 * 46 3-S0y 27% 130 25 ND 12* Lie 46 Sitoy 27° 130 2 ND tit Lie 46 >Wy 278 130 21" ND ut Lie 46 Pregnancy iisy 30° 175 28" ND 13* Lae n 19-30y 3.0" 175 2s" ND Bt Lat 1 31-50y 3.0" 175 28" ND + iat a Lactation 1418 38" 210 29" ND Bt 13t 1 19-30y 38" 210 29" ND 13# 13 n 3150y 38° 210 29" ND__13* 13e n NOTE: This table take om the DRI reports, see www nap edu presenis Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)In bold type and Adequate Intakes (AN) in ordinary type follawed by an asterisk (*) An RDA is the average dally dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the autrent requirements of nearly all (97-98 perent healthy individuals in group tis calculated ftom en Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), I sufficient scientific evidence is aot available to establish an EAR, and thus calelats an RDA, an Al's usually developed. For healthy breastfed infans, an Als the mean intake. The A for other life stage and gender groups is believed vo caver the needs of al healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of inty inthe data prevent being able to specify with confidence the perentage of individuals covered by tis "Total water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water, ® Based on g protein per kg of body weight forthe reference body weight for adults 08 gg body weight for the reference body weight Not determined. SOURCE: Dietary Reference Inks for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acide, Cholesterol, Protein, and “Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). The Feport may be accesod vie ww wna,Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Range (percent of energy) Macronutrient Children, 1-3 Children, O18 ‘Adults Fat 30-40 25-35 20-35 1n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids" (linoleic acid) S10 S10 S10 1n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids’ (a-linolenic acid) 0.61.2 0612 06-12 Carbohydrate 45-65 45-65 Protein 10-30 10-35, * Approximately 10 percent of the total can come from long-chain n-} or n-6 fatty eid SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2008). The report may be accessed via www.nap edu, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Macronutrient Recommendation Dietary cholesterol ‘As low as possible while consuming a nubitfonally adequate diet ‘Trans fatty Acids ‘As low as possible while consuming @ nutritionally adequate diet Saturated faty acids ‘As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet ‘Added sugars" Limit to no more than 25 % of total energy “Nota recommended intake. A daly intake of added sugars that individuals should aim far to achieve a healthful dit was not set SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005). The report may be accessed via www nap.edu,Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Pano ce 1ifeStage Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamia Bitamin This gig: ‘Nitin. Vitamin Folate Vitamin thenie Bae Tine Cara Group Atuwisy _Ciowid) Dow's) emis” _K nin fivin (med Byars) uwsy Di Ao tin (6) aie Tafiis Dro6mo 600 NDF 2s ND ND ND ND OND ND xD ND xo ND ND ND Swim 60) ND 38 ND ND ND ND OND. ND ND ND ND ND ND ND citron sy su sw ND ND NDS 0 40ND ND ND 19 ND. Males Sy 17001200100 0 ND ND ND m0 © 00ND xp ND 20° ND betsy 2800100100 so ND ND ND 0 00ND ND ND 300 ND Issoy 3002007100. ND 880,000. ND xD ND 35. ND sisoy 3000-2000 100000 ND ND ND 38,0000 ND ND ND 35 ND sioioy 3000 2000 10000, ND ND NDS 100.000 ND ND ND 35° ND 703 3000 2000 100.000 ND ND ND 85100, L.000 ND ND ND 35 ND Females SIy 1001200100 ND ND ND wD « 00ND xp ND 20 ND leisy 28001300100 so ND ND ND 30 80 00ND ND ND 30 ND 1-30y 30002000 100.000 ND ND ND 8500.00 ND ND ND 35° ND sisoy 3000 200000000, ND ND ND 38,0000 ND ND ND 33° ND somy 3000, 2000 ooo) ND ND ND 3S 00000 ND ND ND 35 ND my 3000 000100) NDR 3510 00ND ND ND 35ND Pregnancy ueigy 2800800100 fo ND ND ND 80 wo x00 ND xp ND 30 ND I-30y 30002000 to) .o00 ND ND ND 3800.00, ND ND ND 35. ND srsoy 3002000100) ND ND NDS 100, 1.000 ND. No ND 35ND leisy 2800 1.800 so = ND ND ND 0 0 00ND No ND 30ND Is-soy 3000 2.000 ho = ND ND ND 35,100,000 ND ND ND 35° ND sicsoy S00 2.000 Lo ND ND ND stop ND ND. ND 35ND TNOTE: A Tolerable Upper ike Level (UL) ithe hghos level of daly mac olake ae Hkaly wo pose no ak of adver het lcs to lst al nvidia he general populaon. Uns ‘terwie specie, the UL sepesets ttl nak en food wer, and supplements Doe talc of table data, UL could not be eabied for vita Kt, bolavi, vias notes acd boi, and extol the absence of «UL, ex caon maybe warned in cocaitng levels above ecommended las. Menber ofthe gencal population should We advised ‘otto rouinsly exceed he UL. The UL shot meant o apy to individual whoa teaed with he ute under moda supervision ort Individuals with pedspoing conon tht meth Seas tote mae “he preformed vitamin A only ‘As astocophaal apie tary form of supplemental esocephers The ULs for vita ici, and flats aly osteo chained Gn supleents of fads, or combination ofthe wo, ‘p-Caotne supplements ae assed oly Serve sa povitamin A soute frida at isk of vitamin A dicen. ‘ND Not determinable de to ak of data of adverse eects in his gs group and concen wth ead to lack of abit fo hale excess amounts. Soure of nak shoul be fom foe ely to prevent ig evel of ake SOURCES: Diner Reforence aes for Cale, Phosphorous Magnes, Vitamin D, and Furie 1997): Distr Reernce Inte for Thain, Riboflavin, Niacin, amin By Flas, Vitamin Bis Panoshnc Ae, Bon and Choline (1998: Ditary Reference Intakes for Vamin C. Yuamine E Selenium and Careenods (2000: Diary Reference Intakes fr Vitamin 4 Vitamin K. Arson Bron Cronin Copper okie, ow Magar Maher itl Scon, armani (20\ a Day fren nae for Cs on ami D1). Thre epraa eDietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Phos Mare Mane Me Sok hi Lie sige Boren nome Copper Pune tome toe eM ESR ket ors Seen ze St Geo neste) fam G2 wed emo) oes oe) wa Sie foo 8S iat Tiobme MOND gm ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND DD kD OD covm SB ND ism NB ND a9 ND NB NB ND ND ND NN MN cen Tay ND 335m ND tom wats as ay ND 8 SND hoo 22S tm Samoa Mate Sony ND xD smn teisy ND SD son teow aso tw tee aN ND Booy ND 3 asm ND wooo ton 43s) dow oe NDR 3H Noo} Sp daw ND toon to tn ash 3ow ot) samt 3a Simty Nb Yom ND iow tt 4S dow) dot aR Shey Nb 3 demo ND ioomo to loo 38k ND Fens wity NO 3000 ND Smoot S008) sa ND ND a jewy ND 1 30m ND Sow towns wt aD ND 23 fay ND 22m ND toon Ton 4D dow) edt 23a hoy ND 3 2s ND toon totum as dow eat 3 fisty ND 2% Yow ND ino 19pm) dN tk aR “joy Nb 3 det ND joo 1 loo 350k NDR Teity ND 17 300 ND Rows awa dD ND Mk pany ND 2% 2s ND sooo 19k) 43k Bom $5 da ND NDR ssoy XD «3 3sm ND tomo tam aon tS NB ND 33 NX> 73a -ND komme as 80a xD OND Masa Xo 2st ND woo 1) smo 535) mo xD OND 33 NOt Sto ND tomo tokio 80am ND OND ‘NOTE: A Tolerable Upper nak Lave (UL)is the highest evel f daily uct intake hts Hly ojos no nik of adverse bel fect low all nds he general population. Uns aterwise spied te UL. opens tal tke rom fad, wae, and supplements Du os ko sable al, UL cou ot be tals for vitamin K ia, rita viaroB,paniabeie a, bon, and trond. ats ahacace of UL ext caution nny be warated in consuring vl above rectramended intakes, Menbers of the general ppultion sould be advised nto roteely enced the UL The UL ‘Snot meet o apply to savidals who af wate with he ruser oder media supervision orto aivduls With pediaposng condom tht eich semavityW the asin ‘Aloagh te UL wasnt deemed for anni, hte io jstfcalioe for adi tse ood or supe The ULs or ngnesum represent inaks fom a pharmacological agent only ad do nt sud intake fom fod and wate ‘though silicon sno ben show to cause adverse effets amen, thee fo juin fr adding econ to spleen “Attogh vanadium in fo has ot boon shown oes adr eet in rans, thee asin for adding vanadum to food and vnadiom supplements shold be wsd wth ain, The UL i base on Inver effets nabraty vial and he data eld be edo se 8 UL fr nls tat ehien snd adolescent ND Not determinable due to lack of ao averse fects nhs age roup and concern with regatoLck of ability to handle excess amounts, Source of intake shouldbe fom food only to preveat igh levels of nak SOURCES: Dictary Reference Intakes or Came. Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, ard Forde (1987); Dicary Reference intakes for Thiamin, Ribsevin,Micin, Vitamin By Folate, Vitamin By ‘Pantothenic eid, Biotin and Chole (1998); Ditary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Yamin Sle. and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference aks for Vitamin 4 Vitamin K, Artie. Bore CChromim, Copper, odie Iron Manganese. Molybdenum Nice, Silicon, Vanadium. and Zine 2001) Dietary Reference Ina: for Water, Potassum,Sodsum, Chord, and Slate (308) ab Diary ‘eference nates for Cle and Viamin (2011). These eps may be accessed via WWW pe.