✓ ◆

1 2 m! 2 q 2
L(q,q̇,t) = mq̇ e2 t ,
2 2

q̈ + 2 q̇ + ! 2 q = 0
q̈ + ! 2 q = 0
q̈ + q̇ + ! 2 q = 0
q̈ + q̇ + 2! 2 q
q̈ + q̇ + 4! 2 q = 0

✓ ◆
· 1 2 m! 2 q 2
L(q,q,t) = mq̇ e3 t ,
2 2

q̈ + 3 q̇ + ! 2 q = 0
q̈ + 13 ! 2 q = 0
q̈ + q̇ + 2! 2 q = 0
q̈ + q̇ + 3! 2 q = 0
q̈ + q̇ + 13 ! 2 q

Fr = qE mg bv.

q
m g b
t=0

qE mg b
(1 e mt )
b
qE mg 2b
(1 e mt )
2b
qE mg 3b
(1 e mt )
3b
(qE mg)
t
m
qE
b
 E

Fr = qE mg 2bv.

q
m g b
t=0

qE mg 2b
(1 e mt )
2b
qE mg b
(1 e mt )
b
qE mg 3b
(1 e mt )
3b
(qE mg)
t
m
2qE
b

4m m

4m v m

8 t
>
> ⌧ Fmax , se 0  t  ⌧,
>
>
<
t
F (t) = (2 ⌧ )Fmax , ⌧ < t  2⌧,
>
>
>
>
:
0, se t > 2⌧,

t=0
Fmax
mv
4
⌧
mv
3
⌧
mv
⌧
0
1
 3m 2m

3m v 2m

8 t
>
> ⌧ Fmax , se 0  t  ⌧,
>
>
<
t
F (t) = (2 ⌧ )Fmax , ⌧ < t  2⌧,
>
>
>
>
:
0, se t > 2⌧,

t=0
Fmax
mv
3
⌧
mv
4
⌧
mv
⌧
0
1

F~ (x,y) = 20bx3 y 2~i 10bx4 y ~j,

r ⇥ F~ = 0 F~ U (x,y) = 5bx4 y 2 + K
K
r ⇥ F~ = 0
(x,y) = (0,0)
r ⇥ F~ =
6 0
~
r⇥F = 0 F~ U (x,y) = 10bx4 y 2 + bx3 y 2 + K
K

F~ (x,y) = 3ax2 y~i ax3 ~j,

a

r ⇥ F~ = 0 F~ U (x,y) = ax3 y + K K

r ⇥ F~ = 0
(x,y) = (0,0)
r ⇥ F~ =
6 0
r ⇥ F~ = 0 F~ U (x,y) = 3ax3 y + ax3 y + K
K
 k
m R x

r
mRg
x= 5
k
r
mRg
x=
k
r
mRg
x= 2
k
r
5 mRg
x=
2 k
r
1 mRg
x=
2 k
 k
m R
x
g
k

mRg
k=5
x2
mRg
k =
x2
mRg
k =2
x2
5 mRg
k =
2 x2
1 mRg
k =
2 x2
 M l
O

r
M gl
v=
m 3
r
M gl
v=
m 6
r
M gl
v=
m 9
r
M 4gl
v=
m 3
r
M 4gl
v=
m 6
 M
l O

v
m/M

r
m gl
=
M 3v 2
r
m gl
=
M 6v 2
r
m gl
=
M 9v 2
r
m 4gl
=
M 3v 2
r
m 4gl
=
M 6v 2
xi mi
m2

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

m1 m2 m3 m4

k2 k3
ẍ2 + (x2 x1 ) + (x2 x3 ) = 0
m2 m2
k2 k3
ẍ2 + (x2 + x1 ) + (x2 + x3 ) = 0
m2 m2
k3 k2
ẍ2 + (x2 x1 ) + (x2 x3 ) = 0
m2 m2
k2 k3
ẍ2 (x2 x1 ) (x2 x3 ) = 0
m2 m2
k2 + k3
ẍ2 + x2 = 0
m2
xi mi
m3

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

m1 m2 m3 m4

k3 k4
ẍ3 + (x3 x2 ) + (x3 x4 ) = 0
m3 m3
k3 k4
ẍ3 + (x3 + x2 ) + (x3 + x4 ) = 0
m3 m3
k4 k3
ẍ3 + (x3 x2 ) + (x3 x4 ) = 0
m3 m3
k3 k4
ẍ3 (x3 x2 ) (x3 x4 ) = 0
m3 m3
k3 + k4
ẍ3 + x3 = 0
m3

q
R d⌧R U

q2 d
U=
2⇡✏0 R2
q2 d
U=
⇡✏0 R2
q2
U=
⇡✏0 R
q2 R
U=
4✏0 d2
q 2 R2
U=
2⇡✏0 d3
 q
R d⌧R
u

q2
u=
2✏0 ⇡ 2 R4
q2
u=
4✏0 ⇡ 2 R4
q2
u=
2✏0 ⇡R4
q2 d
u=
2✏0 ⇡ 2 R5
q2 d
u=
4✏0 R5

R q
!

µ0 !q
B=
4⇡R
µ0 !q
B=
2⇡R
2⇡µ0 !q
B=
R
4⇡µ0 !q
B=
R
2µ0 !q
B=
⇡R

D q
!

µ0 !q
B=
2⇡D
µ0 !q
B=
⇡D
2⇡µ0 !q
B=
D
4⇡µ0 !q
B=
D
4µ0 !q
B=
⇡D

n
i = i0 cos(!t) A
E

E = A!µ0 i0 n sin(!t)
E = A!µ0 i0 n cos(!t)
E= A!µ0 i0 n sin2 (!t)
E= A!µ0 i0 n2 cos(!t)
E = A!µ0 i0 n cos2 (!t)
 n
i = i0 sin(!t) A
E

E= A!µ0 i0 n cos(!t)
E = A!µ0 i0 n sin(!t)
E = A!µ0 i0 n sin2 (!t)
E= A!µ0 i0 n2 cos(!t)
E= A!µ0 i0 n cos2 (!t)

⇥ ⇤
~ = B0 e
B ↵x
cos(ky !t)x̂ + e ↵x
sin(ky !t)ŷ + 3e ↵y
cos(kx !t)ẑ .

↵ k

↵=k
↵ = 2⇡k
↵ = k ln 2
↵ = 2⇡k ln 2
↵ = k/2⇡

⇥ ⇤
~ = B0 e
B ↵x
cos(ky !t)x̂ + 2e ↵x
sin(ky !t)ŷ + 3e ↵y
cos(kx !t)ẑ .

↵ k

↵ = 2k
↵ = 2⇡k
↵ = k ln 2
↵ = 2⇡k ln 2
↵ = k/2⇡
 1 2

R C
L
V

C t=0

t>0 I L

0
t

0
t

0
t

0
t

0
t
 1 2

R C
L
V

C t=0
Q
t>0

0
t

0
t

0
t

0
t

0
t
 R

v B v

D0

R
D0 B
t=0
v

✓ ◆
2vt
Bv D0
⇡
✓ ◆
Bv vt
D0 +
2 ⇡
Bv
D0
2
BvD0
⇡Bv
D0
2
 R

v B v

D0

R
D0 B
t=0
v

✓ ◆
Bv 2vt
D0
R ⇡
✓ ◆
Bv vt
D0 +
2R ⇡
Bv
D0
2R
Bv
D0
R
⇡Bv
D0
2R

~
E(t) =
t/⌧
E0 e êz êz E0 > 0 ⌧ > 0

✏0 ⇢ 2 2t/⌧
E e ê⇢
2⌧ 0
✏0 ⇢ 2 2t/⌧
E e ê'
2⌧ 0
✏0 2 2t/⌧
E e êz
2 0
✏0 2 2t/⌧
E e ê'
2 0
0
 ~
E(t) =
E0 cos (!t) êz êz E0 > 0
!>0
1
✏0 !⇢E02 sin (!t) cos (!t) ê⇢
2
1
✏0 !⇢E02 sin2 (!t) ê'
2
1
✏0 E02 cos2 (!t) ê'
2
1
✏0 E02 sin2 (!t) êz
2
0

~ = E0 x̂
E
~ = B0 ẑ
B E0 > 0 B0 > 0

xy

1 2 3 4 5

y
x

6
 ~ = E0 ŷ
E
~ = B0 ẑ
B E0 > 0 B0 > 0

xy

1 5 6

y
2
x

400
2,00 ⇥ 104
3
125
 400
2,00 ⇥ 104
3
125

P0 , V0 T0
P0 /3
 P0 , V0 T0
P0 /3

⇢ V0
T > 0
cB

P
⇢cB
⇢cB
P
⇢cB
3
P⇢
cB T
P
⇢cB T
 ⇢ V0
T > 0
cB

⇢cB
P
P
⇢cB
⇢cB
3
cB T
P⇢
⇢cB T
P

P0 V0
4P0
R

1,5R ln(4)
2,5R ln(2)
3,5R ln(4)
4,0R
2,5R

P0 V0
2P0
R

1,5R ln(2)
2,5R ln(2)
3,5R ln(4)
4,0R
1,5R

S
(3c/5,0,0) S0 (u,0,0)
S

u = c/3
u= c/3
u=c
u = 3c/10
u= 3c/10
 S (4c/5,0,0)
S0 (u,0,0)
S

u = c/2
u= c/2
u=c
u = 4c/10
u= 4c/10

50

h/mc = 2,4 m

30
27
24
21
18

60

h/mc = 2,4 m

25
28
22
31
19

R = 2RS RS

TS
TS
T =p
2
p
T = 2TS
TS
T =
4
T = 4TS
T = TS
 T = 2TS TS

RS
RS
R=
4
R = 4RS
RS
R= p
2
p
R = 2RS
R = RS

3
3,29 ⇥ 10 s

13
1,00 ⇥ 10 eV
14
4,00 ⇥ 10 eV
12
6,28 ⇥ 10 eV
15
3,14 ⇥ 10 eV
11
5,00 ⇥ 10 eV

3
13,2 ⇥ 10 s

13
0,25 ⇥ 10 eV
14
2,00 ⇥ 10 eV
12
1,57 ⇥ 10 eV
15
0,79 ⇥ 10 eV
11
0,13 ⇥ 10 eV

3c/5 x
x=0
x = 18000

4c/5 x
x=0
x = 18000
 M

v = 4c/5 M

v = 3c/5 M

En
n = 1,2,3, . . . E1 < E 2 < E 3 < . . . n (x)
x1 x2

1 (x1 ) 1 (x2 )

1 (x1 ) 2 (x2 )

1
p [ 1 (x1 ) 2 (x2 ) + 2 (x1 ) 1 (x2 )].
2
 En
n = 1,2,3, . . . E1 < E 2 < E 3 < . . . n (x)
x1 x2

1 (x1 ) 1 (x2 )

1 (x1 ) 2 (x2 )

1
p [ 1 (x1 ) 2 (x2 ) + 2 (x1 ) 1 (x2 )].
2

⌦ ↵
J J 2 = 15~2 /4
 ⌦ ↵ J
J 2 = 15~2 /4

| i = cos ✓|+i + sen ✓| i |+i

| i Ŝz z
+~/2 ~/2 ~/2
y z

cos2 ✓
sin2 ✓
1/2 + sin ✓ cos ✓

| i = cos ✓|+i + sin ✓| i |+i

| i Ŝz z
+~/2 ~/2 ~/2
x z

cos2 ✓
sin2 ✓
1/2 + sin ✓ cos ✓
 En n

1 t = 0

p1 ( 1 + 2) t=0
2

t = 0 p1 ( 2 + 3)
2
p1 ( 1 4)
2

En n

1 t = 0

p1 ( 1 + 2) t=0
2

t = 0 p1 ( 1 4)
2
p1 ( 2 + 3)
2
 Jˆ

Ĥ = ↵(Jˆx2 + Jˆy2 ) + Jˆz2 ,

Jˆx Jˆy Jˆz ↵

>↵ Jˆ2 Jˆz {|j,mi}
j(j + 1)~2 m~

⇥ ⇤
↵j (j + 1) + ( ↵) m2 ~2

Jˆx

Jˆx Jˆz

Jˆ

Ĥ = ↵(Jˆx2 + Jˆy2 ) + Jˆz2 ,

Jˆx Jˆy Jˆz ↵

>↵ Jˆ2 Jˆz {|j,mi}
j(j + 1)~2 m~

⇥ ⇤
↵j (j + 1) + ( ↵) m2 ~2

Jˆx |j,mi

Jˆ2 Jˆz
 |u1 i , |u2 i , |u3 i Ĥ
 B̂
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Ĥ = ~!0 @0 2 0A , Â = a @0 0 1A , B̂ = b @1 0 0A ,
0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1

!0 a b t=0
| (0)i = p12 |u1 i + 1
2 |u2 i + 1
2 |u3 i

t=0 ~!0 2~!0

Â
t=0 a a
B̂
t=0 b b
t > 0 | (t)i =
p1 i!0 t
|u1 i + 1 i2!0 t
|u2 i + 1 i!0 t
|u3 i
2 2 2

t>0
t=0

|u1 i , |u2 i , |u3 i Ĥ

 B̂
0 1 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Ĥ = ~!0 @0 2 0A , Â = a @1 0 0A , B̂ = b @0 0 1A ,
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

!0 a b t = 0
| (0)i = p12 |u1 i + 1
2 |u2 i + 1
2 |u3 i

t=0 ~!0
2~!0
Â
t=0 a a
B̂
t=0 b b
t > 0 | (t)i =
p1 i!0 t
|u1 i + 1 i2!0 t
|u2 i + 1 2i!0 t
|u3 i
2 2 2

t>0
t=0
 =0 x0 x 5 x

2x4

13/16
17/64
25/64
3/8
p
5/8

=0 x0 x 5 x

1x3

5/16
13/64
9/64
5/8
p
3/8
 1
(✓,') = p [3Y42 (✓,') Y62 (✓,') + Y31 (✓,') 2Y10 (✓,')] ,
15
Ylm (✓,') ✓ '
l m
z
m=2

2/3
3/5
7/15
1/3
0

1
(✓,') = p [4Y42 (✓,') 2Y62 (✓,') + Y31 (✓,') 2Y10 (✓,')] ,
25
Ylm (✓,') ✓ '
l m
z
m=2

4/5
16/25
12/25
1/5
0

E0
n=2

E0 /8
E0
E0 /2
4E0
8E0
 E0
n=3

E0 /18
E0 /3
E0
9E0
18E0

✓ ◆
† 1
Ĥ = a a+ ~!,
2

! a
r r
m! 1
a= x̂ i p̂,
2~ 2m!~

a† x̂ p̂
a† a |ni a† a |ni = n |ni
t=0
1
| (0)i = p (|0i + |1i) ,
2
hx̂ (t)i ⌘ h (t)| x̂ | (t)i
r
~
cos (!t)
2m!
r
~
sin (!t)
2m!
r
~ 3
cos 2 !t
2m!
r
~
sin 32 !t
2m!
r
~
2 cos (!t)
2m!
 ✓ ◆
† 1
Ĥ = a a+ ~!,
2

! a
r r
m! 1
a= x̂ i p̂,
2~ 2m!~

a† x̂ p̂
a† a |ni a† a |ni = n |ni
t=0
1
| (0)i = p (|0i + |1i) ,
2
hp̂ (t)i ⌘ h (t)| p̂ | (t)i
r
m!~
sin (!t)
2
r
m!~
cos (!t)
2
r
m!~ 3
sin 2 !t
2
r
m!~
cos 32 !t
2
r
m!~
2 sin (!t)
2

N
T = 1/kB T
Sz = 0 +1 1 0 ✏ µH ✏ + µH
µ H
m(T,H,µ)

2µ sinh( µH)
m(T,H,µ) = ✏
e + 2 cosh( µH)
2µ sinh( µH)
m(T,H,µ) = ✏
e 2 cosh( µH)
2µ cosh( µH)
m(T,H,µ) = ✏
e 2 sinh( µH)
m(T,H,µ) = µ tanh( µH)
✏
m(T,H,µ) = µe tanh( µH)
 N
T = 1/kB T
Sz = 0 +1 1 0 ✏ µH ✏ + µH
µ H
u(T,H,µ)
✏
2e [✏ cosh( µH) µH sinh( µH)]
u(T,H,µ) =
1 + 2e ✏ cosh µH
✏
2e
[✏ sinh( µH) µH cosh( µH)]
u(T,H,µ) =
1 + 2e ✏ sinh µH
2✏ cosh( µH)
u(T,H,µ) = ✏
e + 2 cosh µH
u(T,H,µ) = µH tanh( µH)
✏
u(T,H,µ) = µHe tanh( µH)

T = 1/kB T

En = ✓n2 , n = 1,2,3,...,

✓>0 u( ,✓)
✓ 1
3 ✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 + 3e )
3 ✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 3e )
✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 + e )
✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 e )
u( ,✓) = 1/

T = 1/kB T

En = ✓n3 , n = 1,2,3,...,

✓>0 u( ,✓)
✓ 1
7 ✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 + 7e )
7 ✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 7e )
✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 + e )
✓
u( ,✓) = ✓(1 e )
u( ,✓) = 1/
 A B
V
NA A NB B
T
1 2
H= (p + p2y + p2z ).
2m x

U = 32 (NA + NB )kB T
3 NA NB
U= kB T
2 NA + NB
U = 32 (NA NB )kB T
3
U= (NA + NB )kB T
2V
U = (NA + NB )kB T

A B NA
A NB B
T

1 2 m!i2 2
H= (px + p2y + p2z ) + (x + y 2 + z 2 ),
2m 2
!i = !A !i = !B A B

U = 3(NA + NB )kB T
NA NB
U =3 kB T
NA + NB
U = 32 (NA NB )kB T
U = (NA + NB )kB T
U = 12 (NA + NB )kB T

!
T ( = 1/kB T )

En = ~!n, n = 0,1,2, . . . .
~!
x=e
4~!

(En1 +En2 )
n1 n2 Pn1 ,n2 = e /⇣ 2 ⇣ = 1 + x + x2 + ... = 1/(1 x)

(1 x)2 (1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 )

(1 x)2 (1 + 2x + 3x2 )
(1 x)2 (1 + x + x2 + x3 )
5x4 (1 x)2
4x3 (1 x)2
 !
T ( = 1/kB T )

En = ~!n, n = 0,1,2, . . . .
~!
x=e
3~!

(En1 +En2 +En3 )

n1 n2 n3 Pn1 ,n2 ,n3 = e /⇣ 3 ⇣ = 1 + x + x2 + ... = 1/(1 x)

(1 x)3 (1 + 3x + 3x2 )
(1 x)3 (1 + x + x2 )
(1 x)3 (1 + 2x + 2x2 )
3x(1 x)3
3x2 (1 x)3