  treatment pulmonary embolism 

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Risk factors for bleeding with anticoagulant therapy and estimated risk of major
bleeding in low, moderate, and high risk categories

Risk factors*

Age >65 years

Age >75 years
Previous bleeding
Cancer
Metastatic cancer
Renal failure
Liver failure
Thrombocytopenia
Previous stroke
Diabetes
Anemia
Antiplatelet therapy
Poor anticoagulant control
Comorbidity and reduced functional capacity
Recent surgery ¶
Frequent falls
Alcohol abuse

Estimated absolute risk of major bleeding (%)

Categorization Low risk ◊ Moderate risk ◊ High risk ◊

of risk of bleeding Δ (0 risk factors) (1 risk factor) (≥2 risk factors)

Anticoagulation 0 to 3 months §

Baseline risk (%) 0.6 1.2 4.8

Increased risk (%) 1 2 8

Total risk (%) 1.6 § 3.2 12.8 ¥

Anticoagulation after first 3 months ‡

Baseline risk (%/years) 0.3 † 0.6 ≥2.5

Increased risk 0.5 1 ≥4

(%/years)

Total risk (%/years) 0.8** 1.6** ≥6.5

GI: gastrointestinal; UFH: unfractionated heparin; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; VKA: vitamin K-dependent
antagonist (ie, warfarin); VTE: venous thromboembolism.

* The increase in bleeding associated with a risk factor will vary with (1) severity of the risk factor (eg, location and
extent of metastatic disease, platelet count), (2) temporal relationships (eg, interval from surgery or a previous
bleeding episode), and (3) how effectively a previous cause of bleeding was corrected (eg, upper-GI bleeding).