CHAPTER 14 Transformation and similarity Inthis chapter you will learn how to: ® carry out reflections, rotations, translations and enlargements © use combinations of these transformations ind missing lengths in 2-D problems using similarity «find areas and volumes of similar shapes. You will also be challenged to: ® investigate geometrical definitions. Starter: Monkey business [Nine monkeys have fallen out of their tree. They a a BAK se Y Sf Pick out the monkeys that are nat the same shape and size as the rest. Are there any other differences? 24714.1 Reflections Many objects in mathematics possess mirror symmetry, or reflection symmetry. 2-D objects will have « mirror line, and this will divide the object into two matching halves, one being a mitror image of the other. The matching halvesare congruent, ic. exactly the same shape and size. ‘You can make a symmetric 2-D shape by reflecting a given shape ina mirror line. This is usually done using a squared coordinate grid. The mirror line ‘may then be described by a simple linear equation. The mirror line might be cee a eae ees EXAMPLE alee aed mages Dao : I k ‘ oy 3g 6 of SOLUTION 3 : i a 2 + 6 ae Questions with a diagonal mirror line can be more difficult to visualise. thes if you rotate your book so that the mirror line is verticalEXAMPLE ‘The diagram shows a triangle P, The triangle has been releeted in a mirror line to form an image Q. a) Draw the mirror line on the diagram, 1b). Write dovn the equation of the mior line. SOLUTION See ; | ; a : Peat 1b) The mirror line has equation y =x +1 EXERCISE 14.1 In questions 1 to 4, draw the reflection of the given shape in the mirror line indicated. Label dhe mirror line with its equation in each ease. 249oy F @ 4% 8) Draw the miror line that has been used for the reflection. 1b). Write dowa the equation of the mierr line.6 The diagram shows a triangle § and its image T after a reflection, - 8) Draw the mirror line that has been used forthe reflection, 'b) Write down the equation ofthe mirror line. 7 The diagram shows a letter L shape, labelled X. The shape is to be reflected in a mirror line. Part ofthe refletion has been drawn on the diagram. “6 3 OSU a) Complete the drawing to shown the image. Label it ¥. 'b) Mark the mirror line, and give its equation, 2518 The diagram shows six triangles A, B,C, D, Eand F. The six triangles are all congruent to each other. 1) Explain the meaning ofthe word congruent b) Triangle A can be reflected to triangle F. State the equation ofthe mirror line that achieves this. (©) Triangle C is reflected to another triangle using a mirror line x Which one? 4) Triangle D can be reflected to triangle B using a mitror line Give the equation ofthis line. ©) Triangle D can be reflected to triangle E using a mitror tne Give the equation ofthis tne. 9 A triangle T is reflected ina mirror line, to form an image, triangle U. ‘Then triangle U is reflected in the same mirror line, to form an image, triangle V. What ean you deduce about triangle T and triangle V? 14.2 Rotations ‘A mathematical object may be turned 1 face ina different direction, while remaining the same shape and siz: this is known as rotation, An imaginary Point acts asa pivot forthe rotation: this isthe centre of rotation. You must remember to specify the sizeof the tur or angle of rotation, and whether itis clockwise or anticlockwise as well as specifying the centre of rotation. Positive and negative angles may be used instead of ‘clockwise" and ‘anticlockwise’ to specify the direction of rotation. * Rotate through ~270° means rotate 270° clockwise. |f'you find rotations difficult to visualise ask your teacher for some tracing paper. (This is also permitted in the IGCSE examination.)EXAMPLE ‘The diagram shows a rectangle labelled S. 8) Rotate shape $ through 90° clockwise, about the origin O. Label the resulting shape T. 1b) Now rotate the shape T through 180° about O, Label the resulting shape U. ©) Deseribe a single rotation that would take § direetly to U. SOLUTION > Imagine a ray from the centre (O) to-a comer *) __of the shape S. Rotate this ray to find the new position for the commer. Repeat as necessary, 253» ¥ | . , 1 ‘The direction of this iS t second rotation was 4 not specified in the ‘question because 180° ; s clockwise and 180° anticlockwise are ‘exactly the same, ©) U can be obtained directly from S by 2 90° rotation anticlockwise about O. Rotations are often performed withthe point (0, 0), called the origin O, as the centre of rotation, but they ean be done about other centres. EXAMPLE ‘The diagram shows a triangle M drawn on a grid. Rotate the triangle M through 90° anticlockwise about the point P (1, 0), Label this new triangle N.SOLUTION EXERCISE 14.2 Each ofthese questions requires @ coordinate grid in which x and y can range from ~8 108, 1. Rotate the trapezium shape 90° clockwise, about O. ® | 2 Rotate the shape 180°, about 0. ® 2553) Rotate the triangle T1 90° anticlockwise about 0. Label the result T2. bb) Rotate T2 180° about 0. Label the result 3, ©) Deseribe the single rotation that takes T| directly to T3. o 4) Rotate shape A 90° anticlockwise about (1, 0) Label the result B. bb) Rotate shape B 180° about (0, 0) Label the result C, ©) Deseribe carefully the single rotation that takes shape C to shape A. ya 6 8% 5 a) Rotate shape U 90° anticlockwise about point P (0, 1) 'b) Rotate shape V 90° clockwise about point Q (—1, ~1).6 a) Rotate the triangle -90° about (1, 1 'b) Now rotate both the new triangle and the original one 180° about | 7 The diggram shows an object A and its image B after a rotation. a) Write down the size and direction ofthe angle of rotation. bb) Write down the coordinates ofthe centre of rotation you reflect Tyou rotate ‘a shape and then reflect it again, fa shape and then rotate it the result is equivalent 16 again, the result is single reflection, equivalent to a single rotation Tm aftaid only ‘one of you is right, Who is right, and who is wrong? 28714.3 Combining transformations ‘There are three important geometrie transformations that preserve congruence, ‘meaning that they do not change the shape or size ofan object. These transformations are reflection, rotation and translation, ‘A translation consists simply of sliding an object lefvright andlor up/down, You specify a translation by stating how far the objec is to be moved in each of the.x and y directions, anditcan be written as two numbers ina column vector. For example, () indicates a translation of 5 units to the right and two units up. (2) nies tit Oi tiwn (2) nti oui and i don Inte IGE exanintn you maybe gi combine no transformations, Transformations are said to map one shape to another, that i, ‘tum one shape into the ther, EXAMPLE a) Reflect the given triangle T1 in the line x = ~4, and label the result T2 »b) Reflect 2 in the linex = 1, and label the result T3. ©) What single transformation maps T! directly to T3? SOLUTION a“os ow 2 OU ©) TB is 10 units to the right of TL, so the transformation that maps TI to T3 is translation | or '‘) 0 EXERCISE 14.3 18) Transat triangle A by the vestor(*) Label the image B 1) Translate triangle B bythe veto ( Label the image C 2) Tet wing vese cmon 6) Deer hs oa at 1 0 < Scale fector <1 EXAMPLE ‘The diagram shows a letter F shape and two points, P and Q. [ I | @ | PLL [ 2 Enlarge the leter Fy sale factor? sing P asthe centre of enlargement 1) Enlarge the eter by scale ctor using Q asthe centre of enlargementSOLUTION a) (The fina Fis ot the seme size the original, othe two shapes are not congruent, but they ae the Same shape. The two shapes are A “sido Be mathemati sila Draw rays from P to each comer ofthe original F shape. ‘Then extend these rays so they are twice ther original Tength (factor is 2), ‘The rays will locate the comers ofthe enlarged shape. Again, draw rays, from Q to each comer ofthe orignal F shape, “Ten proceed only half way slong the rays (Actors), wo locate the comers of the “enlarged” shape (which is actually smaller than the oii). 263EXERCISE 14.4 11 The diagram shows a shape A. '8) Make a copy ofthis diagram on squared paper, (to 20 and from 0 to LS. Which x ean un fom by Enlarge shape A by scale factor 2, centre P. Label the new shape B, ‘©) Enlarge shape A by scale factor 3, centre P. Label the new shape C. 4d) Are shapes B and C congruent? Are they similar? 2 The diagram shows a triangle, and a centre of enlargement, P '8) Make a copy ofthis diagram on squared paper in which x ean run from Sto 1S and y from ~10 to 10. 'b) Enlarge the shape by scale factor 25, centre P.2. The diagram showsa shae, A, and two cntesP and Q marked with crosses. 2), Make copy ofthis agra on squared pape, in which can ran from Sto 10 andy fom Oto 10. 'b) Enlarge shape A, with scale factor 2, centre P. Label the result B. 6 Enlarge shape B, wth scale factor cere Q. Label he esl @) Ate shapes A and B congrent? Are they similar? 6) Are shapes A ad C congruent? 48) State the scale factor forthe enlargement, bb) Obiain the coordinates of the contre of enlargement.14.5 Similar shapes and solids Iftwo objects are similar, then they are exactly the same shape, but one of them in enlargement ofthe other. If the seale factors n, then: + corresponding lengths are inthe ratio 9 + corresponding areas ar inthe ratio 1: 02 * corresponding volumes ae in the ratio 1 EXAMPLE Inthe diagram, AB and CD are parallel % sem 2 AB = Gem, CD = 10m, AE = 3.6 cm and CE = 7 em, 8) Explain carefully why triangles AEB and DEC are similar. asa 'b) Calculate the length BE. ©) Work out the length DE. g SOLUTION te, a) Angles ABE and DCE are equal (alternate angles) ‘Angles BAE and CDE ate equal (altemate angles). ‘Angles AEB and DEC ate equal (vertically opposite). ‘Thus both triangles contain exactly the same angles, so they must be similar. 1b) Redraving the similar triangles so that they are the same way up ¢ Tosa > E E 36m ao am he é Too > ‘Then, by comparing corresponding sides: ‘BE _ 6 7 Thus, eross-m 7 ©) Likewise: 10 BE DE _ 10 10% BE= ee Thos, eross-mul 6x DE 6x DE = 36 DE= DEEXAMPLE ‘The diagram shows two solid cones. They are mathematically similar. ; em ‘The smaller cone has a curved surface area of 64 em. a) Work out the curved surface area ofthe larger cone. “The two cones are made of the same material. The larger cone has a mass of 1080 grams. 1b) Work out the mass of the smaller cone. SOLUTION ‘The scale factor is 9+ 4) Area of larger cone = 64 X (1.52) = Mom’ b) Mass of smaller cone = 1080 + (1.5°) 320 grams EXERCISE 14.5 1 The diagram shows two rectangles. They are mathematically similar. sem sem Tam 8) Work out the lenath of the larger rectangle. 'b)_ Work out the ratio ofthe perimeters of the rectangles, inthe Form I: ©) Find the ratio ofthe areas ofthe rectangles. 2672 The diagram shows two similar triangles. The smaller triangle has an area of 24 em? ALS Trem Work out the area ofthe larger triangle. 13 The diagram shows two solid cylinders. They are similar. Both cylinders are made ofthe same materia. Bem ‘The larger cylinder has a mass of 40 kg, Work out the mass of the smaller eylinder. 4 The diagram shows five points, P, Q, R, 8, T. The line segments PQ and RS are parallel. ® 9 om Sem Ke Tem ‘ 8) Work out the length RT. Hence find the length RQ. 1b) Calculate the length PO. 5 HMS Cumberland is a Type 22 frigate. ‘This ship has a length of 148 metres and a mass of $300 tonnes. ‘A marine architect is thinking of designing a larger version of HMS Cumberland. ‘The new ship would be mathematically similar tothe original one, but 25% larger in all dimensions. 8) Calculate the length ofthe new ship design. “The new ship is to be built using the same materials asthe original one. bb) Calculate the mass ofthe new ship.6 The diagram shows five points, J, K, L, M and N. The line segments JK and MN are parallel 1 13cm K a Sow 4 Caleulate the lengths + andy. 7A garden centre ells two similar statues, ‘The smaller one is 30 cm tall and weighs 5.5 kg. “The larger one is 40 cm tall, Work out its weight. Ragen 1h A. eI Sane, ‘em, PS = 4.em, QR = 10 em, ST = 18 em. R ten oem P 2 s Thom r a) Explain fully why wiangles RPQ and RST ace similar b) Work out the length PQ. (©) Work out the length RT. 9 A model aircraft is j of full size. 1) The real aircraft is 6.56 metres long. How long isthe model? 1b) The model has @ wing area of 0.925 nv, Find the wing atea ofthe real aireral 10 Two chocolate bars are mathematically similar. They weigh 250 grams and $00 grams respectively. ‘The 250 gram bar is 12 em long. Caleulate the length of the 500 gram bar 289REVIEW EXERCISE 14 1 Cylinder A and cylinder B are mathematically similar. 2D ‘The length of eylinder A is 4 cm and the length of cylinder B is 6 em. ‘The volume of eylinder A is 80 cm’ Calculate the volume of eylinder B. [ledexeel] 2 8) Ona copy of the grid, rotate triangle A 180° about O. Label your new triangle B. by On the grid, enlarge triangle A by scale factor 3 centre O. Label your new triangle C. [edexeel] 13 Shape A is enlarged by scale factor 2to obtain shape B. Shape B is then enlarged by scale factor 3 to ‘obiain shape C. State the single scale factor that would transform shape A to shape C. 4 Two cuboids are mathematically similar. The smaller one has a shortest edge of Sem, and its surface area is 400 cm. The larger one has a shortest edge of 8 em, Find the surface area ofthe larger euboid, 5 Enlarge the shaded triangle by a scale factor 13, centre P. » [Fdeveel]Sa SQqo Tisaas Shape A is rotated 90° anticlockwise, centre (0, 1, o shape B. Shape Bis rotated 90° anticlockwise, cente (0, 1), 10 shape C. Shape C is rotated 90° anticlockwise, eente (0, 1), shape D. 2) Mark the position of shape D. b) Describe the single transformation that maps shape Cto shape A. 7 Triangle B is a reflection of triangle A. Ue gfe Sao s tse i ae a) (9 Ona copy of the grid, draw the minror line for this refleetion, (i) Write down the equation of the mirror line. bb) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle C. I as a) Describe filly the single transformation which maps shape A onto shape B. 'b) Deseribe fully the single transformation which maps shape A onto shape C. [edexcet] [Hedexcet] [Edexcel] an10 nN om p sen ¢ > AB is parallel to CD. ‘The lines AD and BC intersect at point ©. AB = Il em, AO = 8m, OD = 6em, Calculate the length of CD. » 1" 16 iit seTho Diagram nr ssc) dese [Rave Shape A is shown on the grid. Shape A is enlarged, centre (0, 0), to obtain shape B, ‘One side of shape B has been drawn for you, a) Write down the scale factor ofthe enlargement b) Ona copy of the grid, complete shape B. ‘The shape A ©) On the grid, draw shape C. ‘enlarged by scale factor }, centre (5, 16) to give the shape C. [Edexcel]11 Martin and Nina have made sandeastles on the beach. Martin's is exactly the same shape as Nina's, but is larger in each dimension. Nina's sandeastle is 24 cm high. It took 12 buckets of sand to make, Martin's sandcastle is 30 em high. ‘Work out the number of buckets of sand that Martin needed to make his sandcastle. 2 a Inthe tangle ADE, BC is parallel to DE. AB = 8 em, AC = Sem, BD = 4em, BC a) Work out the length of DE. ) Work out the length of CE. [dexect] 13 A sheet of drawing paper is mathematically similar to a sheet of AS paper. A sheet of AS paper isa rectangle 210 mm long and 148 mm wide. The sheet of drawing paper is 450 mm long. ‘Caleulate the width ofthe shect of drawing paper. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. ZN nara > “4 é BBE is parallel to CD, ABC and AED are straight lines. AB = 4 em, BC = 6 em, BE = Som, AE =4.8 em, a) Calculate te length of CD. bb) Calculate the length of ED. [edexcet] 273Key points 274 reflection is specified by a mirror line. ‘rotation is specified by a centre of rotation, an angle of rotation, and a direction (clockwise or anticlockwise.) [translation can be expressed in vector form, e.g. Q) means 2 to the right and 3 up. ‘Two shapes are congruent if they are exactly the same shape and size. Reflections, rotations and translations all preserve congruence. ‘An enlargement is specified by a centre of enlargement and a scele factor. Scale factors larger than 1 actually make the image larger, while scale factors between 0 and 1 cause the image to be reduced so itis smallerin size than the original Enlargements do not normally preserve congruence. The object and its image wil, however, be mathematically similar, ie. the same shape. When solid objects are enlarged by a scale factor, their perimeters increase by the ‘same ratio, Areas increase according to the square of the scale factor, and volumes by its cube.