UNIT-II

ENERGY MANAGEMENT & USE

OF FOSSIL FUEL
 • "Energy management" is a term
that has several meanings, but
ENERGY we're mainly concerned with the
MANAGEMENT one that relates to saving energy in
businesses, public sector/
government organizations, and
homes.
• It is the process of monitoring,
controlling, and conserving energy
in a building or organization.
 Meaning
Energy management includes
planning and operation of
energy-related production and
consumption.
"The strategy of adjusting and
optimizing energy, using systems
and procedures so as to reduce
energy requirements per unit of
output while holding constant or
reducing total cost of producing
the output from these systems"
Classification of Sources of
Energy

Based on Usability of energy:

• Primary Sources – Coal, Natural gas, Oil,

Nuclear energy.
• Secondary sources - Sun, Wind, Water (tides),
etc.

Based on Commercial Application:

• Commercial sources - the fossil fuels (coal, oil

and natural gas), hydro-electric power and
nuclear power
• Non-commercial sources- it include wood,
animal waste and agricultural wastes
Classification of Sources of
Energy

Based on traditional Use:

• Conventional sources- Fossil fuel energy,

Coal, Petroleum, natural gas, nuclear
energy
• Non-Conventional sources- Solar, wind,
tidal, geothermal energy, biomass

Based on Long-Term Availability

• Renewable resources
• Non-renewable resources
 Renewable
Resources

• Renewable
resources are
those resources
that can be
replenished or
renewed
naturally over
time.

2/10/2023 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 6

Some Renewable • Solar Energy
Sources of Energy • Hydro-Energy
are
• Wind Energy
2/10/2023 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 7
 • Tidal Energy
Some
Renewable Sources • Biomass Energy
of Energy are • Geothermal Energy

2/10/2023 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 8

 Non-
Renewable
Resources
• Natural resources
that are available in
limited quantity.
• These resources
cannot be renewed
or replenished in
short duration.
• They are also known
as exhaustible
resources.

2/10/2023 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 9

 Fossil fuel-
• Coal
Some Non- • Natural gas
Renewable Sources • Petroleum
of Energy are • Kerosene
Nuclear energy-
2/10/2023 10
Objectives/Advantages of Energy Management

• To achieve and maintain optimum energy

procurement.
• To Properly utilize energy throughout the
organization.
• To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting
production & quality.
• To minimize environmental effects.
• To decreased energy consumption.
• To increase profit.
• To reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels.
 Steps/Strategies For Energy Management.
1) Identification of Inefficient areas / Equipment's: -
– Enlistment or knowledge of type of energy being used.
– Study of machines / Technology employed.
– Identification of major energy consumption areas.
– In depth process study to identify the inefficient use of
energy.
2) Identification of Technology / Equipment
requirement.
3) Discussion, Brainstorming & Conclusion of
requirement.
4) Management of resources like Manpower, Machine
or Technology.
5) Evaluate your actions / efforts to estimate the Rate
of Return
6) Implementation of New Process / New Technology /
New Machines.
7) Re-evaluate your actions / Your Efforts.
8) Technology Upgradations
9) Self Knowledge & Awareness.

2/10/2023 13
 Biofuel

• Biofuel refers to any

fuel derived from
plants or
decomposition of
bio-
degradable waste
like animal dung,
agricultural waste
etc.
2/10/2023 14
• Crops used to produce
biofuels are called energy
crops/biofuel crops, for
example, maize, rapeseed,
and soybeans. In Brazil,
ethanol is extracted directly
from sugarcane.
• E.g. ethanol and biodiesel is
a fuel made from plants.
• A biofuel is produced
through contemporary
processes from biomass,
rather than very slow
geological processes
involved in the formation of
fossil fuels.
15
 Less expensive.

Source material include crop waste

and other by products.

Advantages Renewable.

of Bio-fuel Decreases dependence on foreign

energy.

Economic growth.

Lower carbon emissions..

2/10/2023 16
 Disadvantages of Bio-
Fuel

• Lower energy output

• Production of carbon emissions
• Food prices increases- eg. Corn
• Food shortages- cropland used
to grow fuel crops
• Excessive Use of water

2/10/2023 17
 Recycling

2/10/2023 18
INTRODUCTION

• With the increasing population the needs

of people also increases but does natural
resources are enough to fulfill all our
needs?
• Recycling is the process of reusing a given
product (beyond its intended use) or
producing a new product from a recyclable
material.
 Recycling involves the collection of used and
discarded materials, processing these materials and making
them into new products.

Recycling is a key component of modern waste

reduction and third component of the "Reduce, Reuse,
and Recycle" waste hierarchy.

It reduces the amount of waste and help to make

environment cleaner.

2/10/2023 20
 Areas of Recycling
Industries
Plastic Recycling

Glass Recycling

Paper Recycling

Textile Recycling

Electronic Waste Recycling

Metal Recycling

Tyre Recycling

2/10/2023 21
RECYCLING PROCESS
 23
Create jobs.

Saves energy

Beneficial for businesses

Importance
of Recycling Reduces waste products in landfills

Industries Preserve natural resources for future

Helps in reducing global warming and

Pollution

Helps to save money

2/10/2023
 Ecosystem
2/10/2023 24
 Introduction

• Arthur Roy Clapham, a british botanist introduced the

concept of ecosystem in the year 1930.
• According to A.G. Tansley, "Ecosystem is the system
resulting from the integration of all the living and non-living
factors of the environment.
• According to Christopherson, "An ecosystem is a natural
system consisting of all plants, animals and microorganisms
(biotic) factors in area functioning together with all the
non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.

2/10/2023
 Meaning
• A complex relationship between all the living and
nonliving things (plants, animals, organisms, sun, water,
climate etc.) and their interaction with each other is
known as ‘An Ecosystem’.
 Components of an Ecosystem
Abiotic Biotic
• Air • Primary producer
• Sunlight • Herbivores
• Temperature • Carnivores
• Water or Moisture • Omnivores
• Soil or Chemical • Decomposers
content
 Abiotic
components

Abiotic—Non-living
factors that influence
an ecosystem, They
form the environment
and determine the
type / structure of
ecosystem.
 Biotic
components

• Producers (Autotrophs):
• Consumers:
– They consume the organic
compounds in plant
and animal tissues by
eating.
• Decomposers
 Producers
Producers means who
generate their own food by
using sun or chemical energy
they don’t depend on other
species.
It is Also known as Autotrophs
Use light or chemical energy
to make food
1. Plants
2. Plant-like protists (algae)
3. Bacteria
Photosynthesis— Use light energy to convert carbon
dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates

Chemosynthesis—Performed by bacteria, use chemical

energy to produce carbohydrates
Organisms that depend on Consumers
other organisms for their energy
and food supply

It is Also called as heterotrophs this

are classified in
• Herbivores (plant
feeders) Primary consumers
• Carnivores (meat
eaters) Secondary consumers
• Omnivores (Eat both plant/meat)
• Decomposers (Eat dead animals)

2/10/2023 33
 Carnivores

A Carnivores is an organism that

mostly eats meat, or the flesh of
animals. Sometimes carnivores are
2/10/2023
called predators. 34
Omnivores—Eat both plants and animals

Decomposers- They are tiny organisms includes bacteria and fungi,

which turn organic compounds in dead plants and animals into
inorganic materials.
 Trophic levels
Trophic Levels means each step in
a food chain or food web
• Level 1- Producers
(autotrophs)
• Level 2- Primary Consumers
(herbivores or omnivores)
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2/10/2023
• Level 3- Secondary Consumers
(carnivores or omnivores)
• Level 4- Tertiary Consumers
(carnivore—usually top
carnivore)

36
 Energy Pyramid
• Energy and Nutrients
passed through the
ecosystem by food
chains and food webs
from lower trophic level
to the higher trophic
level.
• However, only 5% to
20% energy and
nutrients are
transferred into higher
trophic level
successfully.
• For this reason, first
trophic level has the
largest number of
organisms, and second
trophic level is less than
first one and so on.
 Food Chain
• A series of steps in
which organisms
transfer energy by
eating and being
eaten.
• Start with producer
and end with top
consumer.

2/10/2023 38
Food Web: A Network of food chains within an ecosystem

Hawks

Weasels Raccoons

Mice

Grass

Which of the organisms above is the producer?

Which of the organisms above is the top consumer?
 Biomagnification
It means that higher-level
predators-fish, birds, and
marine mammals-build
up greater and more
dangerous amounts of
toxic materials than
animals lower on the
food chain.
• Ex: mercury
• Pesticides Ex: DDT
(dichlorodiphenyltrichlor
oethane)
2/10/202
3
2/10/2023 42
 Terrestrial ecosystems
A. Terrestrial are found everywhere
apart from water
Ecosystems bodies.

1. The Forest Ecosystem

• These are the
ecosystems where
abundance of flora
(plants) is seen, and they
have many organisms
living in relatively small
areas.
• Any small change in the
ecosystem can affect the
whole balance and
collapse the ecosystem.

43
 2. Desert Ecosystem
• Desert ecosystem is the driest
ecosystem of the earth and this
is the reason it has less
vegetation and less diversity of
life.
• They occupy around 17 percent
of all land on the planet.
• Due to very high temperature
and low water availability, flora
and fauna are very poorly
developed and scarce. Leaves and
trunk/branches of these plants
are modified to conserve water.

2/10/2023 44
 3. The Grassland Ecosystem

• Open areas of land where

grasses or grass like plants are
dominant species. Animals like
zebras, giraffes, fox are found
in Grassland's ecosystem.

2/10/2023 45
 4. Mountain Ecosystem:
• Mountain lands provide diverse
habitats in which a large range of
plants and animals are found.
• higher altitudes and harsh
environmental conditions generally
prevail high trees.
• The animals living here have thick
fur coats for prevention from cold
in winter months.

2/10/2023 46
B. Aquatic Ecosystems An aquatic ecosystem
is an ecosystem in
water. It comprises
aquatic fauna, flora

There are two types of

aquatic ecosystems
1. The Marine Ecosystem
2. Freshwater Ecosystem
– Lentic
– Lotic
– Wetlands

47
1. The Marine Ecosystem
• Marine ecosystems are the largest
ecosystems with coverage of nearly
71% of the Earth's surface and
containing 97% of the planet's
water.
• The water in Marine ecosystems
has salts and minerals dissolved in
them in high amounts.
• Many types of organisms are found
in marine ecosystems eg. Tortoise,
dolphin and sharks.

2/10/2023 48
2. Freshwater Ecosystem:
• Freshwater ecosystems only cover
0.8% of the Earth's surface and
contain 0.009% of its total water.
There are three basic types of
freshwater ecosystems:
• Lentic: Standing water like pools,
ponds and lakes.
• Lotic: Fast-moving water like rivers.
• Wetlands: Places where terrestrial
and aquatic habitats meet, and soil
is saturated for at least some time.

2/10/2023 49
Ecology

2/10/2023 50
 Introduction
• Ecology— The scientific study
of interactions between
different organisms and
between same organisms and
their environment or
surroundings is called Ecology.
• Ecology includes the study of
plant and animal populations,
plant and animal communities
and ecosystems.

51 2/10/2023
 Types of Ecological Relationships/Interactions
2/10/2023

between organisms

Interactions between species are divided into following

categories, sometimes these complex interactions and flow
of energy through food webs.
• Predation
• Competition
• Symbiosis
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Predation: one
organism captures
and feeds on
another organism

1. Predator—one that does the killing

2. Prey—one that is the food

2/10/2023 53
• Competition— When two organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use an ecological resource in
the same place at the same time.
• Ex: food, water, shelter etc.

2/10/2023 54
 Symbiosis—Any relationship in which
two species live closely together.
1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN)
E.g. Insects and flowers
In Pollination pollen grains (परागकण) transfer from
the male anther (परागकोश) of a flower to the female
stigma it is done by the insects.

2. Commensalism—one member of the association

benefits and the other is neither helped nor
harmed. (WIN-0)
e.g. birds' nest on tree

3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside

another organism (host) and harms it.
The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional
needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE)
2/10/2023
e.g. Mosquito biting a human
Agroecology
 Introduction
• AGRO - refers to agriculture
• ECOLOGY - study of interactions
among organisms and their
environment.
• Agroecology is the study of
ecological processes that operate in
agricultural production systems.
• Agroecology is concerned with the
maintenance of agriculture that
sustains agricultural production,
healthy environments, feasible
food and development of farmers.
 PRINCIPLES/HOW TO ACHIEVE
AGROECOLOGY
Use Renewable Resources:
• Use renewable sources of energy instead of non-
renewable sources.
• Use naturally-occurring materials instead of
synthetic, manufactured inputs.
Minimize Toxics
• Reduce or eliminate the use of materials that have potential
to harm the environment or the health of farmers, farm workers
or consumers.
Conserve Soil
• Sustain soil nutrient and organic matter stocks.
• Minimize erosion.
– Use no-till or reduced tillage methods.
– Mulch
 Mulching and Tillage & No Tillage
agriculture

2/10/2023 ENERGY MANAGEMENT 59

Conserve Resources: Recycle materials used for farming and
avoid waste.
Conserve Water: Use efficient irrigation systems.
Conserve Energy: Use energy efficient technologies.
Conserve genetic resources: Save seed.
Conserve Capital: Keep bank debt to a minimum, Reduce
expenditures
Manage Ecological Relationships: Reestablish ecological
relationships that can occur naturally on the farm instead of
reducing and simplifying them.
– Intercrop.
– Integrate Livestock (Fodder and late manure can be
used).
– Rotate crops.
• Economics
– Avoid dependence on single crops/products.
– Use alternative markets.
– Organic markets.
– Add value to agricultural products.
– Find alternative incomes.
– Agrotourism.
• Empower People
– Link farmers with consumers
– Encourage local partnerships between people
and development groups.
– Ensure equitable labor relations for farm workers.
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
 Introduction
Industrial ecology integrates the
principles of science, engineering
and ecology in industrial systems
through which goods and
services are provided in a way
that minimizes environmental
impact and optimizes utilization
of resources, energy and capital.
 Principles of Industrial Ecology
• Create industrial ecosystems: Close the loop;
view waste as a resource; trade by-products.
Create

• Dematerialization of Industrial output: Use less

fresh material and energy, reuse material,
Use substitute ecofriendly material.

• Improve the efficiency of industrial processes:

Redesign products, prcocess, equipment.
Improve

2/10/2023 64
Cont'd....
• Use alternative sources of energy which have
less impact on environment.
Energy

• Balance industrial inputs and outputs to natural

levels: increase knowledge of ecosystem,
Balance recovery time and capacity.

• Incorporate environment and economics into

organizational policies.
Policies

2/10/2023 65
 Significance of Industrial Ecology
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

REDUCE USE OF LIMIT PROBLEMS OF USED TO EXPAND MONITOR

NEW MATERIAL ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS INDUSTRY
LOCATION

UTILISE WASTE COST SAVING PROTECT

PROCESS ENVIRONMENT
6
2/10/2023
6
Thank you
2/10/2023 67