Structural Engineering

Part 1 (Standard Systems)

Prof. Dr. Guido Morgenthal

Bauhaus-Universität Weimar Prof. Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Guido Morgenthal MSc MPhil

Faculty of Civil Engineering Marienstraße 13 B, Room 102
Institute of Structural Engineering Tel. 584417
Bauhaus University Weimar
Chair of Modelling
Structural and Simulation of Structures
Engineering guido.morgenthal@uni-weimar.de
Modelling and Simulation of Structures
 Contents

- Introduction: Structural Systems

- Code concepts: Eurocodes
- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures to Eurocode 2
- Introduction to Post-tensioned Concrete Structures

Literature

Codes and Standards

- EN 1990 and 1991 Basis of Structural Design, Actions on structures
- EN 1992-1-1 EC2: Design of Concrete Structures: General rules and rules for buildings

Books
- Beeby & Narayanan: Designer‘s Guide to Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
- Leonhardt: Vorlesungen über Massivbau, Teile 1-5

Article
Schlaich: Strut and Tie Models

Lecture Notes
Available as PDF in Moodle

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
 Introduction

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Advanced Systems

Burj Khalifa, Dubai

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Advanced Systems

Mercedes Benz Museum Stuttgart

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Standard Systems

- Standard buildings: vertical load transfer assumptions (simplified):

Bauhaus University Weimar

Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Standard Systems

- Standard buildings: horizontal loads: bracing systems:

- Shear wall systems (A)
- Moment-resisting frames (B)
- Trusses (C) → relevant in steel structures
- Open or closed cores (e.g. in skeletons) (D)

A B

C D
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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Walls)

- Shear wall systems

- Walls act primarily for lateral actions in their longitudinal direction

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Cores)

- Core-braced structures
- Design for sufficient bending and torsional stiffness

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)

- Moment-resisting frames

- Note: typically statically indeterminate

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Statically determinate frames

𝒒𝒒 𝒒𝒒
−𝑞𝑞𝑙𝑙 2 ⁄8
𝑁𝑁 = −𝐻𝐻

∅ 𝑞𝑞𝑙𝑙 2 ⁄8 ∅

𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀,w 𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀,w
𝐻𝐻 = 0

Frame corner: 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
𝒒𝒒
- Statically indeterminate frames
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

Section forces depend on stiffness distribution

ℎ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝐿𝐿

Stiff Column Stiff Beam

−𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿2 ⁄12

∅ ∅
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � 𝐿𝐿
→∞ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 � ℎ
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 � ℎ →∞
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � 𝐿𝐿
0 0

𝑀𝑀,w 𝑀𝑀,w

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
𝑯𝑯
- Statically indeterminate frames
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

Section forces depend on stiffness distribution

ℎ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝐿𝐿

Stiff Column Stiff Beam

−𝐻𝐻𝐻/4
∅

𝑀𝑀,w 𝑀𝑀,w

𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻/2

0 0 𝐻𝐻𝐻/2𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻𝐻/2𝐿𝐿

𝐻𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻𝐻/4 𝐻𝐻𝐻/4

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example – Exploiting symmetry conditions

Antimetrical loading case:

𝑁𝑁 = 𝑀𝑀 = 0
𝑯𝑯 𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐
w=0

𝐻𝐻/2 𝐻𝐻/2

Symm. Antim.
Load Load

𝑁𝑁 Symm Anti

𝑉𝑉 Anti Symm

Symmetrical loading case: 𝑀𝑀 Symm Anti

𝒒𝒒 𝒒𝒒 𝑤𝑤 Anti Symm

𝑁𝑁 = 0 𝑤𝑤𝑤 Symm Anti

𝑉𝑉 = 0
w′ = 0

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case
𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐
Unknown Force Method Analyse a statically determinate
system and find unknown force (𝑨𝑨)
𝑨𝑨
ℎ

𝐿𝐿/2

𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐 𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨

+ 𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 � =

Primary (0) System Unit (1) System Indeterminate System

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case: principle of virtual work

Primary (0) system: compute displacement with Principle of Virtual Work (PVW)

Real loadcase: Virtual loadcase:

𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐 𝛿𝛿0

𝟏𝟏𝒗𝒗

𝐿𝐿/2

−𝐻𝐻𝐻/2 𝑀𝑀0 , 𝑤𝑤0 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣

𝑀𝑀0 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉0 𝑉𝑉 𝑣𝑣 𝑁𝑁0 𝑁𝑁 𝑣𝑣

1𝑣𝑣 𝛿𝛿0 =� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
1 −𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿 1 −𝐻𝐻ℎ2 𝐿𝐿
𝛿𝛿0 = � � �ℎ� =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 2 2 8𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case: principle of virtual work

Integral Table:

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case: principle of virtual work

Secondary (1) system: compute displacement with Principle of Virtual Work (PVW)

Real loadcase: Virtual loadcase:

𝛿𝛿1

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝒗𝒗

𝐿𝐿/2 𝐿𝐿/2

𝑀𝑀1 , 𝑤𝑤1 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣

𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉 𝑣𝑣 𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁 𝑣𝑣

1𝑣𝑣 𝛿𝛿1 =� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
2 2
1 𝐿𝐿 1 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 1
𝛿𝛿1 = � �ℎ�1+ � � �
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 2 3

ℎ𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿3
𝛿𝛿1 = +
4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 24𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

Bauhaus University Weimar

Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case: principle of virtual work
𝛿𝛿0
Compatibility criterion: 𝛿𝛿0 + 𝑋𝑋1 � 𝛿𝛿1 = 0 → 𝑋𝑋1 = 𝐴𝐴 = −
𝛿𝛿1

Example: assumptions 𝐿𝐿 = 2ℎ and 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

−𝐻𝐻ℎ2 𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻ℎ2 2ℎ 𝐻𝐻ℎ3

8𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 8𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 4 3𝐻𝐻
𝑋𝑋1 = − = = =
ℎ𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿3 ℎ 2ℎ 2 2ℎ 3 ℎ3 13
+ + ℎ3 +
4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 24𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 24 4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 12

3𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐 Δ𝑥𝑥 =?
13 𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀0 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑀𝑀1

𝐿𝐿
=ℎ 𝐻𝐻𝐻 3𝐻𝐻𝐻 7𝐻𝐻𝐻
2 − + =−
2 13 26

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Analysis for a lateral load case: calculation of Δ𝑥𝑥
𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐 Δ𝑥𝑥
Real loadcase
𝑯𝑯/𝟐𝟐

6ℎ
6𝐻𝐻𝐻
13
26
𝑤𝑤
7ℎ 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀0 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑀𝑀1
13
−7𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣
26 1𝑣𝑣 Δ𝑥𝑥 =� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Virtual loadcase
1 1 14 7 7 12 6 6
𝟏𝟏𝒗𝒗 Δ𝑥𝑥 = � ℎ � � ℎ2 � 𝐻𝐻 � � � + � �
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 26 26 13 26 26 13
6ℎ 1 12 6 𝐿𝐿 1
13 12ℎ1𝑣𝑣 + � ℎ� 𝐻𝐻𝐻 � �
26
4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 26 26 2 3

7ℎ 𝑀𝑀𝑣𝑣
13 𝐻𝐻ℎ3 43 3 2 𝐻𝐻ℎ3
Δ𝑥𝑥 = + =
−14ℎ1𝑣𝑣 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1014 338 39 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
26

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Analysis example - Effective Stiffness
𝐹𝐹

Δ𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 1-DOF System Concrete C55
Column cross section 50x50cm
10m 𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹 M = 100tons
𝑀𝑀

𝐹𝐹
𝑘𝑘 =
∆𝑥𝑥
20m

39 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 39 37800�5.21�10−3
𝑘𝑘 = = � = 3.84 MN/m
2 ℎ3 2 103

𝑘𝑘 3.84�106
𝑀𝑀� 100�103 �
𝑓𝑓 = 2𝜋𝜋 = 2𝜋𝜋 = 1.00 Hz

𝑇𝑇 = 1�𝑓𝑓 = 1.00 s
𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇 = 1 = 0.3𝑔𝑔

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐹𝐹 = 0.3g � 100ton = 0.30MN

Elastic range
0 1
𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Stiffness effects: vertical loads 𝒒𝒒 𝒒𝒒

ℎ3

ℎ2

ℎ1

Displacements

−𝑞𝑞𝑙𝑙 2 ⁄12

𝑞𝑞𝑙𝑙 2 ⁄24

Bending Moments

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Stiffness effects: lateral loads
𝐻𝐻3 = 𝐻𝐻
ℎ3
𝐻𝐻2 = 𝐻𝐻
ℎ2
𝐻𝐻1 = 𝐻𝐻
ℎ1

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑3
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Displacements 𝑑𝑑1
𝑑𝑑1 > 𝑑𝑑2 > 𝑑𝑑3

Bending Moments
𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑖�
𝑁𝑁 ≠ 0 𝑀𝑀 = − � 3 𝑁𝑁 = 0

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Vierendeel Action:

𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡� 𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡�
2 2
𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2
𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀2 [𝑴𝑴𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 −𝑴𝑴𝟏𝟏 − 𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 ]�
𝑵𝑵𝟏𝟏 = 𝑵𝑵𝟐𝟐 = 𝒃𝒃
𝒃𝒃

Bauhaus University Weimar

Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Frames)
- Comparison of bracing systems:

Wall bracing Frame

𝑉𝑉1

𝑉𝑉2

𝑉𝑉3

𝑉𝑉4

𝑉𝑉5

𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
∅ ∅

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Advanced)
- Mixed/combined bracing systems

Belt truss

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Advanced)

- Tube Structures (steel)

World Trade Center: Framed Tube

John Hancock Center:

Trussed tube

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Advanced)
Basic Forms: Mixed bracing systems:

- Cores with outrigger wall systems (concrete):

e.g. Trump Tower,

Chicago (357/423m)

Standard floor Outrigger

beams (walls)

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures
Structural Form in Buildings: Bracing Systems (Advanced)
Basic Forms: Mixed bracing systems

- „Buttressed core“: Burj Khalifa (828m)

- Hexagonal central core
- Tripod arrangement
- Cross walls for flange action Buttresses
- Outriggers every 20 floors to engage columns

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Structural Engineering Modelling and Simulation of Structures