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    Solutions for Chapter 5 problems

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    2 views29 pages

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Saba Khurram
    Solutions for Chapter 5 problems

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 29
    Exercises 5.1371 Moral of Examples 3-5 It is sometimes easier to find the area between two ‘curves by integrating with respect to y instead of x. Also, it may help to combine ‘geometry and calculus. After sketching the region, take a moment to determine the best way to proceed. ; Exercises 5.1 f Z Find the areas of the shaded regions in Exercises 1-8. Scanned with CamScanner 372. Chapter 5: Applications of Integrals tn Exercises 9-12, ind the otal shaded are. 16 yeat=2e and yar 1 yaa? and 1h yaT-28 and yates WD. yast—4at44 and yo? Wy=xsVa—a, a>0, and y=O Fi he ares of he eins enor 8 he sand cures i Exercises 23-30. Bra? x0, andy=3 Wray! and my $2! 25, aedred andy dry %6.x-y'=0 and x42y? =, Baty’ =O2andix $3712 ‘ Find the areas of the regions enclosed by the curves in Exercises “3134. Lat tyed and atay 32 x-y=0 and 3x?-y Bxtiylas and xtyt Moxtyta3 and arty? Find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines and cures is Exercises 35-42. 38. y=2sing and y=sin2, O a) to generate a solid shaped like a doughnut Ja=yidy = za?/2, since it is the area of a semicircle of radius a) 46, a) 3 A hemispherical bow of radius a contains water to a depth 1 Find the volume of water in the bow D)_, (Related rates) Water runs into a sunken concrete bemispher- ical bowl of radius 5 m atthe rate of 0.2 m?/sec. How fast | is the water level in the bow! rising when the water is 4 m deep? ®. 47. Testing the consistency of the calculus definition of volume. ‘The volume formulas inthis section ae all consistent with the standard formulas from geometry. 8) As a case in point, show that if you revolve the region 43, The arch y = sinz, 0 0,0 t= [[+(@)e-[ sme 2d a]. 3 =5 gl Fey |- e Dealing with Discontinuities in dy/dx ‘Ata point on a curve where dy/dx fails to exist, dx/dy may exist and we may be able to find the curve’s length by expressing x as a function of y and applying the following analogue of Eq. (2): Formula for the Length of a Smooth Curve x= g(y), ¢Sy $d Scanned with CamScanner 396. Chapter 5: Applications of Integrals t 537 The raph of y= (2? from x=0 tox=2 alo the raph of x= 277 fom towed _ EXAMPLE 2 Find the length of the curve y = (x/2)?? from x = 0 to x =2 Solution ‘The derivative dy _ 2/2"? i ae . FG) GG {snot defined at x = 0, so we cannot find the curve's length with ‘We therefore rewrite the equation to express x in met pak 72 xe 2p From is wesee tat the curve whose length eat is alo the prph of = 23% fromy = Oto y= 1 (Fig. 537). ‘The derivative hs is continuous on (0, 1]. We may therefore use Eq. (3) to find the curve’s length: Fae i E i (2) ay= [VF LU 2 i 2a gy 5+ oy , 2 j = qtovid-) 2.27, Q, y ‘ The Short Differential Formula The equations + ‘ay\ 0 ‘adx\t u=[ 1+(2) dz oad ob f 14(% d are often written with differentials instead of derivatives. This is done formally by p thinking of the derivatives as quotients of differentials and bringing the dx and 4) inside the radicals to cancel the denominators. Inthe first integral we have 14(2 V are 14 Bare ans Pas = Vax? dy, eelests ary 14 a2 dx p) Walt adr= an Tay = Vax Fay ‘Thos the integrals in (4) reduce to the same differential formula: + Le f var dy, @y Scanned with CamScanner 4, O| 5.38 Diagram for remembering the ‘equation ds = Jat + dy, PARKS Carvel Curve? Curve3 Cue: | 5.39 The first four polygonal 4 approximations in the construction of Helga von Koch's snowflake. 5.5 Lengths of Plain Curves 397 OF course, dx and dy must be expressed in terms of a common variable, and ‘appropriate limits of integration must be found before the integration in Eq, (5) is Performed. ‘We can shorten Eq, (5) still further. Think of dr and dy as two sides of a small ttiangle whose “hypotenuse” is ds = dx? + dy? (Fig. 5.38). The differential ds is then regarded as a differential of arc length that can be is between ‘appropriate limits to give the length of the curve. With /dx? +dy? set equal to 4, the integral in Eq. (5) simply becomes the integral of ds, <7 f Definition The Are Length Differential and the Differential Formula for Are Length ssf” , ds = area Geena jf rar kgth 28 Curves with Infinite Length” AAs you may recall from Section 2.6, Helga von Koch's soowflake curve K is the limit curve of an infinite sequence Cy, C2 .. of “triangular” polygonal curves. Figure 5.39 shows the first four curves in the sequence. Each time we introduce a new vertex in the construction process, it remains as a vertex in all ‘subsequent curves and becomes a point on the limit curve X. This means that each of the C's is itself a polygonsl approximation of K—the endpoints of its sides all __ belonging to K. The length of K should therefore be the limit of the lengths of the “curves'C,. At least, that is what it should be if we apply the definition of length we developed for smooth curves. “What, then, is the Limit ofthe lengths of the curves C,? If the original equilateral triangle C; has sides of length 1, the total length of Cy is 3. To make C, from Ci, we replace each side of C, by four segments, each of which is one-third as long © as the original side. The total length of Cy is therefore 3(4/3). To get the length of Cs, we multiply by 4/3 again, We do so again to get the length of Cy. By the time we get out to Cy, We have a curve of length 3(4/3)""!. Curve Number a : tees — | 33(3)9(3) 9G) ~ The length of Cio is nearly 40 and the length of Cro is greater than 7,000,000,000,000. The lengths grow too rapidly to have a finite limit. Therefore the snowflake curve has no length, or, if you prefer, infinite length. ‘What went wrong? Nothing. The formulas we derived for length are for the ‘graphs of smooth functions, curves that are smooth enough to have a continuously tuming tangent at every point. Helga von Koch's snowflake curve is too rough for that, and our derivative-based formulas do not apply. Benoit Mandelbrot’ theory of fractals has proved to be a rich source of curves, with infinite length, curves that when magnified prove to be as rough and varied as they looked before magnification, Like coastlines on an ocean, such curves cannot be smoothed out by magnification (Fig. 5.40, on the following page)- Scanned with CamScanner 398 Chapter 5: Applications of Integrals. 540 Repeated magnifications of 3 fractal coastline. Like Helga Von Koch's snowflake curve, coasts like these are too rough to have 2 measurable length, Exercises 5.5 Finding Integrals for Lengths of Curves ° In Brees 1-8 5 a) eee 2 @b) Graph the curve to see what it looks like. 86, Use your grapher's or computers integral evaluator to ind the curve's length nurercally. wlsxs2 Ly=x, 2 ystans, Bxzsiny, Osys. © 4 re VIF sin sy sin 5. yh +2y dtd from (-1,-1) to (7,3) siox—iemsi, -1fs1s0% Osrsx [ia Osrsx/6 7 [ Vectt—ldt, -n/3 So ae ee ems =f WRGeRa weet eee re = fe eek Stes sc eae Me ecre mete met ee oe oe or LEI IT rates ot Scanned with CamScanner 400 Chapter 5: Applications of Integrals integral. How does the actual length compare with the appog Ce cee eee 5 rations as n increases? Explain your answer. In Exercises 27-32, use a CAS to perform the following steps forthe {given curve over the closed interval. nn. fay=JI=, -1s351 2 fayax 420, Os252 48) Plot the curve together withthe polygonal path approximations foen=2, 4, Bpartin points ovr the interval. See Fig.535) 29, f(x) =sin(na?, O Latin for “piece.” The surface area of the frustum approximates the surface area dy the band swept out by the are PQ. ‘The surface area of the frustum ofa cone (see Fig. 5.43) is 2 times the averagth of the base rei times the stant height: AE penn tnt. Frustum surface area = 2 For the frustum swept out by the segment PO (Fig. 5.44), this works out to be Frustum surface area = m(f(ti-1) + f(e)) V(x)? + (yn)? ‘The area ofthe original surface, being the sum of the areas of the bands swef fi cut by acs like are PQ, is approximated by the frustum area sum Dx + souVGmy Fy ay ist ‘We expect the approximation to improve as the partition of (a, 6] becomes fine and we would like to show thatthe sums in (1 mit as oF psi ch png (1) approach a calculable limit as Scanned with CamScanner 5.6, Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 401 Slant heigh = ‘£43 The important dimensions of the frustum in Fig. SA. To show this, we try to rewrite the sum in (1) as the Riemann sum of some fanction over the interval from a to b. As in the calculation of arc length, we begin by appealing to the Mean Value Theorem for derivatives. fis smooth, then by the Mean Value Theorem, there is a point (c.f(c.)) on ae areca to er ence mee tie Stet 70 545). At this point, An SOs ty hn = sedan With this substi et sain) ke fm ) + Faw) V(An) + (F'(4)d%)? = Dae + for Peon. @) a ° ‘At this point there is both good news and bad news. The bad news is thatthe sums in (2) are not the Riemann sums of any function because the points x1, %, and cy are not the same and there is no way to make them the same. The good news is that this doesnot matter. A theorem called Blis's “ theorem, from advanced calculus, assures us that asthe norm df the panion of [a, 5] goes to zero, the sums in Eq. (2) converge to ‘fi an f(a) (TEC ar {just the way we want them to. We therefore define this integral to be the area of the surface swept out by the graph of ffrom a to B. Definition The Surface Area Formula for the Revolution About the x-axis, If the function f(x) > 0 is smooth on [a,b the area of the surface gen- erated by revolving the curve y = (x) about the x-axis is ~- ie , 7 . i alpen 5= [anfi+ (2) a= [ revirrore. @ con arc PQ where the tangent is lel to segment PQ. Scanned with CamScanner ‘402 Chapter 5: Applications of Integrals ‘The square root in Eq. (3) is the same one that appears inthe formula forthe Leng, of the generating curve. yet 2.2%) EXAMPLE 1 Find he ara of the tice genre by revving the Sn y= = 2Yz,1 0 is smooth on (c,d), the area of the surface generated by surface area we can now calculate in two revolving the curve x = g(y) about the axis is different ways (Example 2). ' d 2 s= [arsfis (@) dye i 2rgoWVT+@O)dy. EXAMPLE 2 . The line segment x =1~-y,0

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