Lecture – III

Structural Members and

Structural System
B y Yo n a s A .
 STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS

Structural members are the

primary load bearing compo
nents of a building, and each
have their own
structural properties which
need to be considered.

By Yonas Assefa 2
 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Structural members are the primary load bearing components of
a building, and each have their own structural properties which need
to be considered.

Such members include:

- Beam
- Retaining Wall
- Column
- Concrete Slabs
- Bracing
- Footing
- Roof Truss

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 BEAM
Horizontal members which
transfer loads to supports.
Beams are structural elements that resists loads applied laterally to their axis. They
typically transfer loads imposed along their length to their end points where
the loads are transferred to walls, columns, foundations, and so on.

Beams may be:

Simply supported: that is, they are supported at both ends but are free
to rotate.

Fixed: Supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation.

Overhanging: overhanging their supports at one or both ends.

Continuous: extending over more than two supports.

Cantilevered: supported only at one end. See Cantilever for more

information.

By Yonas Assefa 4
 BEAM
• They may be statically determinate, that is, their reactions can be
solved using equilibrium conditions, or they can be statically
indeterminate.

• Historically, beams were formed from timber, but they may also be
manufactured from steel, or concrete or they may
be composite constructions.

• A wide variety of cross section shapes are commonly available,

including; square, rectangular, circular, I-shaped, T-shaped, H-shaped,
C-shaped, tubular, and so on.

• Beams may be straight, curved or tapered.

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 BEAM
Horizontal members which
transfer loads to supports.
Beams are structural elements that resists loads applied laterally to their axis. They
typically transfer loads imposed along their length to their end points where
the loads are transferred to walls, columns, foundations, and so on.

Beams may be:

Simply supported: that is, they are supported at both ends but are free
to rotate.

Fixed: Supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation.

Overhanging: overhanging their supports at one or both ends.

Continuous: extending over more than two supports.

Cantilevered: supported only at one end. See Cantilever for more

information.

By Yonas Assefa 6
 COMMON BEAMS
UNIVERSAL BEAM

A universal beam (UB) is a beam with an 'I' or 'H'-shaped

cross-section available in variety of standard sizes. It is a very
efficient form for carrying bending and shear loads in the plane of
the web.

The standard method for specifying the dimensions of

a standard hot-rolled steel section includes using initials to
designate the type of section. For example:

'UB 203 x 133 x 25' – A universal beam of nominal dimensions

203 mm deep, 133 mm wide, and weight 25 kg/m.

By Yonas Assefa And Meseret H/kiros 7

 COMMON BEAMS
TRUSSED BEAM
Trussed beams are strengthened by the addition
of cables or rods to form a truss.

HIP BEAM
Hip beams are common in roofs, where they form the
angled, inclined hip of the roof, supporting other load-
bearing beams (or rafters) which branch away from them
on either side and slope down to the eaves.

By Yonas Assefa 8
 COMMON BEAMS
COMPOSITE BEAM
• Composite beams are beams formed from two
or more dissimilar materials, such as concrete-
steel beams. Downstand beams, flitch
beams and shallow floors are examples
of composite beams.

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 COMMON BEAMS
OPEN WEB BEAM
• Open web beams are commonly used
for structures that require long spans with light-to-
moderate loading.
LATTICE BEAM
• Lattice beams are an alternative to open web beams and can be
used for spans of up to 15 m with high depth-to-weight ratios.
They can be plate girder lattice beams or tubular lattice beams.

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 COLUMNS
Vertical members which
transfer compressive loads to
the ground.

A column is a vertical structural member intended to

transfer a compressive load. For example, a column might
transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from
a beam, to a floor or foundations.

Columns are typically constructed from materials such

as stone, brick, block, concrete, timber, steel, and so on,
which have good compressive strength.

By Yonas Assefa 11
 COLUMN
CLASSICAL STONE COLUMN

• In classical architecture, columns are often highly decorated,

with standard designs including Ionic, Doric and Corinthian, and
so on.

• A colonnade is a row of columns spaced at regular intervals that

can be used to support a horizontal entablature, an arcade or
covered walkway, or as part of a porch or portico.

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 COLUMN
STEEL COLUMNS
• Steel columns have good compressive strength, but have a tendency to
buckle or bend under extreme loading. This can be due to their:

• Length. -Method of fixing.

• Cross-sectional area. -Shape of the section.

• The cross-sectional area and the section shape are incorporated into
a geometric property of section, known as the radius of gyration. This refers to
the distribution of an object's components around an axis.

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SLENDERNESS RATIO
The slenderness ratio is the effective length of
a column in relation to the least radius of gyration of
its cross-section. If this ratio is not sufficient
then buckling can occur.
Classification will depend on the column's geometry
(i.e. its slenderness ratio) and
its material properties (i.e. Young's modulus
and yield strength).
By Yonas Assefa
Column slenderness can be classified as:
• Long or slender: The length of the column is
greater than the critical buckling length.
Mechanical failure would typically occur due
to buckling. The behaviour of long columns is
dominated by the modulus of elasticity,
which measures a column's resistance to
being deformed elastically (i.e. non-
permanently) when a force is applied.
• Short: The length of the column is less than
the critical buckling length.
Mechanical failure would typically occur due
to shearing.
• Intermediate: In between the long and
short columns, and its behaviour is dominated
by the strength limit of the material.
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 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

SHAPE Reinforced concrete columns have an

embedded steel mesh (known as rebar) to
Columns can be classified according to their cross sectional provide reinforcement.
shape. Common column shapes include:
• The design of reinforcement can be either
Rectangular. Square. spiral or tied.

Circular. Hexagonal • Spiral columns are cylindrical with a

Octagonal.
In profile, they can be tapered, non-tapered, or 'barrel' shaped,
their surface can be plain, fluted, twisted, panelled, and so on.
• Tied columns have closed lateral ties
Columns may be of a simple uniform design, or they may consist
of a central 'shaft' sitting on a column base, and topped by a
'capital'. See Elements of classical columns for more information.
By Yonas Assefa
continuous helical bar wrapped around
the column. This spiral provides support in
the transverse direction.
spaced approximately uniformly across
the column. The spacing of the ties is
limited in that they must be close enough
to prevent failure between them, and far
enough apart that they do not interfere
with the setting of the concrete
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OT H E R S T R U C T U R A L M E M B E R S
• Bracing: Members that interconnect and
stiffen columns and beams.
• Roof trusses: Load-
bearing frames constructed of connected
triangular shapes.
• Retaining walls: Support soil where a
sloping site requires excavation.
• Concrete slabs: Span horizontally between
supports, used as floors and sometimes
as roof systems.
• Footings: Transfer load from the structure to
the foundations.

By Yonas Assefa 16
 STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
YONAS ASSEFA

AMU 2022 17
 ST R U C T U R A L SYST E M S
• A building needs to be stabilised for
horizontal load and to achieve this, several
different structural systems can be chosen.
• All of the different systems have evolved
from the traditional rigidly jointed structural
frame. The fundamental design for all these
structural systems have been to place as
much of the load-carrying material as
possible around the buildings external fringe
to maximise its flexural rigidity. For all
structural systems, advantage can be taken
by locating the main vertical members and,
with the compressive stresses from
selfweight, suppress the lateral load tensile
stresses.

By Yonas Assefa 18
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• The term structural system or structural frame
in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting
sub-system of a building or object. The structural
system transfers loads through interconnected
elements or members.

• Different structural systems, where A) represents a framed tube system, B) a bundled tube system, C) a tube in tube system, D) a
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diagonalised system, E) a core and outrigger system and F) a hybrid system
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Structural System

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Yo n a s A s s e f a

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