Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ.

Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1/1

For a chemical reaction cylindrical particles are used. The diameter is 1 mm, the
length is 5 mm.

1mm

5mm

Determine the diameter of the

a) sphere of equal volume xv
b) sphere of equal surface xs
c) sphere of equal projected area in the stable positions xp

Exercise 1/2

For particle of height a and width b the sphericity 2 = f(a,b) has to be calculated and
plotted in a graph.

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1/3

The sieve analysis of quartz sand had the following results:

Sieve mesh Mass on sieve N3 % R % n3 1/m

size m g

500 0
355 1.2
250 2.4
180 16.8
125 18.3
90 10.6
63 5.4
45 4.2
25 3.1
Boden 2.2

The maximum and minimum diameter is xmax = 450 m and xmin = 5 m.

a) Determine the cumulative distribution function N3(x) and the density distribution
function n3 of the quartz sand.
b) Determine the diameters x50, x10 and x90.

Exercise 1/4
Quartz sand was analysed with a sieve analysis. 6 sieves are used with the following
mesh sizes: 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1200 m and 2000 m. The mass on
the sieves is shown below:
On the 100 m-sieve 20 g
on the 200 m-Sieve 40 g
on the 400 m-Sieve 80 g
on the 800 m-Sieve 30 g
on the 1200 m-Sieve 20 g
on the 2000 m-Sieve 0g

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

10 g of the quartz sand are smaller than 100 m.

The maximum and minimum diameter were determined using a microscope:
xmax = 1800m , x min = 20 m
a) Determine the cumulative distribution curve and the density distribution curve as a
function of the particle diameter
b) What’s the mean diameter of the quartz sand ?

Exercise 2/1

For the design of a mixing process the size of the agitator has to be determined.
Therefore, dimensionless quantities should be used. The variables which are used:

• pressure drop p
• speed of the agitator n
• density of the fluid 
• diameter of the agitator d
• dynamic viscosity of the fluid 

To describe such an agitator the following equation can be used: 1 = A  m2

1 and  2 are dimensionless quantities.  1 is a function of the pressure drop p in
the agitator. The variables A and m have to be determined.

a) Determine 1 and  2 . Why do we have 2 dimensionless quantities ?

b) Which well-known dimensionless quantities are hidden behind 1 and  2 ? Why

forces are related?

Hint: If 1 and  2 are no dimensionless variables which you know, try to transform
them and check if you know the new dimensionless quantities  * .

c) Use another expression of  1 so that the pressure drop is replaced by the energy
P. No additional variables shall be used.

.
Hint: The energy can be calculated by the equation P = p  V

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

d) For a speed of the agitator of n1 = 300 rpm the power shall be P1 = 29 .0 W , for
n 2 = 420 rpm the power is P2 = 75 .0 W . Calculate A and m for this special
agitator.
Data:
Fluid density  = 1000 kg / m3
Dynamic viscosity  = 10 −3 Pas
Diameter of the agitator d = 13.5 cm

Exercise 3/1
Air flows through a conical tube of length l. The flow direction is in positive z-
direction. In the middle of the tube, particles of density p are injected.
The velocity is only a function of the coordinate z, i.e. in every horizontal section the
velocity is no function of the radius. The volume concentration of the particles is small
so that the drag laws for single particles are valid.


solids
L
z

d0

u0

Calculate the particle size distribution in the tube dP(z). Which particles leave the
tube (both sides of the tube !) ?

Hint: Calculate the velocity u(z) in the tube first.

Given:
p = 2600 kg/m3 g = 1,2 kg/m3
g = 1810-6 Pas L=1m
u0 = 0,1 m/s  = 8
D0 = 0,2 m g = 9,81 m/s2

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3/2

In a cross-flow classifier particles of different size and density are classified. The
particles with a higher terminal settling velocity will be collected in box 1, particles
with a lower terminal settling velocity in box 2.

a
uflow
h

Box 1 Box 2

bBox

For a rough estimation of the cut size diameter we assume that all particles begin to
settle in the middle of the horizontal channel(height h above the box).
a) Calculate the cut size diameter x* which will be deposited in box 1 and box 2.

For a better estimation we assume that the particles are distributed homogenously in
the channel (in vertical direction).
b) Calculate the particle diameter of the smallest particles which will be deposited in
box 1 and the diameter of the biggest particles which will be deposited in box 2.

Given:

air = 1,2 kg/m3 Particle = 2600 kg/m3

air = 1810-6 Pas bBox = 0.5 m
h = 0.01 m uflow = 15 m/s
a = 0.01 m

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3/3

Calculate the terminal settling velocity of the particles.

Given:

Particle diameter xs 500 m

Particle density s 2600 kg/m3
Gas density f 1.2 kg/m3
Viscosity f 1810-6 Pas

Exercise 3/4

The measurement of the terminal settling velocity of two spherical particles is used to
determine the dynamic viscosity  and the density f of an unknown liquid.
For the first spherical particle with diameter x1 and the density s,1 the terminal
settling velocity in the Stokes-Region (Re<0.5) will be ws,1. The second spherical
particle with diameter x2 and the density s,2 settles down in the Newton range with
the settling velocity ws,2.

Determine the dynamic viscosity  and the density of the fluid f .

Data:

Particle diameter: x1 = 10-4 m

Settling velocity:
Particle density:
x2 = 10-2 m
ws,1 = 10-3 m/s
ws,2 = 89.44  10 -2 m/s
s,1 = 1.18 103 kg / m3
s,2 = 4  103 kg/m3

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3/5

The velocity profile of a laminar flow in a horizontal channel can be described by the
equation
4 H h − 4 h2
v (h) = v max
H2
with v max = 0.1 m / s and the channel height H=0.1 m. Particles with a diameter x=30

µm (  p = 2500 kg / m 3 ) are injected at the top of the tube and will settle down to the

bottom.
Calculate the horizontal distance s, which will be covered by the particles during the
sedimentation process, assuming that the particles are always settling with their
terminal sedimentation velocity. Use g=10 m/s².

Water: density  f = 1000 kg / m3 , dynamic viscosity f = 1.0  10 −3 Pa s

Exercise 4/1

a) Calculate the pressure drop for the flow through a bulk of particles in a cylindrical
pipe. The direction of the flow is from the bottom to the top.

h0

b) For which velocity u0 the pressure drop pBulk doesn’t increase anymore ?

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Given:

Particle diameter xSV 120 m

Particle density s 2600 kg/m3
Particle mass ms 85.275 kg
Gas density f 1.2 kg/m3
viscosity f 1810-6 Pas
diameter D 0.4 m
height h0 0.45 m

fluid flow V 4.52 m3/h

Exercise 4/2

A filter for the cleaning of water is feed with water. The filter is a packed bed of sand
particles.

h

hs

Calculate the height of the water h so that the volume flow is constant.

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Given:

Volume flow V  = 0.98 m3/s

Diameter D = 5 m
Height of the packed bed hs = 1,5 m
Solid mass m = 21800 kg
Particle density s = 1400 kg/m3
Particle diameter xSV = 2000 m
Fluid density f = 1000 kg/m3
Fluid viscosity f = 0.001 Pas

Exercise 4/3

For the filtration of water a multi-layer filter is used. The filter consists of 3 different
layers with the properties:

Layer Material Mean diameter [mm] Height [m] Porosity [-]

A Coal 4 0.4 0.4

B Anthracite 2 1.25 0.4

C Sand 1 0.7 0.39

The fluid velocity is 8 m/h (density of the fluid: 999 kg/m³, dynamic viscosity 1.135
mPa s). The flow direction is from layer A to layer C.

Calculate the pressure loss of the multi-layer filter.

Exercise 5/1

With a cyclone separator 60 % of the dust are deposited.

The particle size distributions and the minimum and maximum particle diameter are
shown below.

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Feed material Coarse particles

d m R % d m R %

xmin = 2 100 xmin = 2.5 100

2.5 98 4 99

4 82 6 64

6 40 8 24.8

8 15 9 8.3

9 5 xmax = 10 0

xmax = 10 0

In the fine material the minimum diameter is xmin = 2 m and the maximum diameter
xmax = 9 m.

a) Plot the particle size distribution of the feed material and the coarse material.
Determine the mean diameter x50.
b) Calculate the grade efficiency G(x) and plot the graph. What’s the mean diameter
of the grade efficiency curve x50.
c) Calculate the sharpness of the separation H25/75.

Exercise 5/2

A suspension of water shall be clarified by a cake filtration process. The filter has a
area of 80m2 and is operated with a constant pressure difference of p = 4bar .

The specific filter cake resistance  and the filter media resistance  shall be
measured by experiments in a lab-scale apparatus. The apparatus has a filtration
area of 16.6 cm2 and a pressure difference of p = 4 bar . The values of the filtration
in the lab-scale are shown below:

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

t in s 0 600 1200 1680 2064 2369 2644 2863 3074 3263

103  VF m3 0 0.133 0.219 0.280 0.325 0.359 0.386 0.409 0.427 0.444

a) Plot a t/VF(VF) - graph of the lab-scale measurement und determine the specific
resistance of filter media and filter cake.

b) Calculate the filtrate volume in the process filter (filtration area = 80 m2) after 20 h
of operation ?

Data:
Dynamic viscosity of water:  = 10 −3 Pas
Solids concentration in the suspension: c V = 3%
FK
Density of the filter cake / density of solid material: = 0,5
s

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5/3

For the removal of solid particles the cyclone shown in the graph is used:


V L
2000

400 800

1000 1000

2250


V L
2250

An analysis of the feed material is shown in the table:

x m m g R % R %

Bottom 7.5
20 30
50 25
70 28.75
100 27.5
150 6.25

Minimum particle diameter x min = 8m

Maximum particle diameter x max = 200m

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Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik, Fakultät Maschinenbau und Sicherheitstechnik, Bergische Univ. Wuppertal
Übungskatalog Angewandte Mehrphasenströmungen
__________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Plot the particle size distribution of the feed material.

b) Determine the velocities ue, ua, ui and vri.

c) Determine the cut size diameter x*.

d) Calculate the mass fraction of the coarse material g for an ideal separation with
the diameter x*? Calculate the mass flow of particles which leaves the cyclone

M emission?

e) Do we need a filter after the cyclone ? The maximum tolerable dust concentration
is 25 mg/m3.

Wall AR = 29 m2
Dynamic viscosity  = 1810-6 Pas
Gas density L = 1.2 kg/m3
Particle density s = 1200 kg/m3
Friction factor of the wall L = 0.01
Volume flow of the air V = 5 m3/s
L

Mass flow of the solids M  = 2160 kg/h

s

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