Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación.

UNLP
Lengua Inglesa 3
Clases prácticas

Tp 12: Citation

In the assessment guidelines we saw that, when writing an academic text, our aim
regarding the use of sources is the following:

Thoroughly incorporated sources; seamless integration of sources; appropriate

citation; complete absence of plagiarism; adequate bibliography that follows
appropriate standards.

A. Read chapter 10 “Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Quoting Sources”, from Leki, I.

(1998) Academic Writing. Exploring processes and strategies.

Summarizing
1. Take note of the most important aspects to consider in this connection (p. 186).
2. Highlight useful phrases you may use when summarizing (pp. 190-191).

Paraphrasing
1. Go over pages 195-199 carefully. What important considerations should we take
into account when paraphrasing a source?

Quoting
1. In what cases is it appropriate/ desirable to quote an author’s exact words?
2. What conventions do we need to follow as regards
-the original wording?
-punctuation?

Watch the following videos, which give various tips and examples of the different
aspects of citation.

Conestoga College Library (s/d). Why Citing and Referencing Is Important.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnMSiVtEe70

Australian National University Library (2020) When to reference in academic writing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpLphfLDsdE
Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. UNLP
Lengua Inglesa 3
Clases prácticas

Helpful Professor (2019) How to reference in an essay (3 simple tips).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZIu2pfbN6Q

In this course, we use as a model the APA citation format. Read in-text citation. APA
guidelines and discuss it in class. Ask questions if you need clarification.

You can also find a quick guide to the basic aspects of the APA citation style by
following these links in the Conestoga College Library webpage:

Quoting and paraphrasing https://lib.conestogac.on.ca/quoting-paraphrasing

Basic citation formulas https://lib.conestogac.on.ca/citations

General information https://lib.conestogac.on.ca/citations

B. In chapter 10 from Academic Writing, you were introduced to the proper use of
source material, i.e. the aspects of citation that are related to the content of a text.
Citing sources often provides grounds for the author’s own assertions or gives the
reader more information. Besides, it makes clear who the author or each idea is.

In this section, we will focus specifically on how to incorporate quotations and

citation of the bibliography you refer to in your academic texts, i.e. we will look into
the formal aspects of citation. For that purpose, read carefully chapter 11
“Documenting Sources”, from Leki’s Academic Writing, and:

1. After reading the selection on in-text citation following the APA guidelines,
consider the following excerpts from some of the answers to an assignment set in
a previous year.
a. Analyse each of them and decide:
• Are quotes appropriately cited?
• Is punctuation adequate in the quotes?
• Is the publishing information correct?
• Would you suggest any modifications in the use and documentation of the
source?
b. Assess the overall use of the source in each case.
• Are sources smoothly incorporated to the writer’s piece?
• Are they effective in adding to the writer’s development of ideas?

Excerpt A

Cook claims in his text “What is discourse?” (1998) that sentence grammar is not
enough for language teaching because it only studies isolated sentences, which are
grammatically well formed, out of contexts, and idealized.
Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. UNLP
Lengua Inglesa 3
Clases prácticas

Excerpt B

As Cook mentions, the treatment of language in terms of sentences has been

successful in revealing how language works within the sentences, we can establish
rules and constraints what is and is not allowed, whereas beyond the sentences such
rules seems to disintegrate or turn into rules of other kind, such as social rules.

Excerpt C

To begin with, I think that Professor Cooks makes a strong point when he states
“People do not always speak –or write- in complete sentences, yet they still succeed
in communicating” (:1989). Certainly, we may understand pieces of text by the use of
just one word, or an ungrammatical statement, for example: “Careful!” We can
interpret the meaning without the Subject-Verb-Object structure.

Excerpt D

One main concept for this is coherence, because “What matters is not the conformity
to rules, but the fact that it communicates and is recognized by its receiver as
coherent” (Cook: 1989). Coherence has to do with the previous stretches of language
but also with the context in which these are produced.

C. Some feedback on citation in the mid-term test

1. We have found the following kinds of mistakes in the use of citation in the mid-term
test, most of which affect the quality of the content of a text. Read the explanations
and, after that, look at the examples and discuss how each of the mistakes in them
should be corrected.

• Lack of citation:
No in-text citation was provided in many texts for passages such as the following:

“Being aware of the features of context enables writers to know what choices to
make when producing a text. Some of these features are: the relationship with the
audience, paralinguistic features, the genre, among others.”

• Quoting a passage that does not have a clear logical relationship with the
assertion that it is supposed to explain or provide grounds for:

“However, these qualities of verbal exchanges [body language, facial expressions,

the quality of the voice] are lost if the message is written. In the words of Cook, "we
Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. UNLP
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are also influenced [...] by our cultural and social relationships with the participants."
(Cook, 1989, p. 10).

• Using a quotation to repeat what has already been paraphrased:

Even though we can still communicate with ungrammatical sentences, we still need
grammar, since it organises language. As Cook (1989) expresses: ‘(…) just as we
cannot communicate with only the rules of semantics and grammar, so we just as
surely cannot communicate very well without them’.

• Using a quotation in a sense that is not the one the writer gave those words:
“Effective academic writers in particular, and competent communicators in general,
are those who are mindful of their context: they are aware of “the social and cultural
setting (...) speakers' and writers' relationships with each other, and the community's
norms, values and expectations for the kind of interaction" (Paltridge 2006, p. 6), and
thus are able to select a form and content which will be found to be relevant,
appropriate, and interesting by their intended audience.”
• Duplicating information in citation:

“As Guy Cook states: “these are the paralinguistic features of a spoken language,
which are lost if we write the message down” (Cook, 1989, p. 9).

2. Go back to your practice task of first mid-term test and conduct the same analysis
for the in-text citation in it.