STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

FOUNDATION IN ARTS
FINAL EXAMINATION

INTAKE : MARCH 2016

SEMESTER : THREE (3)
SUBJECT TITLE : STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
SUBJECT CODE : PMTH003

TIME ALLOWED FOR THIS PAPER:

Reading time before commencing work : TEN (10) minutes
Working time for the paper : THREE (3) hours

MATERIALS ALLOWED
Standard items : Pens, Pencils, Eraser, Correction fluid/tape, Ruler, Highlighters.
Special items : Non- programmable calculators, Authorised dictionary without
thesaurus and translations, NO digital dictionaries allowed.

IMPORTANT NOTE TO CANDIDATES

It is your responsibility to ensure that you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items
of a non-personal nature in the examination room. If you have any unauthorised material with
you, hand it to the supervisor/invigilator before reading any further.

DO NOT REMOVE THIS QUESTION PAPER FROM THE EXAMINATION HALL

STUDENT ID: _______________________________________

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STRUCTURE OF THIS PAPER

Number of Number of Suggested

Marks
Section questions questions to working time Answer in
available
available be answered (minutes)

30 minutes 20 marks Question

1 5 5
per question each question paper

Total marks 100 marks

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. There are TWENTY-ONE (21) pages (including this page, the formula sheet, table
and the cover page).

2. This question booklet contains only ONE (1) section:-

a. Answer ALL questions in this question booklet.
b. Write your answer in the spaces provided in this booklet.
c. Each question is worth 20 marks.
d. Suggested working time is 30 minutes per question.

3. Formula sheet is provided.

4. Table for Standard Normal Probability is provided.

Question & Chapters:

Q1 Univariate
Q2 Bivariate
Q3 Bivariate & Poisson

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Q4 Binomial & Normal Distribution

Q5 Poisson, Binomial & Normal Approximation
FORMULA SHEET

√ ∑ x 2 − x̄ 2 S xy=
∑ xy − x̄ ȳ r xy =
S xy
σ x= n σxσ y
n

S xy
b=
y=a+bx , where σ 2x and a= ȳ−b x̄
The line of best fit:

Correlation Coefficient Description

r=1 Perfect positive linear relationship

0.8 < r < 1 Strong positive linear relationship

0.5 < r  0.8 Moderate positive linear relationship

0.3 < r  0.5 Weak positive linear relationship

0 < r  0.3 No significant linear relationship

istribution formula: P(X = x) = nCx  px  q(n-x)

Binomial d

−λ x
e λ
P( X= x )=
Poisson distribution formula: x!

x−μ
z=
Z score: σ

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Normal Curve Areas

Standard Normal Probability
in right hand tail.

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0 0.5 0.496 0.492 0.488 0.484 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.409 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.352 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.33 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.305 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.281 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.242 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.209 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.166 0.1635 0.1611
1 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.123 0.121 0.119 0.117
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.102 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.063 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.025 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.017 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.015 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.011
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
2.4 0.0082 0.008 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
2.5 0.0062 0.006 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.004 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.003 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.002 0.0019
2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
3 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.001 0.001
3.1 0.001 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
3.5 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
3.6 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
3.7 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
3.8 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

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This booklet has FIVE (5) questions.

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
Total marks per question : 20 marks
Suggested working time : 30 minutes per question

QUESTION 1
a. As part of a biology experiment Jacob caught and weighed 120 minnows. He used his
calculator to find the mean and standard deviation of their weights:
Mean : 26.23 g
Standard deviation : 4.02 g
i. Find the total weight, ∑ x , of Jacob’s 120 minnows. [1
mark]

ii. Use the formula

Standard deviation =
√ ∑ x 2 −x 2
n
to find ∑ x 2 for Jacob’s minnows. [1 mark]

Another member of the class, Sharon, did the same experiment with minnows caught
from a different stream. Her results are summarised by:
n : 80
Mean : 25.21 g
Standard deviation : 3.84 g
Their teacher says they should combine their results into a single set.
iii. Find the mean and standard deviation for the combination data set. [3 marks]

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iv. Which student’s experiment result is more consistent? Provide reasons to support
your finding. [2 marks]

b. A manufacturer produces electrical cable which is sold on reels and each reel is
supposed to hold 100m of cable. In the quality control department, the length of cable
on randomly chosen reels is measured. Below are the summarized data for the length of
cable (in metre) on 20 reels:
∑ x =1898 ∑ x 2=182960
i. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the length of cable per reel and
correct it to two decimal places in the unit of metre. [2 marks]

ii. It is notice that one of the cable’s lengths is 67m, which exists as an extreme
value for the collected data. Given that the particular cable is discarded with the
reel and not replaced, find the new mean and standard deviation of the remaining
cables’ length. Correct the answer to two decimal places in the unit of metre.
[2 marks]

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It was later found that the remaining reels can actually hold the cables’ length for more
than 100m. The length of cables are moderated using a simple equation where the
length of cables are all multiplied by a factor of 1.7 and then added by 3.
iii. Write down the transformation equation used. [1 mark]

iv. After taking b(ii) and b(iii) into consideration, calculate the new mean and
standard deviation, correct to the nearest whole number. [2 marks]

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c. A set of data illustrated on the box plot below has a mean of 6 and a variance of 4.

3 4 5 8 13

The set goes through two different linear transformations and the changes are shown in
the revised box plot below.
Based on the box plot, determine the changes or the transformations for each new set of
data and find the mean and variance for each new set of data. [6 marks]
i.

7 8 9 12 17

Transformation Equation : _________________

Mean : _________________
Variance : _________________

ii.

9 12 15 24 39

Transformation Equation : _________________

Mean : _________________
Variance : _________________

[Total : 20 marks]

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QUESTION 2
The PISA test is a worldwide study conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) to test literacy skills of 15-year-old students from
different nations in the world. The result is shown in the table below. The second column
shows the result on overall literacy score, x and the third column shows the result on science
scale, y.

Countries Overall literacy score (x) Science scale (y)

A 1117 659
B 1082 621
C 875 480
D 955 575
E 1129 616
F 917 531
G 1065 726
H 976 581
I 902 472
J 956 531
K 1115 628
L 1161 673

a. Calculate the correlation coefficient rxy and state the least squares regression line for y
on x. [2 marks]

b. Calculate the expected Science scale for a country with an overall literacy score of
1100 to the nearest whole number. [1 mark]

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c. Plot the scatter graph and line of regression on the graph below. [4 marks]

d. One of these twelve countries may be considered to be an outlier. Circle the outlier on
the scatter graph. [1 mark]

e. Remove this outlier from the given data and calculate the new correlation coefficient
and line of regression. Graph the new line of regression on the scatter graph and label it
as “new”. [4 marks]

f. Calculate the new expected Science scale for a country with an overall literacy score of
1100 to the nearest whole number. [1 mark]

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g. Describe the influence of the outlier on the different values for the Science scale
calculated in (b) and (f). [1 mark]

h. Comment on the reliability of your prediction from (f). [2 marks]

i. Calculate the new expected Science scale for a country with an overall literacy score of
800 and comment on the reliability of your prediction. [2 marks]

j. Find the residual for the overall literacy score of 902 and explain the significance of
this residual. [2 marks]

[Total : 20 marks]

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QUESTION 3
a. A study on the relationship between Grade Point Average (GPA), x, and starting
salaries, y, (rounded to the nearest hundred RM (’00)) of nine university graduates are
conducted and recorded by University Career Centre. The summary statistics is as
follows:
2 2
Σx=25 . 3 Σy=213 Σx =75.31 Σy =5228 Σ xy=622.5
i. Calculate the correlation coefficient r xy. [4 marks]

ii. Comment on the relationship and the significance between these two variables.
[2 marks]

iii. Find the regression line to predict y. [4 marks]

iv. Predict the value of y if x = 5. [1 mark]

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v. Suppose each of the value of x was multiplied by -3, what would be the value of
the correlation coefficient between x and y? [1 mark]

vi. Suppose each of the value of x and y were both increased by -3, what would be
the value of the correlation coefficient between x and y? [1 mark]

vii. Suppose each of the value of x and y were both multiplied by -5, what would be
the value of the correlation coefficient between x and y? [1 mark]

b. The mean number of bacteria per millilitre of liquid is 2. By assuming that the number
of bacteria follows a Poisson distribution, find the probability that in 1 ml of liquid,
there are

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i. No bacteria [2 marks]

ii. 5 bacteria [2 marks]

iii. less than 3 bacteria [2 marks]

[Total : 20 marks]

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QUESTION 4
a. A study revealed that 87% of the heart failure is due to natural occurrences and 13% is
of outside factors. Suppose that 20 patients visit an emergency room with heart failure.
Assume that the causes of heart failure between individuals are independent.
i. What is the probability that exactly three individuals have conditions caused by
outside factors? [2 marks]

ii. What is the probability that three or more individuals have conditions caused by
outside factors? [2 marks]

iii. What are the mean, variance and standard deviation of the number of individuals
with conditions caused by outside factors? [3 marks]

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b. The lengths of minnows are normally distributed with a mean of 41 cm and a standard
deviation of 2.5 cm. Find the probability that one of the minnows chosen at random has
a length:
i. less than 37 cm. [2 marks]

ii. more than 44 cm. [2 marks]

iii. between 38.3 cm and 42.8 cm inclusive. [2 marks]

iv. If a minnow less than 36.5 cm long is caught, it must be returned to the water.
What percentage will it be returned? [2 marks]

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v. If a fisherman catches 3 minnows, what is the probability that exactly two will
need to be returned to the water? [2 marks]

vi. Another similar species of fish has the same mean length but different standard
deviation. If only 10.03% of this species are more than 45cm long, find the
standard deviation. [3 marks]

[Total : 20 marks]

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QUESTION 5
a. The number of flaws in a fibre optic cable follows a Poisson distribution. The average
number of flaws in 50m of cable is 1.2.
i. What is the probability of exactly three flaws in 150m of cable? [2 marks]

ii. What is the probability of at least two flaws in 100m of cable? [2 marks]

iii. What is the probability of exactly one flaw in the first 50m of cable and exactly
one flaw in the second 50m of cable? [2 marks]

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b. Johnson Electronics makes calculators. Quality and accuracy of calculators are one of
the top priorities of the company’s management. It is known from past data that despite
all efforts, 15% of the calculators with model name of JohnsonAccu-570MS
manufactured by this company do not conform to the required specifications and
malfunction within a 2-year period.

A production engineer chooses a random sample of 30 JohnsonAccu-570MS calculators

from the large batch. Find the probability that
i. exactly three calculators in the sample do not conform to the required
specification. [2
marks]

ii. two or fewer calculators in the sample do not conform to the required
specification. [3
marks]

iii. Five or more calculators in the sample do conform to the required specifications.
[3
marks]

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For the purpose of quality control, a quality control engineer chooses a random sample of 300
JohnsonAccu-570MS calculators from the same large batch in which 22% of the calculators
do not conform to the required specifications.
iv. Write down the mean and standard deviation of the number of calculators in the
sample that do not conform to the required specifications. [2
marks]

v. Use an appropriate normal approximation to calculate the probability that 77 or

more calculators in the sample of 300 calculators do not conform to the required
specifications. [4 marks]

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[Total : 20 marks]
END OF QUESTIONS

ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR ROUGH WORK

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