OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

TABLE NO. 1

Shows percent wise distribution of subjects in control and study group

Sr. No. Groups No. of Subjects Percentage

1 Controls Group 30 26

Study Group
2 96 74
(Infertile Patients)

Total 126 100

Table -1 shows the distribution of subjects. The present study consists of

total 126 subjects. Out of which 30 were fertile controls and study group includes
96 infertile patients.

152
 TABLE NO. 2

Shows age wise distribution of infertile patients

Age Groups No. of Percentage

Sr. No. Group
(In Years) Subjects (%)

21-25 2 2.0

26-30 54 56.25

Infertile
1 31-35 30 31.25
Patients

36-40 8 8.33

41-45 2 2.08

Table-2 shows distribution of the infertile patients in different age group.

The present study includes infertile patients from the age group 21-45 years. The
percent wise distribution of infertile patients were 2.00%, 56.25%, 31.25 %,
8.33%, 2.08% from the age group 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45 respectively.
The maximum numbers of patients were from the age group 26-30 and 31-35;
hence control patients were selected from the same age group with percentage
63.33% and 36.66% respectively (Table-3)

153
 GRAPH NO. 1

Shows age wise distribution of infertile patients

60

50
Percentage

40

30

20

10

0
21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45
Age groups

154
 TABLE NO. 3

Shows age wise distribution of control subjects

Age Groups No. of Percentage

Sr. No. Groups
(In Years) Subjects (%)

25-30 19 63.33
Control
1.
Subjects
31-35 11 36.66

155
 TABLE NO. 4

Shows distribution of infertile patients according to World Health

Organization criteria

Sr. No. Groups No. of Subjects Percentage (%)

Infertile Patients
1 96 100
(Total study group)
1. Normospermic Infertile
16 16.67
Group (NI)

2. Oligospermic (O) 14 14.58

3. Asthenospermic (A) 35 36.46

4. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 31 32.29

Table-4 shows distribution of infertile patients as per WHO guidelines

1999. The total 126 infertile patients (total study group) were split into four
groups: Normospermic Infertile Group (16), Oligospermic (14), Asthenospermic
(35), Oligoasthenospermic (31). The distribution of infertile patients in
normospermic infertile group was 16.67% while in oligospermic group 14.58%.
The maximum number of patients was from Asthenospermic and
Oligoasthenospermic group.

156
 TABLE NO. 5

Shows comparison of sperm count of control group with total infertile

patients and their subgroups

Sperm Count
Sr. No. Groups (106millions/ml)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 72.74 ± 14.92

Total Study Group

2. 34.78 ± 29.55***
(Infertile Patients)

Normospermic Infertile
3. 69.45 ± 21.59*
Group

4. Oligospermic (O) 9.35 ± 5.27***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 52.25 ± 20.62**

Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 8.64 ± 5.79***

6.

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

Sperm count was found to be significantly decreased in subgroups of

infertile patients and in total study group as compared to controls except in
normospermic group. The fall in sperm count was highly significant in
oligospermic group and oligoasthenospermic group.

157
 TABLE NO. 6

Shows comparison of sperm motility of control group with total infertile

patients and their subgroups

Sr. No. Groups Sperm Motility (%)

Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 69.16 ± 8.10

2. Total Study Group

34.42 ± 21.45***
(Infertile Patients)

3. Normospermic Infertile Group 58.75 ± 6.95***

4. Oligospermic 63.57 ± 12.77*

5. Asthenospermic 22.42 ± 12.32***

6. Oligoasthenospermic 22.25 ± 12.57***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05),

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The percentage of sperm motility was significantly decreased in total

study group and subgroups of infertile patients except in oligospermic group. The
sperm motility was significantly deceased in normospermic infertile patient,
though it is normal as per WHO guidelines.

158
 TABLE NO.7

Shows comparison of Sperm Morphology of control group with total infertile

patients and their subgroups

Sperm Abnormal
Sr.
Groups Morphology (%)
No.
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 18.76 ± 4.74

2. Total Study Group 31.07 ± 13.43***

(Infertile Patients)

3. Normospermic Infertile Group 19.75 ± 5.14458*

4. Oligospermic 35.92 ± 13.94***

5. Asthenospermic 32.22 ± 10.313***

6. Oligoasthenospermic 33.41 ± 16.34***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05),* Not

significant (p>0.05)

Abnormal sperm morphology was significantly increased in total study

group (p<0.001), oligoteratospermic, oligoasthenoteratospermic, patients as
compared with controls, on the other hand the difference was not significant in
normospermic infertile group .

159
 TABLE NO. 8

Showing comparison of sperm count, motility, morphology of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

Sperm
Sperm Count Sperm Motility
Sr. Abnormal
Groups (106millions/ml) (%)
No Morphology (%)
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 72.74 ± 14.92 69.16 ± 8.10 18.76 ± 4.74

Total Study Group 34.78 ±

2. 34.42 ± 21.45*** 31.07 ± 13.43**
(Infertile Patients) 29.55***

3. Normospermic 69.45 ± 21.59 58.75 ± 6.95** 19.75 ± 5.14

4. Oligospermic (O) 9.35 ± 5.27*** 63.57 ± 12.77 35.92 ± 13.94***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 52.25 ± 20.62** 22.42 ± 12.32*** 32.22 ± 10.31***

Oligoasthenospermic
6. 8.64 ± 5.79*** 22.25 ± 12.57*** 33.41 ± 16.34***
(OT)

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

In normospermic infertile group, there was no significant difference in sperm

count and sperm abnormal morphology as compared to controls whereas sperm motility
was significantly decreased as compared to control. In oligospermic group there was
significant decrease in sperm count (p<0.001) and increase in abnormal sperm
morphology (p<0.001); whereas sperm motility was not significantly decreased as
compared to controls. In asthenospermic and oligoasthenospermic groups sperm count,
sperm motility (p<0.001) was significantly decreased; whereas abnormal sperm
morphology (p<0.001) was significantly increased as compared to controls.

160
 GRAPH NO. 2

Shows comparison of sperm count, motility, morphology of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

80.00

70.00

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40.00

30.00 Count
Motility
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161
 TABLE NO. 9

Shows comparison of levels of DNA fragmentation index (DFI) of control

group with total infertile patients and their subgroups

DNA fragmentation Index

Sr. No. Groups
(DFI) (%)

1. Control Group 11.65 ± 3.38

2. Total Study Group 48.90 ± 13.90***

Normospermic Infertile 31.43 ± 7.00***

3.
Group

4. Oligospermic (O) 40.27 ± 8.87***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 48.88 ± 8.81***

Oligoasthenospermic (OT) 61.85 ± 9.71***

6.

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation is expressed in mean ± S.D.

The statistical comparison between control and subgroups of infertile patients and
total study group, it was found that the percentage of DFI was found be
significantly increased in all subgroups of infertile patients as compared to
control. As we advances from normospermic infertile group to
oligoasthenospermic group, the % of DNA fragmentation was goes on increasing.
These elevations are statistically significant.

162
 GRAPH NO. 3

Shows comparison of levels of DNA fragmentation index (DFI) of control

group with total infertile patients and their subgroups

70.0000

60.0000

50.0000

40.0000

30.0000
DFI
20.0000

10.0000

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163
 TABLE NO. 10

Shows comparison of levels of Protamine-1 of control group with total

infertile patients and their subgroups

Protamine-1
Sr. No. Groups (ng/106 sperm)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 532.74 ± 25.06

Total Study Group 457.15 ± 20.59***

2.

Normospermic Infertile
3. 445.22 ± 13.48***
Group

4. Oligospermic (O) 459.85 ± 11.37***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 442.54 ± 15.12***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 478.57 ± 11.60***

P- value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of protamine-1 are expressed in mean ± S.D. The

mean levels of P1 were statistically decreased in subgroups of infertile patients
and in total study group on comparison with control. The maximum decrease of
P-1 levels was observed in Oligoasthenospermic group.

164
 TABLE NO. 11

Shows comparison of levels of Protamine-2 of control group with total

infertile patients and their subgroups

Protamine-2
Sr. No. Groups (ng/106 sperm)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 497.40 ± 19.33

2. Total Study Group 337.33 ± 19.51***

Normospermic Infertile
3. 355.75 ± 15.14***
Group

4. Oligospermic (O) 351.67 ± 8.37***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 327.08 ± 11.31***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 332.92 ± 22.27***

P-value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of protamine-2 are expressed in mean ± S.D. The

mean levels of P2 were statistically decreased in subgroups of infertile patients
and in total study group on comparison with control.

165
 GRAPH NO. 4

Shows comparison of levels of Protamine-1 and Protamine-2 of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

600.0000

500.0000

400.0000

300.0000

PI
200.0000 PII

100.0000

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166
 TABLE NO. 12

Shows comparison of levels of Protamine-1/Protamine-2 ratio of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

P-1/P-2 ratio
Sr. No. Groups (ng/106 sperm)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 1.07 ± 0.06

2. Total Study Group 1.35 ± 0.09***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group 1.25 ± 0.042***

4. Oligospermic 1.30 ± 0.03***

5. Asthenospermic 1.35 ± 0.06***

6. Oligoasthenospermic 1.44 ± 0.08***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

Protamine-1/Protamine-2 ratio was significantly increased in subgroups

total study group as compared to controls. The highest elevation of Protamine-
1/Protamine-2 ratio was observed in Oligoasthenospermic group. As P1/P2 ratio
elevates, the % DNA fragmentation was goes on increasing.

167
 GRAPH NO. 5

Shows comparison of levels of Protamine-1/Protamine-2 ratio of control

group with total infertile patients and their subgroups

1.6000

1.4000

1.2000

1.0000

0.8000

0.6000

0.4000

0.2000

0.0000
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168
 TABLE NO. 13

Shows comparison of levels of MDA of control group with total infertile

patients and their subgroups

Malondealdehyde
Sr. No. Groups (nmol/l)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 1.71 ± 0.50

2. Total Study Group 5.19 ± 1.31***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group

3.98 ± 0.53***

4. Oligospermic (O)
4.7 ± 0.76***

5. Asthenospermic (A)
5.09 ± 1.11***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 6.14 ± 1.36***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of MDA are expressed in mean ± S.D. The statistical
comparison between control and subgroups of infertile patients and total study
group, it was found that the levels of MDA were found be significantly increased
in all subgroups of infertile patients as compared to control. As we advances from
normospermic infertile group to oligoasthenospermic group, the levels of MDA
was goes on increasing. These elevations are statistically significant.

169
 TABLE NO. 14

Shows comparison of levels of nitric oxide of control group with total infertile
patients and their subgroups

Sr. No. Nitric oxide (µmol/l)

Groups
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 3.44 ± 0.27

2. Total Study Group 6.23 ± 1.32***

3. Normospermic infertile group

5.61 ± 0.47***

4. Oligospermic
6.17 ± 0.79***

5. Asthenospermic
5.77 ± 0.92***

6. Oligoasthenospermic 7.09 ± 1.73***

170
 P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of nitric oxide are expressed in mean ± S.D. The
statistical comparison between control and subgroups of infertile patients and total
study group, it was found that the levels of nitric oxide were found be
significantly increased in all subgroups of infertile patients as compared to
control. The highest rise of Nitric oxide levels were seen in oligoasthenospermic
men

TABLE NO. 15

Shows comparison of levels of total oxidant status (TOS) of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

TOS
Sr. No. Groups (µmol H2O2 Eq/l)
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 13.60 ± 1.90

2. Total Study Group 28.04 ± 6.70***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group 23.18 ± 5.049***

4. Oligospermic (O) 28.14 ± 4.83***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 28.11 ± 4.27***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA)
30.41 ± 8.96***

171
 P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of TOS are expressed in mean ± S.D. The statistical
comparison between control and subgroups of infertile patients and total study
group, it was found that the levels of TOS were found be significantly increased
in all subgroups of infertile patients as compared to control. As we advances from
normospermic infertile group to oligoasthenospermic group, the levels of MDA
was goes on increasing. These elevations are statistically significant

TABLE NO. 16

172
 Shows comparison of levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of control
group with total infertile patients and their subgroups

Sr. TAC (mmol trolox Eq/l)

Groups
No. Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 22.17 ± 2.85

2. Total Study Group 13.79 ± 1.68***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group 15.98 ± 1.18***

4. Oligospermic (O) 13.66 ± 1.53***

5. Asthenospermic (A) 13.82 ± 1.56***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 12.70 ± 0.85***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The levels of TAC were found be significantly decreased in all subgroups

of infertile patients as compared to control. On observing the levels of TAC from
normospermic Infertile Group to Oligoasthenospermic group it shows gradual fall
in levels as we proceeds from normospermic Infertile Group to
Oligoasthenospermic group, which was statistically significant.

GRAPH NO. 6

173
 Shows comparison of levels oxidative stress markers, DFI and semen
characteristics of control group with total infertile patients and their
subgroups

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00
Count
40.00
Motility

30.00 Morphology

TOS
20.00
TAC
10.00 DFI

0.00
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TABLE NO. 17

174
Shows comparison of levels of oxidative stress index (OSI) of control group
with total infertile patients and their subgroups

Sr. OSI (AU)

Groups
No. Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 62.49 ± 12.84

2. Total Study Group 209.02 ± 62.94***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group

146.92 ± 40.17***

4. Oligospermic (O)
210.24 ± 51.63***

5. Asthenospermic (A)
209.12 ± 46.04***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 240.41 ± 71.45***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The % OSI was significantly increased in all subgroups of infertile

patients and study group as compared to control. The highest rise was observed in
oligoasthenospermic group as compared to control.

175
 GRAPH NO. 7

Shows comparison of levels of oxidative stress index (OSI) of control group

with total infertile patients and their subgroups

250.0000

200.0000

150.0000

100.0000

50.0000 OSI

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176
 TABLE NO. 18

Shows comparison of levels of zinc of control group with total infertile

patients and their subgroups

Zinc mg/dl
Sr. No. Groups
Mean ± SD

1. Control Group 23.55 ± 2.70

2. Total Study Group 14.63 ± 2.45***

3. Normospermic Infertile Group

17.13 ± 1.64***

4. Oligospermic (O)
13.62 ± 1.05***

5. Asthenospermic (A)
15.62 ± 2.53***

6. Oligoasthenospermic (OA) 12.68 ± 1.032***

177
 P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05)and

* Not significant (p>0.05)

The mean levels of zinc were significantly decreased in all subgroups of

infertile patients and study group as compared to control. The highest fall was
observed in oligospermic oligoasthenospermic group as compared to control this
proves it is essential for spermatogenesis.

GRAPH NO. 8: Shows comparison of levels of MDA, NO, TOS, TAC and
zinc of control group with total infertile patients and their subgroups

35.0000

30.0000

25.0000

20.0000
MDA
15.0000
NO
10.0000 TOS
TAC
5.0000 Zinc

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GRAPH NO. 9: Shows correlation between MDA and nitric oxide in infertile
men (r=0.574, p<0.01)

178
 12

10

Nitric oxide µmol/l 8

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MDA nmol/l

GRAPH NO.10: Shows correlation between count and zinc in infertile men

(r=0.706, p<0.001)

140

120
Sperm Count 10 6 mliiions/ml

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Zn mg/dl

GRAPH NO. 11 Shows correlation between DFI and zinc in infertile men

(r= - 0.357, p<0.001)

179
 25

20

Zinc mg/dl 15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DFI %

GRAPH NO. 12: Shows correlation between DFI and TAC in infertile men

(r= - 0.578, p<0.001)

20
18
16
TAC mmol trolox Eq/l

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DFI %

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GRAPH NO. 13: Shows correlation between DFI and motility in infertile
men (r= - 0.485, p<0.001)

90

80

70

60
DFI %

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Sperm Motility %

GRAPH NO. 14: Shows correlation between count and MDA in infertile
men (r= - 0.441, p<0.001)

181
 9

M DA nmol/l 6

0
0 50 100 150
Sperm Count %

182
 Table - 19: showing comparison of levels of sperm characteristics, oxidative stress markers, DFI, P1, P2 and P1/P2 ratio of
control group (C) with total infertile patients (TS) and their subgroups

Abnor
Sperm Sperm
Groups Sperm DFI P-1 P-2 P-1/P-2 MDA NO TOS TAC OSI Zinc
Count Motility
Morphology

Control
72.74± 69.16± 18.76± 11.65± 532.74± 497.40± 1.07± 1.71± 3.44± 13.60± 22.17± 62.49± 23.55±
Group
14.92 8.10 4.74 3.38 25.06 19.33 0.06 0.50 0.27 1.90 2.85 12.84 2.70

Total 34.78± 34.42± 31.07± 48.90± 457.15± 337.33± 1.35± 5.19± 6.23± 28.04± 13.79± 209.02± 14.63±
Study Group 29.55*** 21.45*** 13.43*** 13.90*** 20.59*** 19.51*** 0.09*** 1.31*** 1.32*** 6.70*** 1.68*** 62.94*** 2.45***

Normosperm
69.45± 58.75 19.75± 31.43± 445.22± 355.75± 1.25± 3.98± 5.61± 23.18± 15.98± 146.92± 17.13±
Inferile
21.59* 6.95* 5.14* 7.00*** 13.48*** 15.14*** 0.042*** 0.53*** 0.47*** 5.049*** 1.18*** 40.17*** 1.64***
Group

9.35± 63.57± 35.92± 40.27± 459.85± 351.67± 1.30± 4.7± 6.17± 28.14± 13.66± 210.24± 13.62±
Oligospermic
5.27*** 12.77* 13.94*** 8.87*** 11.37*** 8.37*** 0.03*** 0.76*** 0.79*** 4.83*** 1.53*** 51.63*** 1.05***

Asthenosper 52.25± 22.42± 32.22± 48.88± 442.54± 327.08± 1.35± 5.09± 5.77± 28.11± 13.82± 209.12± 15.62±
mic 20.62** 12.32*** 10.313*** 8.81*** 15.12*** 11.31*** 0.06*** 1.11*** 0.92*** 4.27*** 1.56*** 46.04*** 2.53***

Oligoastheno 478.57± 6.14± 7.09± 30.41± 12.70±

8.64± 22.25± 33.41± 61.85± 332.92± 1.44± 240.414± 12.68±
spermic 11.60*** 1.36*** 1.73*** 8.96*** 0.85***
5.79*** 12.57*** 16.34*** 9.71*** 22.27*** 0.08*** 71.45*** 1.032***

P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05),* Not significant (p>0.05)

In subgroups of infertile patients the DFI, TOS, MDA, Nitric oxide goes on increasing and TAC and zinc goes on decreasing. The rise
in TOS, MDA, Nitric oxide, P1/P2 ratio causes gradual fall in TAC and zinc levels.

181
 Table - 20 Correlation coefficient of various parameters studied in total study group

Sperm Sperm Sperm

MDA NO TOS TAC OSI Zinc DFI P-1 P-2 P-1/P-2
Count Motility Morpho

Sperm
r 1 0.120 -313** -0.441** -0.407** -0.251* 0.466** -0.352** 0.706** -0.464** 0.167* 0.133 -0.149**
Count

Sperm
r 0.120 1 -.208* -0.484** -0.269** -0.220* 0.284** -0.271** 0.242* -0.485** 0.190 0.466** -0.514**
Motility

Sperm
r -0.313** -0.208* 1 0.179 0.095 0.123 -0.223* 0.153 -0.287** 0.143 -0.279** -0.112 0.098
Morphology

MDA r -0.441** -0.484** 0.179 1 0.574** 0.279** -0.295** 0.330** -0.394** 0.511** -0.331** -0.367** 0.533**

NO r -0.407** -0.269** 0.095 0.574** 1 0.128 -0.231* 0.184 -0.335** 0.256* -0.04** -0.164 0.33**

TOS r -0.251* -0.220* 0.123 0.279** 0.128 1 -0.356** 0.914*** -0.171 0.439** -.014 -.223** .0.24**

TAC r 0.466** 0.284** -0.223* -0.295** -0.231* -0.356** 1 -0.663** 0.423** -0.578** 0.276* 0.246** -0.315**

OSI r -0.352** -0.271** 0.153 0.330** 0.184 0.914** -0.663** 1 -0.264** 0.552** -0.03* -0.338** 0.418**

Zinc r 0.706** 0.242* -0.287** -0.394** -0.335** -0.171 0.423** -0.264** 1 -0.357** 0.29** .0.232 -0.31**

DFI r -0.464** -0.485** 0.143 0.511** 0.256* 0.439** -0.578** 0.552** -0.357** 1 -0.183 -0.356** 0.47**

Oxidative stress markers (MDA, Nitric oxide, TOS, OSI) were positively correlated with DFI & P1/P2 ratio and negatively correlated with TAC and Zinc levels.
TAC, Zinc, protamine levels were positively correlated with sperm count, sperm motility and negatively correlated with abnormal sperm morphology. MDA,
Nitric oxide, TOS, OSI DFI, P1/P2 ratio were negatively correlated with sperm count, sperm motility and positively correlated with abnormal sperm
morphology. Maximum correlations are significant in infertile patients P value -*** Highly significant (p<0.001), **Significant (p<0.05) and * Not significant (p>0.05)

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 Table-21 Correlation coefficient of various parameters studied in control subjects

Nitric_O
Count Active Morp MDA TOS TAC OSI Zinc DFI PI PII PI_PII
xide
Count r 1 0.132 -0.087 -0.05 -.0107 -0.112 0.102 -0.138 0.101 -.354 0.098 0.159 -0.173
Active r .131 1 -0.306 -0.20 -0.141 .0.166 0.072 -0.151 0.031 -.089 -0.069 0.137 -0.141
Morp r -.087 -0.306 1 0.01 0.112 0.013 -0.197 0.145 -0.085 0.253 -0.218 -0.007 0.176
MDA r -0.05 -0.200 0.010 1 .024 0.015 -0.226 0.112 -0.037 0.165 -0.024 -0.240 0.166
Nitric_Oxi
-0.107 -0.141 0.112 0.024 1 0.066 -0.293 0.287 -0.015 0.055 -0.192 -0.164 0.070
de r
TOS r -0.112 -0.166 0.013 0.015 0.66 1 -0.017 0.683** -0.159 .087 -0.098 -0.021 0.102
**
TAC r 0.102 0.072 -0.197 -0.226 -0.293 -0.017 1 -.0.72 0.274 -0.048 0.141 0.096 -0.062
** **
OSI r -0.138 -0.151 0.145 0.112 0.287 0.683 -0.72 1 -0.077 .028 -0.227 -0.030 0.178
Zinc r 0.101 0.031 -0.085 -0.03 -0.015 -0.159 0.274 -0.077 1 -.306 0.081 0.054 -0.038
DFI r -.354 -0.089 0.253 0.165 0.055 0.087 -0.048 0.028 -0.306 1 -0.040 -0.024 0.016

Oxidative stress markers (MDA, Nitric oxide, TOS, OSI) were positively correlated with DFI & P1/P2 ratio and negatively correlated
with TAC and Zinc levels. TAC, Zinc, protamine levels were positively correlated with sperm count, sperm motility and negatively
correlated with abnormal sperm morphology. MDA, Nitric oxide, TOS, OSI DFI, P1/P2 ratio were negatively correlated with sperm
count, sperm motility and positively correlated with abnormal sperm morphology. Most of the correlations are weak and not
significant in fertile controls.

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