The Second Northern War's attack on Copenhagen on February 11, 1659.

The Swedish Empire's

forces were successfully repelled by the Danish defenses led by King Frederick III. Frederik
Christian Lund's painting.
As Sweden was heavily embroiled in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), King Frederick III of
Denmark saw an opportunity to rip up the Treaty of Brmsebro and marched on Bremen-Verden
in 1657. With the signing of the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control
of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trndelag, and the island of Bornholm, this resulted in a significant
Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden took Jutland and, after the
Swedish March across the frozen Danish straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand. Charles X
Gustav soon regretted not having destroyed Denmark, so in August 1658 he launched a second
invasion, took control of the majority of the Danish islands, and started a two-year siege of
Copenhagen. Instigating his subjects to take up arms, King Frederick III actively oversaw the
city's defense as it actively repelled Swedish attacks. Following Charles X Gustav's demise in
1660, the siege came to an end. [42] As a result of the ensuing peace accord, Denmark was able
to keep its independence and retake Trndelag and Bornholm. Following the war, Frederick III
attained great popularity, which he used to abolish the elective monarchy in favor of absolute
monarchy, which in Denmark lasted until 1848. [44].

During the Scanian War (1675–1679), Denmark attempted to retake control of Scania but failed.
In the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg and the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, respectively,
Denmark was able to retake control of the regions of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house
of Holstein-Gottorp following the Great Northern War (1700–21). Due to its ability to conduct
business with both sides of the many ongoing wars, Denmark experienced great prosperity in
the last two decades of the 18th century. Denmark participated in the League of Armed
Neutrality alongside Russia, Sweden, and Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars, trading goods
with all three countries as well as the United Kingdom and France. [45] The British saw this as
an act of hostility and attacked Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807, robbing the Danish fleet in one
attack and setting large portions of the Danish capital on fire in the other. The so-called Danish-
British Gunboat War resulted from this. The union's economy suffered greatly under British
control of the waterways connecting Denmark and Norway, and in 1813 Denmark-Norway
declared bankruptcy.

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