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 ATE
AIM
DATE:
observe ECG waveform of a subject (Human
To
leads configuration [(12 Leads, 6 limb leads, 3 body) using all
unipolar and 3 leads of
(unipolar)]
APPARATUS REQUIRED bipolar \eads, st6andards bipolar
Heart rate monitor cum ECG trainer
thoracic leads
2. ECG electrodes
3. Connector
4. Oscilloscope.
THEORY

Denglarization of the ventriCles results in

usually the largest part of the ECGsignal (hecauee of
dhe oreater musclemass in the ventricles) and this is
known as the ORS complex
The O wave is the first initial downward or ,,negative"
deflection
The R wave is then the next upward deflection
(provided it crosses the isoelectric line and
becomes .,positive")
The S wave is then the next deflection downwards, provided it crosses the isoelectric line
to become briefly negative before retuming to the isoelectric baseline.
In the case of the ventricles, there is also an electrical signal reflecting repolarisation of the
myocardium. This is shown as the ST segment and the T wave. The ST segment is normally
variable amplitude and duration.
ISoelectric, and the T wave in most leads is an upright deflection of
allows the time taken for the various phases of electrical
The recording of an ECG on standard paper such
measured, usually in milliseconds. There is arecognized normalrange for
Cpolarisation to be
intervals: deflection ofthe QRS
thefirst
of the P wave to
PR interval (measured from the beginning
- 200ms (3-5 small squares on ECGpaper). complex at
Complex). Normal range 120 QRS
deflection of QRS complexto end l of
QRS duration (measured from first ECG paper).
on
up to 120 ms (3 smallsquares T wave at
isoelectric line). Normal range
complex to end of
QRS
(measured from first deflection of with heart rate and
may be
QT interval ms (though
varies
to 440
isoelectric line). Normal range up
slightly longer in females)
Procedure
cords given.)
Connect the instrument to the mains.( Mains
1. Instrument ON.
Connect the Transducer to system, now make the
2.
3.
Nowswitch ON CRO (Use storage CRO)
4 put the CROon storage mode,
5.
Mode switch at DC position
6.
Time /Div Knob on the mS Division.
7. Voltage / Div Knob on the SV. (Change the position as per signal)
8. Now connect the CRO to the instrument.
9. Check the ground; if not proper make arrangement for that.
10. Now connect the transducer to subject with different lead configuration and obtain the ECG
wave form from CRO.