Larger publishers have recently acquired a number of independent developers.

Although these
development teams are now technically "in-house," they frequently still operate independently
(with their own culture and working methods). Activision, for instance, bought Raven (1997),
Neversoft (1999), which merged with Infinity Ward in 2014, Z-Axis (2001), Treyarch (2001),
Luxoflux (2002), Shaba (2002), Infinity Ward (2003), and Vicarious Visions (2005). With the main
variations being exclusivity and financial information, all of these developers continue to
operate largely as they did prior to acquisition. Compared to outside developers, publishers are
typically more understanding when their own development teams go over budget or miss
deadlines.

A developer may not be the main source of a piece of software; instead, they typically offer an
external software tool that aids in the organization (or use) of data for the main software
product. These tools could be a database, Voice over IP, or add-in interface software, which is
also referred to as middleware. SpeedTree and Havoc are two examples of this.

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