The Endocrine System + Ahormone is a chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the blood o They are chemicals which transmit information from one part of the organism to another and bring about a change © Theyalter the activity of one or more specific target organs + Hormones are used to control functions that do not need instant responses * The endocrine glands that produce hormones in animals are known collectively as the endocrine system © Aglandis a group of cells that produces and releases one or more substances (a process known as secretion)PITUITARY GLAND: THE ‘MASTER GLAND’, SITUATED AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN ‘ADRENAL GLANDS! PRODUCE ADRENALINE TESTES: PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE: (MALE SEX HORMONE) *THE PANCREAS PRODUCES ‘OVARIES: HORMONES TO REGULATE BLOOD PRODUCE OESTROGEN GLUCOSE LEVELS, AS WELL AS (FEMALE SEX HORMONE) DIGESTIVE ENZYMES SUCH AS PANCREATIC AMYLASE AND LIPASEHormones such asinsulin, glucagon, ADHand adrenaline are cell- released into the blood ignalling molecules that are Endocrine glands have a good blood supply as when they make hormones they need to get them into the bloodstream (specifically the blood plasma) as soon as possible so they can travelaround the body to the target organs to bring about aresponse Hormones only affect cells with receptors that the hormone can bind to © These are either found on the cell surface membrane, orinside cells © Receptors have to be complementary to hormones for there tobe an effect Hormones such asinsulin, glucagon and ADH are peptides or small proteins © They are water-soluble and so cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer of cell surface membranes © These hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface membranes of their target cells, which activates second messengers to transfer the signal throughout the cytoplasm Hormones such as testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone are steroid hormones © Theyarelipid-soluble andso can cross the phospholipid bilayer © These hormones bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of their target cellsNON-TARGET CELLS DO NOT HAVE A RECEPTOR FOR THIS PARTICULAR HORMONE PANCREAS RECEPTOR PANCREATIC GLAND CELLS TARGET CELLS HAVE A SPECIFIC RECEPTOR COMPLEMENTARY TO THE HORMONE HORMONE BLOOD CAPILLARY. THESE CELLS MAKE AND SECRETE THE HORMONE Hormones are synthesized and released into the bloodstream froma gland (suchas the pancreatic gland) and circulate in the bloodstream, affecting target cells