Global Agricultural Use of Inorganic Fertilizers H

Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Address, Iloilo | email: coag@iscof.edu.ph
website: iscof.edu.ph | Contact No
GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF CONTAINER-GROWN
RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) APPLIED WITH
FFJ AND FPJ COMBINATIONS
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the
ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -SAN
ENRIQUE CAMPUS
San Enrique, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
(Crop Science)
By
ROSELYN L. BRITANICO
NIEVES F. REZANO
VINCE C. CAPILASTIQUE
2023
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the mustard family
(Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or biennial, or perennial life
spans. It is a popular root vegetable in both tropical and
temperate regions.It is highly appreciated by consumers for its
pungent taste.It could be eaten raw in salads,prepared as
pickles. Due to its popularity,radish is often planted in many
home gardens or raised commercially in the field (BAS,1979).
Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable
crop.It has a high nutritive value.It is a good source of
ascorbic acid and trace elements. They also have a lot of
vitamin C,which acts as an antioxidant to protect our cells from
damage and also a good source of natural nitrates, which may
help to improve blood flow.
In the context, concoctions can help radish cultivation by
serving as organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility,
natural pest control solutions, soil amendments, and foliar
feeding options for healthier and more productive radish crops.
There are concoctions which is the, fermented fruit juice is an
organic concoction made from fruits materials, use to enhance
the soil and increase production of leafy plants in gardens,and
also used to increase sweetness and yield of fruiting plants as
well as building healthier soil. Other,is the fermented plant

juice it is an organic concoction made from plant
material,preferably young shoots of vigorously growing plants,
which are made to ferment with the aid of molasses and brown
sugar that contain nutrients in plant (Gerald Usanna, 2019) ·
Therefore, the researchers come up to use FFJ and FPJ
combinations as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine
its growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and
hazard free crop.
Objectives of the Study
This study will be conducted to determine the growth and
yield performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and
FPJ combinations.
Specifically it seeks to:
1. Determine the growth performance of radish using FFJ
and FPJ combinations in terms of plant height and number of
functional leaves man canopy.
2. Determine the yield performance of container-grown
radish using FFJ and FPJ in terms of the length of harvested
tubers, weight of harvested tubers, and weight of marketable
tubers and weight of non-marketable tubers.
3. Determine if there is a significant difference on the
growth and yield performance of container-grown radish using FFJ
and FPJ combinations.
4. Compute the return of investment of the container-grown
radish using FFJ and FPJ combinations.

Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to find out the growth and yield
performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and FPJ
combinations. The growth will determined in terms of plant
height and number of functional leaves and canopy, while yield
will determined in terms of the length of harvested tubers,
weight of harvested tubers, weight of marketable tubers and
weight of non-marketable tubers . There were six (6) treatments
replicated four (4) times using Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD). The treatments are: Treatment A-30% FFJ + 50% FPJ, B-50%
FFJ + 50% FPJ, C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ, D-control 1 (100% FFJ) E-
control 2 (100% FPJ), F-control 3 (No fertilizer applied).
An experimental area of 20 square meters will be utilized
in which containers of sacks with 30 kilograms soil capacity will
be distributed with a distance of 0.5 meter between treatments
and 1 meter between replications. There were four sacks per
treatment with two hills each, having two seeds per hill with a
distance of 12 centimeters.
The data will analyzed using the Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data with
significant results was further subjected to Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
This study will be conducted at Iloilo State College of
Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San Enrique, Iloilo, Crop Science
Research Area from February 16, 2024 to March 8, 2024.
Significance of the Study

The result of the study will help the radish farmers
choose the appropriate FFJ and FPJ combinations to be applied on
radish.
To the extension workers, this will provide information
about effects of applying FFJ and FPJ combinations. The result
will also serve as their basis to encourage farmers to utilize
FFJ and FPJ combinations as fertilizer.
To the researcher, this will give them information about
the appropriate FFJ and FPJ combinations applicable to radish
and will serve as basis for the conduct of similar studies.
For the environment-conscious people, the result of the
study will be used for their advocacy, a stepping stone towards
the discovery of more organic fertilizers which could help
lessen the environmental pollution.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined to clarify their meaning
and to avoid confusion arising from varied view points of the
readers:
Container Growing. The process of planting plants inside
a container. In this study empty sacks were used.
Concoction. The mixture or combination of various
ingredients often prepared for a specific purpose such as a
drink, remedy, or solution.
Combination. Mixing both fertilizers to provide balance
nutrient boost to radish crop.

FFJ( Fermented Fruit Juice). An organic liquid fertilizer
made from fermented fruits, used to nourish plants like radishes.
FPJ ( Fermented Plant Juice. An organic liquid fertilizer
made from fermented plants, beneficial for radish growth.
Growth Performance. The increase in height and number of
functional leaves and canopy of radish plant applied with FFJ and
FPJ combinations.
Marketable Tubers. The salable radish root that are
damage free and clean.
Non- Marketable Tubers.A radish roots that do not meet
the commercial standards for sale and distribution due to their
size, quality, or other factors. These tubers may be smaller,
misshapen, or damaged in some way, making them unsuitable for the
regular market.
Organic Fertilizer. It is a fertilizer derived from
decomposing plants and animal matter, human excreta and animal
manure. In this study, FFJ and FPJ will be used.
Performance. It is the capacity to achieve a desired
result. In this study the performance of radish will determined
in terms of its growth and yield using FFJ and FPJ combinations.
Radish. The subspecies of the plant having the scientific
name (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study sinandok variety will
be used.
Randomize Complete Block Design. It is a design used in
the study. It is used when the area is uncontrolled or in
agronomic field where blocking is introduced to equalize the
effect of variables.
Tubers. It is a short, thick, round, root or stem that is
a part of certain plant that grows underground.
Weed. A plant that is uselessly undesirable or a plant
that grows in a place where it is not needed and detrimental to
the growth of the main plant. In this study, weeds will be
controlled by hand weeding.
Yield Performance. The production of radish applied with
FFJ and FPJ combinations based on the length of harvested tubers
and weight of harvested, marketable tubers and non-marketable.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature
and studies relevant to the present study. The topics included
are FFJ and FPJ combinations and radish.
FFJ and FPJ combinations Applied to Radish.
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)is an artificial honey.It is a
nutritional activation enzyme and is very effective in natural
farming. FFJ is a kind of FPJ that only uses fruits as its main
ingredients. It is used to revitalize crops, livestock and

humans. FPJ is a natural liquid fertilizer used in radish
farming,combining the benefits of both Fermented Fruit Juice
(FFJ) and Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). It is a sustainable and
organic method to enhance soil fertility and promote healthy
radish growth.
The usage of Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant
Juice (FPJ)as foliar fertilizer along with the fertigation system
is expected to increase and improve yield and quality of the
radish. The foliar application becomes promptly available to the
crops because form of nutrient application is better than direct
fertilization (Naz et al. 2011). The major aims of this study is
to investigate the influence of different combinations of FFJ and
FPJ on the performance and changes of vegetative growth,
physiology, yield and quality of radish.
According to Gonzaga (2019), A global population began to show
rapidly. Thus, the need for those sustainable farm practices
scared only towards fields but additional pressure of growth.The
organic agriculture method is believed to be more environmentally
control that intensive agriculture which is dependent on the
routing use.This study focuses on the determination of the
effectiveness of Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant
Juice (FPJ)to vegetables specifically in radish.
According to Jensen et al. (2006),these concoction are introduce
to produce sanitary spray, soil conditioner and compost enhancer.
Some of the beneficial concoction are Fermented Cook Rice
(FCR),Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant Juice
(FPJ). Fermented plant juice, one of the commonly develop
nowadays, is produced by the fermentation of plant leaves, grass,

thinned crop plants, auxiliary buds and or young fruit and
flower.
According to Janong (2013), Another concoction is Fermented Fruit
Juice (FFJ) which is prepared in similar manner to Fermented
Plant Juice (FPJ).It is use as foliar spray to enhance fruit
quality as a feed supplement for animals and as a food for human.
In general, FFJ is generally used more during the flowering
stage.
According to Borhan (2011), water spinach can be a good growth
promoter as it grow fast and may contain high natural growth
hormones such as auxin. FFJ pineapple gave better result iun
total leaf area rather than FFJ banana at 90 DAT. Pineapple
contained with high amount of K which is about 1.09 mg in 1.00 g
of fresh pineapple and it is good for stimulating early growth of
plants (Rudrappa 2009).
Higher plant height was observed in plant treated with FPJ bamboo
shoot at vegetative stage and FPJ pineapples at flowering and
fruiting stage.Better performance of plant height might probably
because new shoot plant has higher auxin content, therefore it
might be useful to trigger generation and differentiation of new
shoot cell (Reddy, 2011).The results will demonstrates the
effectiveness of organic fertilizers such as fermented fruit
juice (FFJ) and fermented plant juice (FPJ)to vegetables
specifically in eggplant (Solanum melongena) in contrast to
commercial fertilizers Alam, Md. Amirul (2017).
The composition of organic fertilizers of that have a large
number tomato fruits the combination of vermicompost, Fish Amino
Acid, Fermented Fruit Juice, and CalPhos.

According to Alleje and de Villa (2014), vermicomposts are
usually used as a soil conditioners. FAA is a source of nitrogen
and contains an abundant amount of secondary nutrients. CalPhos
prevents blossom-end rot in tomatoes, prevents premature falling
of blossom, of blossom, improves fruit setting, and increases
fruit production.
FFJ helps promote flowering and fruiting. It is a good source of
potassium which speeds up the plant's absorption, resulting in
sweeter tasting fruits. It helps maintain vigor in with plants
and resistance against pests. It adds to soil fertility and the
advent of good colonies of microorganisms and (Agricultural
Training Center, 2006).
Generally, FFJ and FPJ combinations is an effective
organic fertilizer and is essential for healthy valuable plants
like tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, strawberries and radishes.
Radish
Radish scientifically known as (Raphanus sativus L.)
belongs to the family brasicacceae. It is one of the most popular
root crops in the Philippines. It can be cultivated under cover
for early production but large scale production is common in the
field (Kumar, 2014). Radish is grown for its young tender
tuberous root which is consumed either cooked or raw. It is a
good source of Vitamin C and minerals like calcium, potassium and
phosphorous.
Radish is one of the fastest growing vegetables. Radish
roots can be harvested 40 to 60 days after the seeds are planted.
Growing radish seeds in pots produce quickly with minimum effort

whereas container gardening allows the farmer to control
diseases, pest, moisture and other conditions compared to ground
planting (Grant, 2000).
According to Adams (2008), eating radish is a good
alternative treatment for various health problems like cough,
cancer, gastric discomfort, liver problems, constipation,
dyspepsia, gallbladder problems, arthritis, gallstones, kidney
stones and intestinal parasites.
Rakesh Joshi, et al., (2014) stated that the application
of FFJ and FPJ increased seed germination, stem height, number of
leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root length, root number,
total yield, number of fruits/plant.
Fermented plant juice (FPJ) and fermented fruit juice (FFJ)
are organic farming inputs gaining recognition for their
potential to enhance crop growth and soil health. These natural
farming techniques align with sustainable agriculture principles
by utilizing locally available resources (Choi et al., 2017).
Studies on FPJ have shown its efficacy in improving plant
growth and soil quality. Choi et al. (2017) conducted experiments
demonstrating increased crop yields and enhanced nutrient uptake
with FPJ application. Moreover, the presence of beneficial
microorganisms in FPJ can contribute to improved soil structure
and microbial diversity (Gupta & Sharma, 2018).
Similarly, FFJ has garnered attention for its positive
effects on fruit-bearing plants. Tan et al. (2018) conducted
research involving FFJ applications on various fruit crops,
observing enhanced flowering and fruiting. The natural sugars,
vitamins, and nutrients in FFJ have been shown to promote fruit
development and overall plant vigor (Santos & Perez, 2019).

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a versatile root vegetable
sensitive to soil quality and environmental conditions. Factors
such as nutrient availability, soil structure, and pest pressure
influence radish growth (Hussain et al., 2016).
While studies have explored organic farming methods to
enhance radish production, limited research has investigated the
specific effects of FPJ and FFJ on radishes. This research gap
presents an opportunity to examine how these fermented juices can
influence radish growth, root development, and resistance to
pests and diseases.
This study aims to assess the influence of both FPJ and FFJ
on radish growth and development. Through a series of controlled
experiments, we seek to investigate the effects of FPJ and FFJ
application as foliar sprays and soil drenches on radish crops.
Our objectives include evaluating changes in root morphology,
leaf development, and radish bulb yield. Additionally, we aim to
determine whether FPJ and FFJ treatments enhance the resistance
of radishes to common pests and diseases.
Summary
The related literature of this study includes the
advantages and benefits of using fermented fruit juice and
fermented plant juice combinations as organic fertilizer to
crops. It also discusses the nutrient component of based on the
fermented fruit juice and fermented plant juice combinations
result of chemical analysis. FFJ and FPJ combinations is not only
a good source of nutrients but it also improves the soil
physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The related
studies included in this study have shown the different treatment

applied of FFJ and FPJ which affected the growth and yield
performance of vegetables.
It also includes the production of radish, its uses and
health benefits. Radishes are suggested as an alternative
treatment for various health problems like cough, cancer, gastric
discomfort, liver problems, constipation, dyspepsia, gallbladder
problems, arthritis, gallstones, kidney stones, and intestinal
parasites.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the materials and methods that will
used in the study.
Materials
The following were the materials used in the study:
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ),
sacks, sprinkler, meter stick, weighing scale, spade, trowels,
ruler, sandy loam soil, bamboo sticks, card board, black V-net
and three hundred eighty four (384) radish seeds.
Methods
This section discusses the experimental design and
treatments, cultural management practices and procedures,
instruments for data collection, methods of data gathering,
statistical tools and analysis.
Experimental Design and Treatments
The experimental area will laid-out in Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) using six (6) treatments replicated four (4)
times as shown in Figure 1, through random sampling. Six (6)
treatments were used: Treatment A-30% FFJ + 50% FPJ, B-50% FFJ +
50% FPJ, C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ, D-control 1 (100% FFJ) E- control 2
(100% FPJ), F-control 3 (No fertilizer applied).
R E P L I C A T I O N
I II III IV
A B C D
B C D E
C D E F
D E F A
E F A B
F A B C
Figure 1. Experimental lay-out of the study
Legend:
A-30% FFJ + 50% FPJ
B-50% FFJ + 50% FPJ
C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ
D-control 1 (100% FFJ)
E- control 2 (100% FPJ)
F-control 3 (No fertilizer applied).
Cultural Management Practices and Procedures
The cultural management practices and procedures include
the following: site and location, fermenting of FFJ and FPJ,
preparation of concoction, land preparation and field lay-outing,
sowing of seeds, water management, weeding, control of pest and
diseases, harvesting and post-harvest operation.
Site and Location. The study will be conducted at the
Iloilo State College of Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San
Enrique, Iloilo, Crop Science Research Area. The area will be
enclosed with a black v-net to avoid the entrance of stray
animals.
Fermenting of FFJ and FPJ. Prepared Fermented Fruit Juice
(FFJ) by selecting fruits, chopping them, and fermenting the
mixture under controlled conditions. Additionally, prepared

Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) by selecting plant materials,
chopping them, and fermenting the mixture similarly.
Preparation of Concoction. The concoction used in the study
will prepared by fermenting FFJ and FPJ, preparing a concoction
by combining the previously prepared Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)
and Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) in specific ratios, ensuring a
homogeneous mixture for further experimentation. The amount of
applied FFJ and FPJ is based on the treatments will be used such
as 30% FFJ mixed with 50% FPJ, 50% FFJ mixed with 50% FPJ, 70%
FFJ mixed with 30% FPJ, Then in control 1 will be 100% FFJ,
control 2 will be 100% FPJ, and control 3 will be no fertilizer
applied. The application of fermenting will be done two weeks
before sowing of seeds.
Land Preparation and Field Lay-Outing. An experimental area
of 20 square meters will cleaned thoroughly of weeds with the use
of the spade and trowels. This will enclosed with black V-net to
prevent the entrance of stray animals. After this, experimental
sacks representing the experimental treatment will distributed
following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the
distance of 0.5 meter between treatments and 1 meter between
replication. There will be 96 sacks in the experimental area,
each treatment will composed of 4 sacks with a distance of 12 cm
between sacks.
Sowing of Seeds. Seeds of radish will be sown directly on
the sacks with two seeds per hill and will thinned out when the
true leaves had developed leaving only one seedling per hill.
Water Management. Watering will done immediately after
sowing of seeds to provide enough moisture for the uniform

germination of seeds. Watering will done preferably early in the
morning.
Weeding. Weeding will done manually using bare hands to
control and prevent competition of weeds and radish plants. Extra
care will also be observed to avoid root damage. Weeding will
done one week after sowing or as needed.
Control of Pest and Diseases. Clean culture will be
practiced to prevent pest, and diseases infestation of the
experimental plant. Regular monitoring for the presence of pests
and diseases will be observed. Control will done by hand picking,
and crushing insect pests. Spraying of botanical pesticides will
done two (2) weeks after planting and synthetic chemicals will
also sprayed one week after spraying of botanical pesticides to
control the pests.
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Operation. The radish will be
harvested 46 days after sowing. Data on the yield per treatment
will be taken from all the plants per treatment per replication.
Harvested plants will be bundled, weighed, cleaned and marketable
tubers of radish will be brought to the market and sold.
Instruments for Data Collection
Instruments such as ruler and weighing scale will be used
in the study. The ruler will be used to measure the height of the
plant and the length of the radish tubers, while weighing scale
will be used to measure the amount of FFJ and FPJ and garden soil
and the total yield per treatment.
Methods of Data Gathering

The data on the growth and yield performance of container-
grown radish using combinations of FFJ and FPJ will determined as
follows:
Growth Parameters
Plant Height. The height of the radish plant will be
measured from the base of the plant up to the tip of the highest
leaf using a ruler. The average height will be determined by
summing up the height of the sample plants divided by the number
of the samples. This will be measured 14 days after sowing and
this will be repeated at 7 days interval until harvest.
Number of Functional Leaves and Canopy.Functional leaves
will be counted from 14 days after planting, and this count will
be repeated weekly until harvest. Canopy is the upper mass of
leaves, branches, and stems collectively, will be measured to
understand plant growth and response to environmental conditions.
Yield Parameters
Length of Harvested Tubers. The length of harvested
tubers will determined by measuring the length of all harvested
radish tubers in cm using a ruler.
Weight of Harvested Tubers. The weight of harvested
tubers will determined by weighing the entire harvested tubers
in kilograms from each treatment per replication after
harvesting.
Weight of Marketable Tubers. The weight of the marketable
tubers will determined by weighing all the harvested tubers that
are damage free using a 20 kg capacity weighing scale.
Weight of Non-Marketable Tubers. The weight of the non-
marketable tubers will determined by weighing all the harvested

tubers that are damage free using a 20 kg capacity weighing
scale.
Return of Investment. The return of investment (ROI) will
be determined by dividing the net profit from the total expenses
multiplied by 100. The net profit will determined by subtracting
the total expenses incurred during the conduct of the study from
the total sales of harvested tubers. The expenses will be
computed based on the prevailing price of materials used in the
study and the facilities were based on the depreciation cost
using straight-line analysis.
Statistical Tools and Analysis
The data on the growth and yield performance of
container-grown radish using combinations of FFJ and FPJ will be
analyzed statistically using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
for Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data with
significant results will be subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).

Global Agricultural Use of Inorganic Fertilizers H

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Republic of the Philippines

ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF CONTAINER-GROWN

RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) APPLIED WITH

FFJ AND FPJ COMBINATIONS

ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -SAN

San Enrique, Iloilo

Of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Background of the Study

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the mustard family

(Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or biennial, or perennial life

spans. It is a popular root vegetable in both tropical and

temperate regions.It is highly appreciated by consumers for its

pungent taste.It could be eaten raw in salads,prepared as

pickles. Due to its popularity,radish is often planted in many

home gardens or raised commercially in the field (BAS,1979).

Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable

crop.It has a high nutritive value.It is a good source of

ascorbic acid and trace elements. They also have a lot of

vitamin C,which acts as an antioxidant to protect our cells from

damage and also a good source of natural nitrates, which may

help to improve blood flow.

In the context, concoctions can help radish cultivation by

serving as organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility,

natural pest control solutions, soil amendments, and foliar

feeding options for healthier and more productive radish crops.

There are concoctions which is the, fermented fruit juice is an

organic concoction made from fruits materials, use to enhance

the soil and increase production of leafy plants in gardens,and

also used to increase sweetness and yield of fruiting plants as

well as building healthier soil. Other,is the fermented plant

juice it is an organic concoction made from plant

material,preferably young shoots of vigorously growing plants,

sugar that contain nutrients in plant (Gerald Usanna, 2019) ·

Therefore, the researchers come up to use FFJ and FPJ

combinations as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine

its growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and

hazard free crop.

Objectives of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the growth and

yield performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and

Specifically it seeks to:

1. Determine the growth performance of radish using FFJ

and FPJ combinations in terms of plant height and number of

functional leaves man canopy.

2. Determine the yield performance of container-grown

radish using FFJ and FPJ in terms of the length of harvested

tubers, weight of harvested tubers, and weight of marketable

tubers and weight of non-marketable tubers.

3. Determine if there is a significant difference on the

growth and yield performance of container-grown radish using FFJ

and FPJ combinations.

4. Compute the return of investment of the container-grown

radish using FFJ and FPJ combinations.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is limited to find out the growth and yield

performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and FPJ

combinations. The growth will determined in terms of plant

height and number of functional leaves and canopy, while yield

will determined in terms of the length of harvested tubers,

weight of harvested tubers, weight of marketable tubers and

weight of non-marketable tubers . There were six (6) treatments