Professional Documents
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Chapter 7
Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
QUESTIONS
1. When customers use credit cards, the selling companies can avoid having to directly
evaluate the credit standing of their customers. They also avoid the risk of bad debts and
often are paid cash from the credit card company more quickly than if customers were
granted credit directly. Moreover, they hope to increase sales, and net income, from the
added convenience to buyers.
2. Revenues and expenses usually are not matched under the direct write-off method because
the revenues recorded from the uncollectible accounts often appear on the income statement
of one period while the bad debts expenses of those revenues appear on the income
statement of a later period when the account(s) is known to be uncollectible.
3. The accounting constraint of materiality suggests that the requirements of accounting
standards can be ignored if their effect on the financial statements is unimportant to their
users’ business decisions.
4. Creditors prefer notes receivable to accounts receivable because the notes can be more
easily converted into cash before they are due by discounting (or selling) them to a financial
institution. Also, a note represents a clear written acknowledgment by the debtor of both the
debt and its amount and terms.
5. Writing off a bad debt against the Allowance account does not reduce the estimated
realizable value of a company’s accounts receivable because the write-off reduces the
balances of both Accounts Receivable and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts by equal
amounts. This means the difference between them (called estimated realizable value)
remains the same.
6. The adjusted balances of Bad Debts Expense and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts are
virtually never equal because the expense amount reflects only the events of the current
period, and the allowance is the accumulated result of events over a number of prior periods.
The only way that they could be equal would be if write-offs during the prior period exactly
equaled the beginning balance of the Allowance account.
7. Apple lists its accounts receivable as “Accounts receivables, less allowances of $98 and $53,
respectively” ($ in millions) on its balance sheet. This means that Apple’s allowance is $98
million as of September 29, 2012, and $53 million as of September 24, 2011.
8. Google uses the allowance method to account for doubtful accounts as evidenced by the
receivables being reduced by an allowance of $133 million on the December 31, 2012,
balance sheet. The realizable value of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2012, is its
net amount of $7,885 million.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 1
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
9. Samsung’s lists its accounts receivable as “Trade and other receivables.” Samsung reports
accounts receivable (in KRW millions) of ₩26,674,596.
10. Samsung lists its accounts receivable as “Trade and other receivables” in current assets.
There is no allowance listed on the face of the balance sheet. Students might follow up and
see that in its Note 10 – Trade and other receivables, Samsung reports using the allowance
method and has an allowance of ₩279,382 (₩276,787 million for trade receivables and
₩2,595 for non-trade receivables) at December 31, 2012. Per Note 10, Samsung also reports
that it has noncurrent accounts receivable of ₩48,636 million (₩30,405 million for trade
receivables and ₩18,231 for non-trade receivables) at December 31, 2012, which is reported
in noncurrent assets.
QUICK STUDIES
Quick Study 7-1 (15 minutes)
1. Cash ............................................................................... 19,000
Credit Card Expense* ................................................... 1,000
Sales......................................................................... 20,000
To record credit card sales less fees.
*$20,000 x 5%
Cost of Goods Sold ...................................................... 15,000
Merchandise Inventory ........................................... 15,000
To record cost of sales.
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2 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 3
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
1.
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense ................................................ 885
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts................... 885
To record estimate of uncollectibles.
Desired balance in allowance = $99,000 x 1.5%= $1,485 cr.
Adjustment required = $1,485 - $600 cr. = $885
3.
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense ................................................ 1,400
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts................... 1,400
To record estimate of uncollectibles
($280,000 x 0.5%).
2.
Aug. 2 Notes Receivable—R. Albany .......................... 6,000
Accounts Receivable—R. Albany .............. 6,000
To record receipt of note on account.
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4 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Maturity date
Jan. 15 Cash .................................................................... 10,075
Interest Receivable ..................................... 50
Interest Revenue ......................................... 25
Notes Receivable ........................................ 10,000
To record cash received on note plus interest.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 5
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Net sales
Accounts receivable turnover =
Average accounts receivable
$861,105
($153,400 + $138,500) / 2
= 5.9 times
a. Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS have similar asset criteria that apply to
recognition of receivables. Further, receivables that arise from revenue-
generating activities are subject to broadly similar criteria for U.S. GAAP
and IFRS. Specifically, both refer to the realization principle and an
earnings process. However, while these criteria are broadly similar,
differences do exist, and they arise mainly from industry-specific
guidance under U.S. GAAP, which is very limited under IFRS.
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6 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
EXERCISES
Exercise 7-1 (25 minutes)
Part 1
GENERAL LEDGER
Part 2
Morales Company
Schedule of Accounts Receivable
November 30, 2013
Ski Shop ................................................................................. $7,328
Welcome Enterprises ........................................................... 1,350
Zia Natara ............................................................................... 623
Total ........................................................................................ $9,301
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 7
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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8 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 9
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
b.
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense.............................................. 8,220
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ................ 8,220
To record estimated bad debts.*
*
Unadjusted balance .....................................$ 3,600 credit
Estimated balance ....................................... 11,820 credit
Required adjustment ...................................$ 8,220 credit
c.
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense.............................................. 11,920
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ................ 11,920
To record estimated bad debts.*
*
Unadjusted balance .....................................$ 100 debit
Estimated balance ....................................... 11,820 credit
Required adjustment ...................................$11,920 credit
*
Unadjusted balance ........................... $12,000 credit
Estimated balance ............................. 25,650 credit
Required adjustment ......................... $13,650 credit
c.
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense.............................................. 26,650
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ................ 26,650
To record estimated bad debts.*
*
Unadjusted balance ........................... $ 1,000 debit
Estimated balance ............................. 25,650 credit
Required adjustment ......................... $26,650 credit
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10 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 11
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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12 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2012
Dec. 13 Notes Receivable—M. Lee........................... 9,500
Accounts Receivable—M. Lee .............. 9,500
To record receipt of note on account.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 13
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2013
Jan. 27 Cash ....................................................................... 9,595
Interest Revenue* ............................................ 57
Interest Receivable ......................................... 38
Notes Receivable—M. Lee ............................. 9,500
To record cash received on note plus interest.
* [$9,500 x .08 x (45-18)/360 = $57]
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14 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Analysis: Raheem Company turned over its accounts receivable 0.6 (9.4 – 8.8)
times more in 2013 than in 2012. This may indicate that the company has
tightened its credit policy or has improved its collection efforts. Also, relative to
competitors’ turnover of 11, Raheem is performing worse than average.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 15
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
PROBLEM SET A
Problem 7-1A (30 minutes)
June 4 Accounts Receivable—N. Morris ............................. 650
Sales ..................................................................... 650
To record sales on credit.
4 Cost of Goods Sold ......................................................... 400
Merchandise Inventory ............................................. 400
To record cost of sales.
5 Cash ............................................................................ 6,693
Credit Card Expense* ................................................ 207
Sales ..................................................................... 6,900
To record credit card sales less fee. *($6,900 x .03)
5 Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................4,200
Merchandise Inventory ............................................. 4,200
To record cost of sales.
6 Accounts Receivable—Access ................................ 5,733
Credit Card Expense* ................................................ 117
Sales ..................................................................... 5,850
To record credit card sales less fee. *($5,850 x .02)
6 Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................3,800
Merchandise Inventory ............................................. 3,800
To record cost of sales.
8 Accounts Receivable—Access ................................ 4,263
Credit Card Expense* ................................................ 87
Sales ..................................................................... 4,350
To record credit card sales less fee. *($4,350 x .02)
8 Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................2,900
Merchandise Inventory ............................................. 2,900
To record cost of sales.
10 No journal entry required.
13 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ............................ 429
Accounts Receivable—A. McKee....................... 429
To write off account due.
17 Cash ............................................................................ 9,996
Accounts Receivable—Access .......................... 9,996
To record cash received from credit card co. ($5,733+$4,263)
18 Cash ............................................................................ 637
Sales Discounts* ....................................................... 13
Accounts Receivable—N. Morris ....................... 650
To record cash received less discount. *($650 x .02)
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16 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2012
a. Accounts Receivable ......................................... 1,345,434
Sales .............................................................. 1,345,434
To record sales on account.
*
Beginning receivables ...................... $ 0
Credit sales ....................................... 1,345,434
Collections ........................................ (669,200)
Write-offs ........................................... (18,300)
Ending receivables ........................... 657,934
Percent uncollectible ........................ x 1.5%
Required ending allowance.............. 9,869** Cr.
Unadjusted balance .......................... 18,300 Dr.
Adjustment to the allowance ........... $ 28,169 Cr.
** rounded to nearest dollar
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 17
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2013
e. Accounts Receivable .............................................. 1,525,634
Sales ................................................................... 1,525,634
To record sales on account.
*
Beginning receivables ............................ $ 657,934
Credit sales.............................................. 1,525,634
Collections............................................... (1,204,600)
Write-offs ................................................. (27,800)
Ending receivables ................................. 951,168
Percent uncollectible .............................. x 1.5%
Required ending allowance .................... 14,268** Cr.
Unadjusted balance
Beginning (Cr.) ...................................... $ 9,869
Write-offs (Dr.) ....................................... 27,800 17,931 Dr.
Adjustment to the allowance .................. $ 32,199 Cr.
** rounded to nearest dollar
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18 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 2
Current assets
Accounts receivable ...........................................$1,270,100
Less allowance for doubtful accounts ............. (68,650)* $1,201,450
Part 3
Current assets
Accounts receivable ...........................................$1,270,100
Less allowance for doubtful accts. ................... (63,505)** $1,206,595
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 19
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 1
Part 2
*
Unadjusted balance ........................... $14,500 credit
Estimated balance ............................. 41,650 credit
Required adjustment ......................... $27,150 credit
Part 3
Writing off the account receivable in 2014 will not directly affect year 2014
net income. The entry to write off an account involves a debit to Allowance
for Doubtful Accounts and a credit to Accounts Receivable, both of which
are balance sheet accounts. Net income is affected only by the annual
recognition of the estimated bad debts expense, which is journalized as an
adjusting entry. Net income for Year 2013 (the year of the original sale)
included an estimated expense for write-offs such as this one.
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20 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2013
Feb. 14 Cash ...................................................................... 10,944
Interest Revenue* .......................................... 108
Interest Receivable........................................ 36
Notes Receivable—D. Todd.......................... 10,800
To record cash received on note with interest.
*[$10,800 x 0.08 x 45/360 = $108]
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 21
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 2
Analysis Component: When a business pledges its receivables as security
for a loan and the loan is still outstanding at period-end, the business must
disclose this information in notes to its financial statements. This is a
requirement because the business has committed a portion of its assets to
cover a specific portion of its liabilities, which means that if the business
dishonors its obligations under the loan, the creditor can claim the amount
of receivables identified in the pledge as collateral to cover the loan. This
arrangement must be disclosed to satisfy the full-disclosure principle.
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22 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
PROBLEM SET B
Problem 7-1B (30 minutes)
Aug. 4 Accounts Receivable—M. Carpenter ...................... 3,700
Sales..................................................................... 3,700
To record sales on credit.
Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................2,000
Merchandise Inventory .............................................. 2,000
To record cost of sales.
10 Cash ........................................................................... 5,044
Credit Card Expense* ............................................... 156
Sales..................................................................... 5,200
To record credit card sales less fee. *($5,200 x .03)
Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................2,800
Merchandise Inventory .............................................. 2,800
To record cost of sales.
11 Accounts Receivable—Aztec................................... 1,225
Credit card expense* ................................................ 25
Sales..................................................................... 1,250
To record credit card sales less fee. *($1,250 x .02)
Cost of Goods Sold ......................................................... 900
Merchandise Inventory .............................................. 900
To record cost of sales.
14 Cash ........................................................................... 3,626
Sales Discounts* ....................................................... 74
Accounts Receivable—M. Carpenter ................ 3,700
To record cash received less discount.*($3,700 x .02)
15 Accounts Receivable—Aztec................................... 3,175
Credit Card Expense*(rounded to nearest dollar) ..... 65
Sales...................................................................... 3,240
To record credit card sales less fee. *($3,240 x .02)
Cost of Goods Sold .........................................................1,758
Merchandise Inventory .............................................. 1,758
To record cost of sales.
18 No journal entry required.
22 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ........................... 498
Accounts Receivable—Craw Co........................ 498
To write off account due.
25 Cash ........................................................................... 4,400
Accounts Receivable—Aztec............................. 4,400
To record cash rec’d from credit card co. ($1,225+$3,175)
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 23
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2012
a. Accounts Receivable ......................................... 685,350
Sales .............................................................. 685,350
To record sales on account.
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24 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2013
e. Accounts Receivable .......................................... 870,220
Sales ............................................................... 870,220
To record sales on account.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 25
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 2
Current assets
Accounts receivable .................................... $575,000
Less allowance for doubtful accounts ...... (41,050)* $533,950
Part 3
Current assets
Accounts receivable .................................... $575,000
Less allowance for doubtful accounts ...... (34,500)** $540,500
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26 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 1
Part 2
*
Unadjusted balance ...........................
$ 3,400 debit
Estimated balance ..............................
27,990 credit
Required adjustment .........................
$31,390 credit
Part 3
Writing off the account receivable in 2014 will not directly affect Year 2014
net income. The entry to write off an account involves a debit to Allowance
for Doubtful Accounts and a credit to Accounts Receivable, both of which
are balance sheet accounts. Net income is affected only by the annual
recognition of the estimated bad debts expense, which is journalized as an
adjusting entry. Net income for Year 2013 (the year of the original sale)
included an estimated expense for write-offs such as this one.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 27
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2013
Jan. 30 Cash .......................................................................... 4,896
Interest Revenue* .............................................. 32
Interest Receivable............................................ 64
Notes Receivable—S. Julian ............................ 4,800
To record cash received on note with interest.
*[$4,800 x .08 x 30/360]
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28 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
Part 2
Analysis Component: When a business pledges its receivables as security
for a loan and the loan is still outstanding at period-end, the business must
disclose this information in notes to its financial statements. This is a
requirement because the business has committed a portion of its assets to
cover a specific portion of its liabilities, which means that if the business
dishonors its obligations under the loan, the creditor can claim the amount
of receivables identified in the pledge as collateral to cover the loan. This
arrangement must be disclosed to satisfy the full-disclosure principle.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 29
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
SERIAL PROBLEM — SP 7
3. Many small business owners use the direct write-off method of recording
bad debts expense. The direct method is a simple and straightforward
method of accounting for bad debts expense. It can also be justified if the
amounts are immaterial. However, when the amounts are material, the
direct write-off method can result in accounts receivable overstatements,
bad debts expense understatements, and net income overstatements. The
method required per GAAP is the allowance method, which will result in the
best matching of a period’s expenses to revenues.
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30 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 31
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
$37,905
Google (Prior Year): ($5,427 + $4,252)/2 = 7.83 times
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32 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
1. If the estimate for bad debts is reduced then less Bad Debts Expense
will be recognized on the income statement resulting in a higher net
income. It also means that a lower allowance will be shown on the
balance sheet, which will result in a higher realizable value for
receivables and, therefore, a larger amount of current liquid assets.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 33
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
In accounting for credit sales and bad debts, we report sales revenue in the
period the sales are made, even though some credit sales do not result in
collections until the following period. Of course, some credit sales
eventually prove to be uncollectible. The fact that some accounts will
become uncollectible is what gives rise to bad debts expense and the
allowance for doubtful accounts.
Sid, I hope this clarifies the matter for you. If you have further questions,
please call me.
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34 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2.
December 31, December 31,
$ thousands 2011 2010
Gross accounts receivable ....................... $768,794 $540,851
Allowance for doubtful accounts 87,201 86,485
(including authorized credits) ................
% of uncollectible accounts ..................... 11.3% 16.0%
Instructor note: Computations for the aging schedule are in the Problem 7-4A solution.
The check figure for total estimated uncollectibles is $41,650.
Adjusting entry
Dec. 31 Bad Debts Expense.............................................. 27,150
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ................ 27,150
To record estimated bad debts.*
*
Req. allowance balance .................... $41,650 credit
Unadjusted balance ........................... 14,500 credit
Adj. to the allowance ......................... $27,150 credit
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 35
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
a.
Added Monthly Net Income or Loss under Plan A
b.
Added Monthly Net Income or Loss under Plan B
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36 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition
Chapter 07 - Reporting and Analyzing Receivables
2. Plan (A) provides a slightly higher income, so if the company can only
pursue one plan now, based purely on the financial aspect, it should
choose Plan (A).
Plan (A) might expand its product into new markets, and could increase
sales over time. However, this is a new distribution method for the
company, and it might lack the expertise to do it well. It will need to
further assess whether the benefit of additional expansion of online
sales over time will be more/less than the cost of lost sales through
normal channels.
Taking credit cards for these online sales reduces its risk of
uncollectible accounts. The credit card company takes the risk of the
customer not paying.
Plan (B) is a way to expand sales, possibly into more locations. This is
an expansion of a distribution method now employed.
The company does run some unknown risk associated with having new
customers. While the company may understand its current customers,
it will need to monitor the new customers to make sure that the
uncollectible accounts do not rise beyond acceptable levels.
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Solutions Manual, Chapter 7 37
Financial Accounting Information for Decisions Wild 7th Edition Solutions Manual
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38 Financial Accounting, 7th Edition